JACK B. WEINSTEIN, Senior District Judge.
I. Introduction...............................................................308
II. Facts......................................................................308
III. Claims.....................................................................310
IV. Law........................................................................311
A. Summary Judgment Standard................................................311
B. Constitutional Claims....................................................311
1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction...........................................311
a. Sovereign Immunity.................................................311
b. Bivens Action......................................................312
c. Civil Service Reform Act & Aviation and Transportation Security
Act.............................................................312
2. Due Process...........................................................313
a. Procedural Due Process.............................................313
b. Substantive Due Process ...........................................314
C. Privacy Act .............................................................314
D. Administrative Procedure Act ............................................315
E. Declaratory Judgment Act.................................................315
V. Application of Law to Facts .................................................315
A. Constitutional Claims....................................................315
1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction...........................................315
2. Due Process...........................................................316
a. Procedural Due Process.............................................316
i. Property Interest in Employment.................................316
ii. Liberty Interest in Occupation.................................317 b. Substantive Due Process ..............................................318 B. Privacy Act .............................................................318 C. Administrative Procedure Act.............................................319 D. Declaratory Judgment Act.................................................319 VI. Conclusion ...................................................................319
This case presents the following issue: "Can a government employee in a sensitive homeland defense position whose blood tested high for marijuana avoid being fired by testifying that he did not imbibe the drug, but absorbed it inadvertently from others smoking the substance?" The answer in this case is "no."
Defendants Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") and Transportation Security Administration ("TSA") move to dismiss plaintiff Leonard Sutera's complaint for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. The court directed the parties to treat the motion as one for summary judgment in an order dated January 15, 2010. See Carione v. United States, 368 F.Supp.2d 186, 191 (E.D.N.Y.2005) ("Federal courts have complete discretion to determine whether or not to accept the submission of any material beyond the pleadings offered in conjunction with a ... motion [to dismiss], and thus complete discretion in determining whether to convert the motion to one for summary judgment.") (quotation marks and citations omitted).
Plaintiff alleges that defendants' firing of him for failing a drug test violated his due process and privacy rights under the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments; the Privacy Act; and the Administrative Procedure Act. He seeks reinstatement, back pay and benefits, money damages and attorneys' fees, and a declaration that defendants violated his rights and wrongfully terminated his employment.
For the reasons detailed below, defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted. Plaintiff's constitutional claims are either barred by sovereign immunity or fail on the merits. No genuine issue has been raised as to a violation of the Privacy Act. There is no ground to set aside defendants' actions under the Administrative Procedure Act. Because plaintiff's claims lack merit or are barred by sovereign immunity, his Declaratory Judgment Act claim also fails.
Plaintiff was employed as a Lead Transportation Security Officer by defendant Transportation Security Administration ("TSA") between October 20, 2002 and March 28, 2008. Compl. ¶ 4. TSA policy requires employees to report to work free from any effects of alcohol or drugs; it mandates removal for offenses that involve the use of drugs or alcohol. TSA Management Directive No. 1100.73-5 at 1, Declaration of AUSA Seth D. Eichenholtz dated October 9, 2009 ("Eichenholtz Decl.") Ex. C. The policy requires random drug and alcohol testing of designated classes of employees, including Transportation Security Officers such as the plaintiff, since they occupy safety- or security-sensitive positions. TSA Disciplinary Review Board Decision of December 8, 2008 ("DRB Decision") at 3.
On March 19, 2008, plaintiff was asked to provide a urine sample for a random drug test. Compl. ¶ 11. On March 25, 2008, the TSA held three pre-decisional meetings with plaintiff, informing and discussing with him the fact that his sample
Plaintiff was not informed that he had the right to an attorney in these pre-decisional meetings, but was told of his right to appeal from any subsequent determination. Id. ¶¶ 6, 10, 16, 19. In these proceedings and in the appeal that followed, plaintiff conceded his positive test result. See Compl. ¶¶ 16-17; Plaintiff's Disciplinary Review Board Appeal Form at Part 7 at 1-2, Eichenholtz Decl., Ex. J ("Plaintiff's DRB Appeal"). He explained it as resulting from inhaling "second-hand" marijuana smoke. Compl. ¶¶ 16-17; Plaintiff's DRB Appeal at Part 7 at 1-2. He denied that he ever used marijuana. Compl. ¶ 14; Letter from TSA Deputy Federal Security Officer Wayne Thomas to Leonard Sutera dated March 25, 2008 at 2, Eichenholtz Decl., Ex. E ("Termination Letter"); Plaintiff's DRB Appeal at 1. Upon plaintiff's request, the TSA tested a second sample, which also showed "positive." Termination Letter at 2; Plaintiff's DRB Appeal at Part 7 at 1; Eichenholtz Decl., Exs. G, H (certified results from both tests).
At oral argument, plaintiff objected that he was not informed of the exact chemical result of his test. Transcript of Civil Cause for Motion on Feb. 23, 2010 ("Hr'g Tr.") at 18-19. The exact result is relevant inasmuch as "the widely accepted cutoff for marijuana urine testing—to preclude []false positives from passive inhalation—is 15 nanograms per milliliter (ng/) delta-9 tetrahydrocanabinol." DRB Decision at 3. Plaintiff did not dispute this cut-off level, but asserted that he had not been informed that he tested above it. Hr'g Tr. at 18, 20. In response, defendants offered the federal regulations that specify that a "positive" result denotes an amount exceeding 15 nanograms per milliliter. Mandatory Guidelines and Proposed Revisions to Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs; Notice, 69 Fed. Reg. 19, 659 (Apr. 13, 2004). Both tests showed "positive." Eichenholtz Decl., Exs. G, H (certified results from both tests).
Plaintiff's employment was terminated in a letter dated March 25, 2008. He signed to acknowledge receipt on March 26, 2008. Termination Letter at 3. Advising him of his right to appeal his termination, the letter stated:
Id. at 2. Under TSA Management Directive 1100.77-1, "[a]n appellant has a right to have a representative of his or her choosing to assist in preparing and presenting an appeal to the DRB." TSA Management Directive 1100.77-1 at 3, Eichenholtz Deck, Ex. J.
Seeking to exercise this right, plaintiff contacted a lawyer. Plaintiff's Decl. ¶ 22. When the lawyer was subsequently suspended from practice, plaintiff sought and obtained from the TSA two extensions of time for his appeal. Id. ¶ 25, Ex. 2. He asserts that the appeals officer "advised [him] that it was not necessary for [him] to
Denying he had ever used marijuana, plaintiff attempted to "document the circumstances and conditions [ ] which are the only ones that could have been responsible for a positive test result." Plaintiff's DRB Appeal at Part 7 at 1. In a written opinion dated December 8, 2008, the DRB determined that plaintiff had used marijuana at some point prior to his drug test. Defendant's 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 33-34; DRB Decision at 3-4. Sustaining his termination, the DRB's decision discussed plaintiff's pre-decisional meeting, addressed plaintiff's grounds for appeal, and found no evidence "indicating] any irregularity in the selection of [plaintiff] for random drug testing." DRB Decision at 1-2.
Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code creates a private cause of action against individuals acting under color of state law, but does not extend to federal actors acting under color of federal law. See Dotson v. Griesa, 398 F.3d 156, 162 (2d Cir.2005) (citing Kingsley v. Bureau of Prisons, 937 F.2d 26, 30 n. 4 (2d Cir.1991)). The court may construe section 1983 claims against federal actors as claims based on the theory of Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). See Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir.2000) (citing Kingsley v. Bureau of Prisons, 937 F.2d 26, 30 n. 4 (2d Cir. 1991)); see also Oliver Schools, Inc. v. Foley, 930 F.2d 248, 252 (2d Cir.1991). Bivens recognized a private right of action for constitutional violations against federal officials sued in their individual capacities. See Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 18, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980); Dotson, 398 F.3d at 165-66.
Plaintiff claims that defendants violated both procedural and substantive due process rights. Compl. ¶¶ 18-22, 28-30; Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss or Motion for Summary Judgment ("Plaintiffs Memo.") at 4. While he has set out the additional procedures he believes should have been afforded to satisfy his procedural due process rights, plaintiff has not explained why his testing or the testing procedures in general are so arbitrary as to violate substantive due process. Compl. ¶¶ 19-21, 28; Plaintiffs Memo, at 4-6. The plaintiffs third cause of action, which states the "[d]efendants deprived plaintiffs livelihood as guaranteed under the property interest of the Fifth Amendment" "without adequate process," is treated as a complaint of a procedural due process violation. Compl. ¶¶ 28-30; Plaintiffs Memo, at 5-6. Plaintiff concedes the constitutionality of all but the due process aspects of the TSA's drug testing procedure. Hr'g Tr. at 28.
Plaintiff includes a "stigma-plus" claim among his asserted constitutional violations. Compl. ¶ 32; Plaintiffs Memo, at 6-8. This claim, and the case law upon which plaintiff relies, is understood as asserting that defendants defamed plaintiff in the course of depriving him of his property or liberty interest in his livelihood without due process of law. See Monserrate v. N.Y. State Senate, 599 F.3d 148, 157-58 (2d Cir.2010); Velez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 87 (2d Cir.2005); cf. Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 708-09, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976). Plaintiffs characterization of this claim in his complaint as based upon the First Amendment is rejected,
Plaintiff alleges violations of his "privacy rights under federal and state law." Compl. ¶¶ 31-35. He specifically asserts that defendants violated the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a; see Compl. ¶ 1; Plaintiffs Memo, at 7-8, but does not specify the relief he seeks under that Act. The plaintiff is in effect evoking the Act's grant of a civil damages remedy to individuals adversely affected by an agency's intentional or wilful failure to comply with the Act. Id.; §§ 552a(g)(1)(D), (g)(4); cf. 552a(g)(1)(A)-(C) (providing remedies to a private individual when an agency wrongfully discloses, fails properly to maintain, or refuses to amend that individual's record).
As to other violations of his privacy rights under unspecified "federal and state law," including failure to supervise and monitor the testing process, no legal basis in federal or state law for such a claim has been identified. Compl. ¶¶ 31-35.
Plaintiff avers that defendants violated his rights under the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"). Compl. ¶¶ 23-26. This cause of action is treated as seeking judicial review of the defendant agencies' actions under the APA. See 5 U.S.C. §§ 702-06. Judicial review under the APA is proper, according to plaintiff, because defendants (i) failed to accord him due process, (ii) failed to provide him "the full administrative rights given to federal employees in the employ of the TSA," and (iii) "undertook actions in violation of internal regulations and federal statutes." Compl. ¶¶ 24-25; see 5 U.S.C. § 702. Contending that his termination was not an "action [ ] committed to agency discretion by law," plaintiff asserts that judicial review under the APA is available with respect to TSA screener termination decisions. Plaintiffs Memo, at 8.
Summary judgment is appropriate only if "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and if the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); see also Mitchell v. Washingtonville Central School District, 190 F.3d 1, 5 (2d Cir.1999). Dismissal is warranted when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact after construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable inferences in its favor. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-50, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Sledge v. Kooi, 564 F.3d 105, 108 (2d Cir.2009).
The burden rests on the moving party to demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Goenaga v. March of Dimes Birth Defects Found., 51 F.3d 14, 18 (2d Cir.1995); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). If the moving party appears to meet this burden, the opposing party must produce evidence that raises a material question of fact to defeat the motion. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). This evidence may not consist of "mere conclusory allegations, speculation or conjecture." Cifarelli v. Village of Babylon, 93 F.3d 47, 51 (2d Cir.1996); see also Delaware & Hudson Ry. v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 902 F.2d 174, 178 (2d Cir.1990) ("Conclusory allegations will not suffice to create a genuine issue.").
"Absent a waiver, sovereign immunity shields the Federal Government
"In a Bivens action, alleged victims of constitutional violations by federal officials may recover damages despite the absence of any statute specifically conferring such a cause of action." Robinson v. Overseas Military Sales Corp., 21 F.3d 502, 510 (2d Cir.1994); see Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). Bivens actions are brought against federal officials in their individual capacities. See Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 18, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980); Dotson v. Griesa, 398 F.3d 156, 165-66 (2d Cir.2005). Unlike federal officers, federal agencies may not be subjected to Bivens actions, since those bodies retain their sovereign immunity. See FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 473, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994); Robinson v. Overseas Military Sales Corp., 21 F.3d 502, 510 (2d Cir.1994) (citing FDIC v. Meyer).
The Civil Service Reform Act ("CSRA") provides the exclusive remedy for damages resulting from federal personnel practices, barring Bivens claims brought for wrongful termination. See Civil Service Reform Act, Pub. L. No. 95-454, 92 Stat. 1111 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 5 U.S.C); Dotson v. Griesa, 398 F.3d 156, 168, 182 (2d Cir.2005).
It is the Aviation and Transportation Security Act ("ATSA") under which TSA screeners such as plaintiff are hired. Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (codified principally in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C). Section 111(d) of the ATSA codifies the employment standards and training requirements for screeners, providing:
49 U.S.C. § 44935 note (internal quotation marks omitted).
It remains an open question in this circuit whether ATSA § 111(d) exempts screeners from the CSRA and permits constitutional challenges to adverse employment actions. See Conyers v. Rossides, 558 F.3d 137, 150 (2d Cir.2009) (declining to determine whether ATSA § 111(d), in apparently exempting screeners from the CSRA, "similarly divests the federal courts of jurisdiction over [plaintiffs] constitutional claims"); Zynger v. Dep't of Homeland Sec, 615 F.Supp.2d 50, 57-58 (E.D.N.Y.2009), aff'd, No. 09-2478-cv, 370 Fed.Appx. 253, 2010 WL 1170348 (2d Cir. Mar. 25, 2010) (summary order). In light of the fact that plaintiffs claims fail on the merits, it is unnecessary to decide the question here. See, e.g., Conyers, 558 F.3d at 150-51; Zynger, 615 F.Supp.2d at 58.
The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution provides that "[n]o person shall be ... deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." U.S. Const, amend. V. To prevail on either a procedural or a substantive due process claim, a claimant must establish that he possessed a liberty or property interest of which the defendants deprived him. See Natale v. Town of Ridgefield, 170 F.3d 258, 263 (2d Cir.1999); Ciambriello v. County of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 313 (2d Cir.2002).
Property interests do not spring from the Constitution itself. "[T]hey are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law—rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement to those benefits." Ciambriello v. County of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 313 (2d Cir.2002) (quoting Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)). "A public employee has a property interest in continued employment if the employee is guaranteed continued employment absent `just cause' for discharge." Ciambriello, 292 F.3d at 313 (citing Moffitt v. Town of Brookfield, 950 F.2d 880, 885 (2d Cir. 1991)).
The constitutional concept of liberty is "broad indeed" and includes the "freedom ... to engage in any of the common occupations of life." Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 572, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) (quoting Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042 (1923)); Kuck v. Danaher, 600 F.3d 159, 164 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Spinelli v. City of New York, 579 F.3d 160, 171 (2d Cir.2009)) ("[T]he Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized the severity of depriving someone of his or her livelihood.'"). But not all employment decisions implicate an employee's liberty interest. See Donato v. Plainview-Old Bethpage Cent. School Dist., 96 F.3d 623, 630 (2d Cir.1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1150, 117 S.Ct. 1083, 137 L.Ed.2d 218 (1997) (noting that a state's decision not to rehire a terminated employee does not alone amount to a deprivation of liberty).
"`Due Process,' unlike some legal rules, is not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances." Cafeteria and Rest. Workers Union, Local 473 v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886, 895, 81 S.Ct. 1743, 6 L.Ed.2d 1230 (1961) ("The very nature of due process negates any concept of inflexible procedures universally applicable to every imaginable situation."). Whether the government has afforded an individual all the process constitutionally due before depriving him of a liberty or property interest is determined by balancing private and public interests:
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). Because the process constitutionally due varies in accordance with this balancing, the concept of due process does not necessarily mandate an evidentiary hearing. Id. at 348, 96 S.Ct. 893. Instead, the "essential principle" of procedural due process is that a
As a matter of procedural due process, a "tenured public employee is entitled to oral or written notice of the charges against him, an explanation of the employer's evidence, and an opportunity to present his side of the story." Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546, 105 S.Ct. 1487 (citations omitted); see Todaro v. Norat, 112 F.3d 598, 599-600 (2d Cir.1997) (citing Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546, 105 S.Ct. 1487).
Defamation is constitutionally cognizable when coupled with the deprivation of a liberty or property interest without due process of law under the "stigma-plus" doctrine. See Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 708, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976); Velez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 87-88 (2d Cir. 2005). A "stigma-plus" due process claim "requires a showing that (1) [the claimant] was defamed; and (2) the defamation occurred in the course of the termination of his employment, or was coupled with a deprivation of a legal right or status." See Munno v. Town of Orangetown, 391 F.Supp.2d 263, 271 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (citing Abramson v. Pataki, 278 F.3d 93, 101 (2d Cir.2002)); Velez, 401 F.3d at 87 (citations omitted).
Defamation in this context is established by proving that the statement complained of was false, publicized, and stigmatized the complainant. See Monserrate v. N.Y. State Senate, 599 F.3d 148, 157-58 (2d Cir.2010); Abramson, 278 F.3d at 101-02. "[A] statement made only to the plaintiff, and only in private, ordinarily does not implicate a liberty interest." Velez, 401 F.3d at 87 (citing Donato v. Plainview-Old Bethpage Cent. School Dist., 96 F.3d 623, 631-32 (2d Cir.1996), cert, denied, 519 U.S. 1150, 117 S.Ct. 1083, 137 L.Ed.2d 218 (1997)); see also Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 547 n. 13, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985) (citing Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 348, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976)) ("[T]he failure to allege that the reasons for the dismissal were published dooms [plaintiffs liberty interest] claim.").
An individual's substantive due process rights bar "some government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them." Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986). To prevail on a claim alleging a violation of substantive due process, a claimant must establish that the governmental conduct at issue was "so outrageously arbitrary as to constitute a gross abuse of governmental authority." Natale v. Town of Ridgefield, 170 F.3d 258, 263 (2d Cir.1999) (citing County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 845-46, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 1716, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998); Silverman v. Barry, 845 F.2d 1072, 1080 (D.C.Cir.1988)). In some contexts, a "fundamental procedural irregularity" may give rise to a substantive due process violation. See id. at 262 (citing Creative Environments, Inc. v. Estabrook, 680 F.2d 822, 832-33 (1st Cir.1982)).
The Privacy Act regulates federal agencies' maintenance and dissemination of information pertaining to individuals. 5 U.S.C. § 552a. Before disclosing a record pertaining to an individual, the Act requires the agency to obtain his written consent. Id. § 552a(b). Exemptions include intra-agency disclosures among employees
A civil damages remedy is provided to individuals adversely affected by an agency's intentional or wilful failure to comply with the Act. Id. §§ 552a(g)(1)(D), (g)(4). To recover for a violation under § 552a(b), a claimant must prove that he has suffered actual damages. See Doe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614, 627, 124 S.Ct. 1204, 157 L.Ed.2d 1122 (2004).
In determining whether review under the APA is proper, the court "begin[s] with the strong presumption that Congress intends judicial review of administrative action." Sharkey v. Quarantillo, 541 F.3d 75, 84 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Bowen v. Mich. Acad, of Family Physicians, 476 U.S. 667, 670, 106 S.Ct. 2133, 90 L.Ed.2d 623 (1986)). Review is unavailable where the action is "committed to agency discretion by law" or if other statutes "preclude judicial review." 5 U.S.C. § 701(a). Where review is available, the court may set aside agency action that it determines was (i) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law, (ii) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity, or (iii) without observance of procedure required by law. 5 U.S.C. §§ 706(2)(A), (B), (D).
The ATSA commits at least some decisions regarding personnel management to the TSA Administrator's discretion, thus precluding judicial review under the APA. See Conyers v. Rossides, 558 F.3d 137, 144, 148 (2d Cir.2009) (holding that utilization of Federal Aviation Administration's personnel management system in hiring security screeners, but not necessarily all screener employment decisions, is committed to TSA Administrator's discretion under ATSA); Zynger v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 615 F.Supp.2d 50, 62 n. 12 (E.D.N.Y. 2009) (citing Conyers, 558 F.3d at 150), aff'd, No. 09-2478-cv, 370 Fed.Appx. 253, 2010 WL 1170348 (2d Cir. Mar. 25, 2010) (summary order). It is unnecessary to determine here whether termination decisions are among that class of discretionary decisions, in light of the fact that plaintiffs claim fails on the merits.
The Declaratory Judgment Act grants federal courts jurisdiction, "[i]n a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction,... [to] declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought." 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a).
The federal government has not waived sovereign immunity as to plaintiff's constitutional claims. Plaintiffs constitutional claims against the agency defendants and agency officers in their official capacity are dismissed. FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994) ("Absent a waiver, sovereign immunity shields the Federal Government and its agencies from suit.").
Plaintiff may not assert his constitutional claims against the agency defendants on a Bivens theory. See FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 473, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994); Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). While Bivens claims against the agency officers in their individual capacities may proceed on jurisdictional grounds, as indicated below,
Plaintiff possessed a property interest in his TSA employment. He had a liberty interest in his occupation for purposes of his stigma-plus procedural due process claim.
Plaintiff was granted, and utilized, pre- and post-deprivation opportunities to be heard. Defendants' 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 15-17, 20-21, 25. He appealed his termination and was given a post-termination opportunity to clear his name. Id. ¶¶ 23, 25; Plaintiffs DRB Appeal at Part 7 at 1-3. Notice of his right to representation in his appeal was given, but he did not exercise this right. Termination Letter at 2; DRB Appeal Form at 1. No due process violation exists solely because plaintiffs claim may have fared better had he availed himself of his right to representation. See, e.g., Monserrate v. New York State Senate, 599 F.3d 148, 159-60 (2d Cir.2010) (deeming constitutionally adequate hearing wherein claimant was afforded, "but declined to avail himself of," the opportunity for representation, testimony, and the presentation of evidence); Norden v. Barnhart, 77 Fed. Appx. 221, 223 (5th Cir. 2003) (determining due process was not violated where claimant knowingly and voluntarily waived his statutory right to counsel, of which he was apprised prior to hearing); Brito-DeLeon v. Ashcroft, 188 F.Supp.2d 340, 345 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (finding no due process violation in administrative hearing where plaintiff was repeatedly advised of his right to representation); Vega v. Sec'y of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 321 F.Supp. 553, 555 (D.P.R.1970) ("Having been afforded the opportunity for counsel representation, the plaintiff was not denied due process during the administrative hearing at which he appeared without such representation."). The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit recently held almost identical procedures constitutionally adequate as a matter of law. See Zynger v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., No. 09-2478-cv, 370 Fed.Appx. 253, 254-55, 2010 WL 1170348, at *1 (2d Cir. Mar. 25, 2010) (summary order).
The TSA's decisions took into account plaintiffs version of events. The official deciding plaintiffs termination in the first instance offered the plaintiff an opportunity to explain the positive test result. DRB Decision at 1; Defendants' 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 16-17. And the DRB issued a formal opinion that expressly addressed plaintiffs grounds for appeal. DRB Decision at 1-3; Defendants' 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 33-34.
In the DRB appeal, the TSA bore the burden of proof to show that plaintiffs termination was proper. DRB Decision at 3. It met that burden.
Though plaintiff contends he was owed "a hearing before an independent tribunal prior to his termination," Compl. ¶ 20, due process in this context only requires notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard; plaintiff was afforded both. See Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985) (citations omitted); Ciambriello v. County of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 323 (2d Cir.2002); cf. Todaro v. Norat, 112 F.3d 598, 599-600 (2d Cir.1997) (vacating district court's determination
Plaintiff objects that defendants failed to document the chain of custody of his urine sample, failed to preserve evidence that he used drugs, and otherwise "violat[ed] [] the rule [sic] of evidence." Compl. ¶¶ 15, 19. He contends that defendants should have permitted him to test the DNA in the urine sample and to provide further blood tests to confirm the initial results. Plaintiffs Memo, at 5. These objections were not raised in the administrative proceedings, where plaintiff conceded the positive test result but denied first-hand drug use. Plaintiffs DRB Appeal at 1 ("I will document the circumstances and conditions which now are the only ones that could have been responsible for a positive test result."). The DRB considered the possibility of irregularities and the results were certified. DRB Decision at 3 (finding no evidence to "indicate any irregularity in the selection of [plaintiff] for random drug testing"); Eichenholtz Decl., Exs. G, H (certified test results). After failing to raise these objections in his administrative proceedings, plaintiff cannot now raise them for the first time.
The Supreme Court's recent decision Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, cited by plaintiff, Plaintiffs Memo, at 6, is not relevant. Melendez-Diaz concerns the scope of a criminal defendant's right to cross-examine witnesses against him under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. See ____ U.S. ____, 129 S.Ct. 2527, 174 L.Ed.2d 314 (2009). The case is inapposite to this more informal administrative action.
Plaintiff was afforded notice and an opportunity to be heard, both before and after his termination. He was afforded, yet chose not to exercise the right to representation in his post-deprivation hearing. Process was constitutionally adequate. His procedural due process claims are dismissed.
Plaintiff asserts that defendants "labelled" him a drug user in the course of his termination and that this label deprived him of his liberty interest in continued employment. Compl. ¶ 32; Plaintiffs Memo, at 7. It is not alleged that defendants disclosed to the public plaintiff's positive drug test. Plaintiff's Memo, at 7. Even if the statement that plaintiff used marijuana was unfounded, there is no basis in the record to conclude that this "label" was publicized. See Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 547 n. 13, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985) (citing Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 348, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976)); Velez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 87 (2d Cir.2005) (citing Donato v. Plainview-Old Bethpage Cent. School Dist., 96 F.3d 623, 631-32 (2d Cir.1996), cert, denied, 519 U.S. 1150, 117 S.Ct. 1083, 137 L.Ed.2d 218 (1997)). In any event the reasonable inference drawn supports a finding of marijuana use.
Plaintiff does not contend that the transmittal of his sample to the laboratory for testing was either stigmatizing or a "publication." The "labelling" of plaintiff as a drug user occurred "only to the plaintiff, and only in private." Velez, 401 F.3d at 87. Plaintiffs "failure to allege that the reasons for the dismissal were published dooms this claim." Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 547 n. 13, 105 S.Ct. 1487 (1985) (citing Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 348, 96 S.Ct. 2074,
Plaintiff was afforded notice and an opportunity to respond to, and appeal, the charges against him. Defendants' 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 15-17, 20-21, 25. The DRB decision that resulted from that appeal found no irregularities in the defendants' selection of plaintiff for random testing. DRB Decision at 3. These appropriate findings do not evince procedural irregularities or other agency action "so outrageously arbitrary as to constitute a gross abuse of governmental authority." Natale v. Town of Ridgefield, 170 F.3d 258, 263 (2d Cir.1999) (citations omitted).
To the extent that plaintiff states a substantive due process claim, it is dismissed. See Zynger v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., No. 09-2478-cv, 370 Fed.Appx. 253, 255-56, 2010 WL 1170348, at *2 (2d Cir. Mar. 25, 2010) (summary order) (examining and finding no substantive due process violation in identical TSA procedures for termination following a positive drug test).
Plaintiff asserts that the TSA's statement that he failed a drug test violated the Privacy Act. Compl. ¶ 32. He fails to specify to whom the statement was made. Id.; Plaintiff's Memo, at 7.
The DRB officials, the Medical Review Officer, and the deciding official are all agency employees responsible for making employment decisions regarding plaintiff. Their communications are within the Privacy Act's "need-to-know" exception; no claim under the Privacy Act may lie against them. See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(b)(1); Mount v. United States Postal Serv., 79 F.3d 531, 533-34 (6th Cir. 1996) (citing Hernandez v. Alexander, 671 F.2d 402, 410 (10th Cir.1982)) (including within the Privacy Act's need-to-know exception "employees ... with responsibilities for making employment and/or disciplinary decisions regarding plaintiff).
Plaintiff might be understood to object to defendants' transmittal of his urine sample to the laboratory for drug testing. Plaintiffs Memo, at 7-8. Even assuming that this transmittal was an extra-agency "disclosure," plaintiff has not alleged that he has suffered an adverse effect. Cf. Doe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614, 627, 124 S.Ct. 1204, 157 L.Ed.2d 1122 (2004); Tarullo v. Def. Contract Audit Agency, United States DOD, 600 F.Supp.2d 352, 359-60 (D.Conn.2009). For testing purposes a private laboratory is necessarily treated as part of the agency.
Though courts disagree as to whether the Privacy Act permits recovery based on non-pecuniary damages, see Doe, 540 U.S. at 627 n. 12, 124 S.Ct. 1204; Tarullo, 600 F.Supp.2d at 360 n. 8, plaintiffs claim alleges neither pecuniary nor non-pecuniary damages. Nor does Plaintiff allege emotional distress. Cf. Tarullo, 600 F.Supp.2d at 360 n. 8 (concluding that proof of emotional distress may suffice as proof of actual damages in the Second Circuit).
To the extent plaintiffs claim is premised on a speculative fear that "[p]rospective employers will find out that [his] termination was based upon the alleged use[ ] of illegal drugs and thereby tarnish [his] reputation," his claim is not ripe. Plaintiffs Affidavit in Opposition ¶ 14; see Doe, 540 U.S. at 624, 124 S.Ct. 1204 ("[T]he reference in § 552a(g)(1)(D) to `adverse effect' acts as a term of art identifying a potential plaintiff who satisfies the injury-in-fact and causation requirements of Article III standing...."); Mulhern v. Gates, 525 F.Supp.2d 174, 185 (D.D.C. 2007) (determining that plaintiffs conclusory assertion that disclosure harmed his
Plaintiff asserts that judicial review under the APA is proper, because defendants (i) failed to accord him due process, (ii) failed to provide him "the full administrative rights given to federal employees in the employ of the TSA," and (iii) "undertook actions in violation of internal regulations and federal statutes." Compl. ¶¶ 24-25; see 5 U.S.C. § 702. He contends that his termination was not an "action [ ] committed to agency discretion by law" and is thus subject to judicial review under the APA. Plaintiff's Memo, at 8.
Having determined that defendants afforded plaintiff all the process he was statutorily and constitutionally due, the court cannot find under the APA that defendants violated plaintiffs due process rights. See 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(B). See supra Part 5.A.2.i.a.
The only rights that plaintiff has expressly invoked are those he includes among "the rule [sic] of evidence," Compl. ¶¶ 15, 19; Plaintiff's Memo, at 5-6. Plaintiff cites neither law nor TSA policy conferring such rights, nor does he identify any law or regulation that defendants have violated.
No basis in the APA has been identified to support plaintiff's contention that defendants have acted in violation of the law or without observance of procedures required by law. See 5 U.S.C. §§ 706(2)(A), (D). His claims under the APA are dismissed.
The court finds plaintiffs underlying claims to be barred by sovereign immunity or without merit. It necessarily dismisses plaintiff's claims for declaratory relief under the Declaratory Judgment Act.
Summary judgment against the plaintiff is granted. No costs or disbursements.
SO ORDERED.
