HURLEY, District Judge:
This action was commenced by Ronald J. Friedman ("plaintiff" or "Receiver"), who was appointed by this Court in a separate action entitled Bank of America v. New York Merchants Protective Co. Inc., New York Merchants Alarm Response, and N.Y. Merch. Prot. Co. Inc., No. 11-CV-38(DRH)(ARL) (E.D.N.Y.) (the "BOA Action") to act as the receiver to the defendant businesses in that case. The individual defendants in this suit, Wayne Wahrsager and his two sons Eric and Aaron Wahrsager (collectively, the "Wahrsagers" or the "individual defendants"), are allegedly officers of the receivership businesses
Now before the Court is the motion of defendants Eric and Aaron Wahrsager, Nationwide Central Station Monitoring ("Central Station"), and United States Merchants Protective Co. Inc. ("USMP") to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Defendants Wayne Wahrsager and SeniorCare911, LLC have answered the complaint.
Although still only in the pleading stage, this case along with its sister case, the BOA Action, has been the subject of multiple proceedings and applications over the past twelve months. The facts and procedural history recounted here will therefore be limited only to what is necessary to decide the instant motion. All well pled factual allegations are assumed true for present purposes.
NYMP was formed in 1989, and since then has provided security alarm, fire alarm, and life-safety alarm monitoring as well as other related services. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21-22.) In January 2006, LaSalle Bank, predecessor to Bank of America, entered into an agreement to provide NYMP up to $17.5 million in revolving loans.
Discovery of this alleged fraud prompted Bank of America on January 5, 2011 to commence the BoA action, and therein seek the appointment of a receiver, in order to recover the assets pledged under the loan agreement and the overdrafts resulting from the alleged check-kiting scheme.
Throughout the period of August 2010 to January 5, 2011 (hereinafter the "prelitigation period"), Wayne Wahrsager was allegedly an owner of NYMP, and his two sons, Aaron and Eric Wahrsager were allegedly officers and employees of the company. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 57-60.) According to the amended complaint, during this time and for a period after the appointment of a receiver, the officers of NYMP "took several steps ... to intentionally sabotage the
Plaintiff seeks (1) a permanent injunction enjoining the defendants or their associates from taking any action to harm the operations, business, reputation, and assets of the Receivership Businesses, (2) unfettered access by the Receiver to the operations and premises of Central Station and USMP, (3) an order setting aside any fraudulent conveyance of NYMP assets to Central Station and declaring such assets subject to the perfected security interest held by Bank of America, and (4) damages, costs and fees. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 188-91.)
Rule 8(a) provides that a pleading shall contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). The Supreme Court has clarified the pleading standard applicable in evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).
Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
More recently, in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), the Supreme Court provided further guidance, setting a two-pronged approach for courts considering a motion to dismiss. First, a court should "begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth." 129 S.Ct. at 1950. "While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations." Id. Thus, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Id. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955).
Second, "[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual allegations a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief." Id. "Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] ... a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Id. at 1950. The Court defined plausibility as follows:
Id. at 1949 (quoting and citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57, 127 S.Ct. 1955) (internal citations omitted).
In other words, "where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged — but it has not `show[n]' — that the pleader is entitled to relief." Id. at 1950.
In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court generally may only consider facts stated in the complaint or "[d]ocuments that are attached to the complaint or incorporated in it by reference." Roth v. Jennings, 489 F.3d 499, 509 (2d Cir.2007); Gillingham v. GEICO Direct, No. 06-CV-2915, 2008 WL
Defendants first argue that plaintiff's claims for breach of the duty of loyalty and fiduciary duty against Aaron and Eric Wahrsager (claims numbered three through six) must be dismissed for failure to state a claim because plaintiff has failed to "prove" that either of these individuals were officers or directors of the NYMP. (Ds' Memo at 7-11; Ds' Reply at 3-4.) This argument, however, reflects a fundamental misapprehension by defendants of plaintiff's burden at the pleading stage. Plaintiff need not "prove" any element of a claim in the amended complaint. Rather, he must allege "only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955.
Under New York law, a claim for breach of fiduciary duty requires "the existence of a fiduciary relationship, misconduct by the defendant, and damages that were directly caused by the defendant's misconduct." Guarino v. No. Country Mortg. Banking Corp., 79 A.D.3d 805, 807, 915 N.Y.S.2d 84 (2d Dep't 2010). "Directors and officers typically owe fiduciary duties to the corporation and its shareholders, which include a `duty of care' and a `duty of loyalty.'" RSL Communs. PLC v. Bildirici, No. 04-CV-5217, 2006 WL 2689869, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 67548 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 14, 2006) (citing Gully v. NCUA Bd., 341 F.3d 155, 165 (2d Cir.2003) and Norlin Corp. v. Rooney, Pace Inc., 744 F.2d 255, 264 (2d Cir.1984)).
Here, plaintiff's claims of a fiduciary relationship are based on the allegations that Aaron and Eric were officers of NYMP during the period in question. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 59-60.) Whether Aaron and Eric actually were officers of the company, and whether they owed such fiduciary duties, is necessarily a factual inquiry not before the Court at this stage of litigation. Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty and duty of loyalty, and the Court accepts all well-pled allegations as true for the purpose of deciding this motion. Therefore, defendants' argument that such claims should be dismissed at this stage because "the Receiver has failed to present any evidence, beyond his untrue assertion
Defendants next argue that plaintiff's fraudulent conveyance claims against Central Station (claims seven through eleven) should be dismissed because "in order to set aside a fraudulent conveyance, one must be a creditor or the transferor.... [R]eceivers have standing to pursue fraudulently conveyed assets only when one of the entities in receivership is a creditor of the transferor." (Ds' Memo at 11-12 (quoting Eberhard v. Marcu, 530 F.3d 122, 129 (2d Cir.2008))); see also N.Y. Debtor & Creditor Law ("DCL") § 276 ("Every conveyance made and every obligation incurred with actual intent, as distinguished from intent presumed in law, to hinder, delay, or defraud either present or future creditors, is fraudulent as to both present and future creditors."). The Receiver, defendants continue, "stands in the shoes of NYMP and can only bring those causes of action that could have been brought by NYMP. Because NYMP made the allegedly fraudulent transfer to Central Station, NYMP would not be permitted to sue Central Station to avoid the allegedly fraudulent transfer." (Ds' Memo at 12.)
However, as plaintiff rightly points out, he was appointed by this Court as Receiver not just to NYMP, but also to New York Merchants Alarm Response, Inc. and N.Y. Merch Prot Co., Inc. (collectively, the "Corporate Guarantors"),
Under DCL § 270, a "creditor" is defined as "a person having any claim, whether matured or unmatured, liquidated or unliquidated, absolute, fixed or contingent." As guarantors to the original Loan Agreement and defendants in the BoA action, the Corporate Guarantors possess a potential secondary liability claim in that action against NYMP for its default. See Pro-Specialties, Inc. v. Thomas Funding Corp., 812 F.2d 797, 799 (2d Cir.1987) ("The general rule is that `a surety is equitably entitled to full indemnity against the consequences of a principal obligor's default.'"); see also Lori-Kay Golf, Inc. v. Lassner, 61 N.Y.2d 722, 723, 472 N.Y.S.2d 612, 460 N.E.2d 1097 (1984).
In their reply, defendants respond that the Corporate Guarantors may not be considered creditors of NYMP, because they are mere "shell entities." (Ds' Reply at 6.) First, defendants do not define precisely what a "shell entity" is, nor do they articulate why being labeled a "shell entity" would necessarily strip the Corporate Guarantors of their status as creditors. Second, the very same case cited by defendants in support of their standing arguments, Eberhard, 530 F.3d 122, militates against the result that they now urge here. Eberhard cites a Seventh Circuit case in which a similar situation occurred. Id. at 132-33 (citing Scholes v. Lehmann, 56 F.3d 750 (7th Cir.1995)). In Scholes, an individual created three corporations which then created limited partnerships with each other. Eberhard, 530 F.3d at 132. The receiver in that case represented both the individual and the three corporations. In response to a challenge to the receiver's attempts to recover assets fraudulently conveyed to third parties, the Seventh Circuit concluded that the subject corporations, though "robotic tools" of their creator, were nevertheless "distinct legal entities with separate rights and duties." Scholes, 56 F.3d at 754. "The appointment of the receiver removed the wrongdoer from the scene. The corporations were no more Douglas's evil zombies. Freed from his spell they became entitled to the return of the moneys ... that Douglas had made the corporations divert to unauthorized purposes." Id. To the extent that defendants' arguments that the Corporate Guarantors are mere "shell entities" mirrors the same arguments raised in Scholes, those arguments are without merit. The Corporate Guarantors here are "distinct legal entities" to which the Receiver was assigned, inter alia, to recover any assets to which they are legally entitled; the Receiver's standing to recover such assets is part and parcel of that assignment.
Defendants also argue in their reply that the Receiver, by virtue of the
Defendants fail to articulate precisely how the Receiver's appointment here represents a conflict of interest. There is no explanation, for example, why acting on behalf of the Corporate Guarantors to set aside the conveyed assets of NYMP would be at odds with the interests of NYMP, and under the facts alleged in the amended complaint the Court finds no support for any such assertion.
Accordingly, because the Receiver here stands in the shoes of the Corporate Guarantors, and because these guarantors are "creditors" to NYMP, as that term is defined in DCL § 270, plaintiff has standing to assert the present fraudulent conveyance claims.
Defendants next argue that plaintiff has failed to sufficiently plead each of their five claims for fraudulent conveyance under DCL §§ 273-276-a, respectively. Defendants' arguments seeking the dismissal of these claims are addressed below.
To state claims under the three sections of New York's Debtor and Creditor Law that do not consider the actual intent of the transferor, i.e. DCL §§ 273-275, a plaintiff must allege that a conveyance was made without fair consideration, and that
Additionally, because plaintiff's claims under these three statutes implicate constructive fraud, as opposed to fraudulent intent, the heightened pleading standard embodied in Rule 9(b), Fed.R.Civ.P., does not apply. Eclaire Advisor Ltd. v. Daewoo Eng'g & Constr. Co., 375 F.Supp.2d 257, 268 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (citing Feist v. Druckerman, 70 F.2d 333, 334 (2d Cir. 1934)).
In their attack on the element common to all three of these statutes, viz. that the assets were conveyed without fair consideration, defendants argue that the amended complaint provides "little support for [this] assertion[] ... beyond the mere allegation that the transfer was made for `no consideration.'" (Ds' Memo at 13.) While defendants are correct that "entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements," (Ds' Memo at 12 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955)), plaintiff here has pled ample facts to satisfy his burden under this element. The amended complaint identifies the assets that were conveyed and alleges that the transferee, Central Station, was owned by Eric and Aaron Wahrsager, who were allegedly officers and/or employees of NYMP and the sons of one of NYMP's owners, Wayne Wahrsager. Given this backdrop, and given the timing
As to the "insolvency" element of DCL § 273, defendants argue that the corresponding allegation in the amended complaint (see Am. Comp. ¶ 115) is inadequate because it was made "without having conducted an insolvency analysis, or hiring an accountant to provide a balance sheet test," (Ds' Memo at 13). This argument, again, vastly overstates plaintiff's pleading burden. Plaintiff not required to take such measures before alleging that an entity was either insolvent or rendered insolvent as a result of the conveyance. Regarding the sufficiency of the allegations of insolvency themselves, the Court does not consider these particular allegations in a vacuum. Rather, the Court examines them in light of all of the facts alleged in the amended complaint. Considering that NYMP allegedly effected or encouraged the transfer of its customer accounts to Central Station, and considering that NYMP had already, allegedly, defaulted on the subject business loan, the claim that NYMP had become insolvent, or would become insolvent through the purported conveyances is not an implausible allegation. The Court also notes that attached to the amended complaint is a contract, mentioned above, in which Central Station agreed to provide electronic monitoring to NYMP for $50,000 per month. In its preamble, the contract states that "[NYMP] is no longer able to fund its operation and is desirous of providing for the continued protection of its customers." (Agreement dated 11/5/10, attached to the Am. Compl. as Exhibit 13.) Although this line in the agreement, signed during the period of the alleged conveyance, is by no
Defendants launch a similar attack on the pivotal element of plaintiff's claim under DCL § 274, i.e. that the property remaining with the transferor amounts to "unreasonably small capital." DCL § 274. With regard to defendants' first argument regarding this element, which assails plaintiff for not "present[ing] any evidence to support this conclusion," the Court directs defendants' attention to its discussion supra regarding the role of evidence at the pleading stage. As to defendants' argument that plaintiff has merely recited this element of his DCL § 274 claim (see Ds' Memo at 15), the discussion above regarding the "insolvency" element of § 273 is equally applicable to plaintiff's allegation that NYMP was left with "unreasonably small capital." In sum, given the totality of the facts alleged in the amended complaint, plaintiff's allegations under DCL § 274 adequately state a claim for relief.
Finally, defendants appear to revisit their arguments regarding standing once again in their attack on plaintiff's claim under DCL § 275. Defendants begin by quoting the following from Eberhard: "[w]ere transferors allowed to assert fraudulent conveyance claims, ... transferors would be empowered to rescind transactions by virtue of their own fraudulent or deceptive designs. Such empowerment would be perverse." Eberhard, 530 F.3d at 131. Leveraging this quote, defendants urge that "[h]ere, it would be perverse to allow the Receiver to find relief under DCL § 275 based solely on his own allegations as to the state of mind of the corporation." (Ds' Memo at 16.)
The Court is unclear precisely what defendants are arguing here. The perversion recognized by the Circuit in Eberhard related only to the transferor who seeks to void his own past fraudulent conveyances. As was made clear above in the Court's discussion of standing, the Receiver here asserts the DCL § 275 claims on behalf of the Corporate Guarantors, not NYMP, the transferor. Nevertheless, defendants appear to suggest that there is some additional, and unspecified, perversion inherent in the Receiver's assertion of claims that implicate the transferor's "state of mind."
Plaintiff's final fraudulent conveyance claim is brought under DCL § 276, which bars conveyances made with "actual intent ... to hinder, delay, or defraud either present or future creditors." Id. To state a claim under DCL § 276, the plaintiff must meet the heightened standard under Rule 9(b), Fed.R.Civ.P., which requires that the allegation be made with particularity. Scantek Med., Inc. v. Sabella, 583 F.Supp.2d 477, 497 (S.D.N.Y.2008); see Atlanta Shipping Corp., Inc. v. Chem. Bank, 818 F.2d 240, 251 (2d Cir.1987) ("Though DCL § 276 is triggered by an actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud, all three [of those] means of damaging creditors are within a general category that the statute categorizes as `fraudulent.'").
Eclaire Advisor, 375 F.Supp.2d at 268-69 (citing cases).
As discussed earlier, plaintiff has alleged facts that speak to each of the first four factors above, notwithstanding defendants' insistence that plaintiff provides no "supporting proof or documentation" as to these factors. Again, even with plaintiff's elevated obligations under Rule 9(b), no such "proof" is required at this stage.
Plaintiff also seeks attorney's fees under DCL § 276-a, for any fees associated with a successful § 276 claim. As plaintiff has adequately stated his claim for relief under § 276, his concomitant § 276-a claim may also proceed.
Accordingly, defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's fraudulent conveyance claims is denied.
Plaintiff's twelfth claim alleges that Central Station was unjustly enriched through its acquisition of the purported fraudulent conveyances. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 132-34.) Unjust enrichment occurs where "1) [] the defendant benefitted; 2) at the plaintiff's expense; and 3) that equity and good conscience require restitution." Kaye v. Grossman, 202 F.3d 611, 616 (2d Cir.2000) (internal citations and quotes omitted).
Defendants argue that equitable claims, such as unjust enrichment, are "unavailable where an adequate remedy at law exists," noting that plaintiff's claim here, "seeks only monetary relief, revealing that there is an adequate remedy at law." (Ds' Memo at 19 (citation omitted).) This argument, however, erroneously conflates the cause of action with the relief sought by plaintiff.
The principle cited by defendants, viz., that unjust enrichment is unavailable where there is an adequate remedy at law, reflects the legal distinction between unjust enrichment, or "quasi-contract," claims and claims for damages resulting from a breach of contract. See Restatement of Restitution § 5. As explained by the New York Court of Appeals:
Clark-Fitzpatrick, Inc. v. Long Island R.R. Co., 70 N.Y.2d 382, 388, 521 N.Y.S.2d 653, 516 N.E.2d 190 (1987) (internal citations omitted).
In other words, under New York law, where the damages alleged in a complaint arise from the defendant's breach of a contract, the plaintiff's remedy lies in a contractual claim. Otherwise, where the claim does not involve a contract,
The problem with defendants' argument is that it suggests that an adequate legal remedy exists not because there is a contract involved, but because plaintiff seeks monetary damages. In actual fact, the "adequate legal remedy," viz., an action for breach of contract, is unavailable for a different reason, namely, because no contract relating to these assets exists between the parties. Plaintiff is therefore not precluded from asserting an unjust enrichment claim.
Moreover, plaintiff is not barred, as defendants suggest, from bringing an unjust enrichment claim that seeks only monetary damages. Stated differently, unjust enrichment actions are not necessarily purely equitable claims. "[C]laims for unjust enrichment where an award of money would fairly compensate the party bringing the claim" are considered "legal in nature." Miller v. Epstein, 293 A.D.2d 282, 282, 742 N.Y.S.2d 191 (1st Dep't 2002) (upholding the trial court's denial of a motion to strike a jury demand) (citing Hudson View II Assoc. v. Gooden, 222 A.D.2d 163, 168, 644 N.Y.S.2d 512 (1st Dep't 1996)); see also Hudson View, 222 A.D.2d at 168, 644 N.Y.S.2d 512 ("[E]ven if defendants are not pursuing damages as prescribed by the contract, these causes of action, which still seek only money damages, are quasi-contractual in nature and would, therefore, also have been actions at law ... This is so notwithstanding that the rationale underlying such causes of action is fairness and equitable principles in a general, rather than legal, sense.").
Plaintiff has otherwise sufficiently pled the three elements for unjust enrichment. Defendants' motion to dismiss this claim is therefore denied.
Plaintiff has withdrawn his claim for a constructive trust. (P's Memo at 13.)
Plaintiff's fourteenth claim for relief alleges that Central Station converted the conveyed assets for its own use. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 138-43.) The specific allegations made under this claim state the following:
As this conversion claim implicates only Central Station and no other defendant, the inquiry here focuses solely on those assets alleged in the pleading to be in Central Station's possession or control. In that regard, plaintiff alleges that "the NYMP Officers caused NYMP to transfer
Under New York law, "conversion is any unauthorized exercise of dominion or control over property by one who is not the owner of the property which interferes with and is in defiance of a superior possessory right of another in the property.... Where the original possession is lawful,[
Central Station argues that it came into possession of the assets lawfully, i.e. that there is no dispute that NYMP was the rightful possessor of the assets at the time NYMP allegedly transferred them to Central Station. (Ds' Memo at 21.) It further contends that "because [it] was lawfully in possession of the allegedly fraudulently conveyed assets, the failure to make demand for their return is fatal to [the conversion claim.]"
Assuming, arguendo, that Central Station did in fact legally possess the assets in the first instance, this alone does not defeat plaintiff's conversion claim. In cases analogous to the one at bar, where a possessor innocently purchases stolen property, the possessor must "first be informed of the defect in his title, and have an opportunity to deliver the property to the true owner, before he shall be made liable as a tort feasor for a wrongful conversion." Employers' Fire Ins. Co. v. Cotten, 245 N.Y. 102, 105, 156 N.E. 629 (1927) (quoting Gillet v. Roberts, 57 N.Y. 28, 34 (1874)). In such cases, however, an actual "demand" for the return of property is futile, where "circumstances show that the defendant knows it has no right to the goods." State v. Seventh Regiment Fund, 98 N.Y.2d 249, 260, 746 N.Y.S.2d 637, 774 N.E.2d 702 (2002). Where, "prior to the institution of [an action for conversion], defendant had full information relating to her own defect in title and the identity of
According to the amended complaint, plaintiff "demanded that Central Station produce documentation to prove it is the rightful owner." (Am. Compl. ¶ 138.) Although the allegations do not explicitly state that the Receiver "informed" Central Station of NYMP's claimed right to the assets, the implication from the demand for proof of ownership under the circumstances alleged is that NYMP contended it had a superior right to possess the transferred assets. Central Station was therefore informed of a potential defect in its possession of the assets. A demand for the assets' return would therefore be a futile and "useless procedure." See Cotten, 245 N.Y. at 104, 156 N.E. 629, and thus, even if Central Station came into possession of the assets lawfully, the Receiver's conversion claim may proceed.
Plaintiff's sixteenth and seventeenth claims allege that Aaron and Eric Wahrsager "intentionally and improperly procured" a breach of the contracts that several of NYMP customers held with NYMP by contacting these customers directly "in a blatant attempt to interfere with the known and existing contractual relationships." (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 149-56.) Specifically, plaintiff alleges that "the NYMP Officers," (which allegedly include the Wahrsager brothers) sent customers letters unilaterally terminating their contracts with NYMP (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 74, 82), that Eric Wahrsager called many of these customers to inform them that their alarm monitoring service would be turned off (Am. Compl. ¶ 80), and that both moved these customer accounts to Central Station (Am. Compl. ¶ 83).
Under New York law, a tortious interference claim must allege "(a) that a valid contract exists; (b) that a `third party' had knowledge of the contract; (c) that the third party intentionally and improperly procured the breach of the contract; and (d) that the breach resulted in damage to the plaintiff." Albert v. Loksen, 239 F.3d 256, 274 (2d Cir.2001). Plaintiff must also allege that the breach would not have occurred "but for" the conduct of the defendants. Sharma v. Skaarup Ship Mgmt. Corp., 916 F.2d 820, 828 (2d Cir.1990).
Defendants' primary argument against these claims is that plaintiff fails to provide "proof" that Aaron or Eric had any involvement in the cancellation letters, which were signed solely by Wayne Wahrsager, or "proof" that the cancellation letters actually "caused NYMP customers to breach their contracts." (Ds' Memo at 21-23.) The Court, again, sets aside the matter of "proof" at this juncture, as it does the affidavit from Eric Wahrsager attached to defendants' motion that purportedly "corroborates" his lack of involvement with the cancellation letters. (See id.)
However, there is a separate issue within this claim that defendants do not
In terminating the contracts with NYMP's customers, the Wahrsager brothers were in the most ostensible sense acting within the scope of their authority as corporate officers. In other words, one could presume that their positions conferred on them the power to enter and terminate contracts on behalf of the company. And, as noted above, liability on this claim would not attach solely because defendants took steps to effectuate the breach of a contract to which the corporation itself is a party. Moreover, the allegations pertaining to these particular claims, i.e. paragraphs 149-56 of the pleading, do not specifically allege that defendants acted outside their authority, nor does the plaintiff address this issue in his opposition.
Nevertheless, these claims incorporate "all prior allegations," and in looking at the entirety of the pleading, it is clear that plaintiff alleges facts that suggest the Warhsager brothers "personally profited from their acts," arguably at the expense of NYMP and its creditors. Specifically, according to the amended complaint, after terminating the customer accounts with NYMP, defendants "mov[ed] them from NYMP to Central Station" (Am. Compl. ¶ 83), a company wholly owned by Eric and Aaron Wahrsager, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 55-56). In essence, the Wahrsager brothers used their position as officers of NYMP to diminish the customer and revenue base of that company in an effort to bolster the profit of their own company. This alleged conduct falls well outside the scope of both their authority and their duties owed to NYMP; the Wahrsager brothers may therefore be considered third parties under plaintiff's claim for tortious interference with a contract.
As plaintiff has sufficiently pled all of the elements of this claim, including the final element pertaining to the damages incurred through the procurement of the breach, defendants' motion to dismiss this claim is denied.
Implicating similar alleged conduct as his claim for tortious interference with a contract, plaintiff also alleges in claims 19 through 21 that Eric and Aaron Wahrsager, and USMP, tortiously interfered with the business relationship NYMP cultivated with its customers. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 159-64.)
Under New York law a plaintiff seeking to recover for tortious interference with business relations must allege "(1) there is a business relationship between plaintiff and a third party;[
In Carvel Corp. v. Noonan, 3 N.Y.3d 182, 785 N.Y.S.2d 359, 818 N.E.2d 1100 (2004) the New York Court of Appeals reiterated that greater protection is accorded an interest in an existing contract than to the less substantive, more speculative interest in a prospective business relationship. Therefore, allegations of more culpable conduct on the part of the defendant is required for the tort of interference with business relations than for the tort of interference with contract. Id. at 189-90, 785 N.Y.S.2d 359, 818 N.E.2d 1100 (citing NBT Bancorp Inc. v. Fleet/Norstar Fin. Group, Inc., 87 N.Y.2d 614, 641 N.Y.S.2d 581, 664 N.E.2d 492 (1996). Thus, "as a general rule, the defendant's conduct must amount to a crime or an independent tort" because "[c]onduct that is not criminal or tortious will generally be lawful and thus insufficiently culpable to create liability for interference with prospective contracts or other non-binding economic relations." Id. at 190, 785 N.Y.S.2d 359, 818 N.E.2d 1100. The requirement that the conduct amount to a crime or independent tort is, however, a "general rule." The Carvel court also held that "wrongful means" may also include "some degree of economic pressure" and that economic pressure must be directed at the party with which the plaintiff has or seeks to have a relationship and must be "extreme and unfair" to be wrongful. Id. at 192-93, 785 N.Y.S.2d 359, 818 N.E.2d 1100. "Wrongful means include physical violence, fraud or misrepresentation, civil suits and criminal prosecutions, and some degrees of economic pressure; they do not, however, include persuasion alone although it is knowingly directed at interference with the contract." Guard-Life Corp. v. S. Parker Hardware Mfg. Corp., 50 N.Y.2d 183, 191, 428 N.Y.S.2d 628, 406 N.E.2d 445, 449 (1980)).
Defendants argue that these claims must be dismissed for failure to sufficiently plead the third element, viz. whether they acted with the "sole purpose of harming the plaintiff" or used "dishonest, unfair or improper means." Defendants suggest that the customers had the right to cancel their own contracts, that Eric Wahrsager had a "long, personal relationship" with these customers himself, and that he cannot be prevented from "earning a living or contacting customers who are open, notorious and generally available to the public." (Ds' Memo at 24.)
This argument, however, belies the factual backdrop of this lawsuit. Plaintiff alleges that the Wahrsager's efforts to interfere
The viability of plaintiff's same claims against USMP, however, stands on different footing. The substance of these allegations state only that "NYMP Officers are sending former salesman of NYMP, who are now associated with [USMP], to NYMP customers in an attempt to cause those existing NYMP customers to cancel their existing contracts with NYMP, and switch accounts and sign up with [USMP]." (Am. Compl. ¶ 85.) While this allegation may implicate the conduct of the "NYMP Officers," it does not impute liability to USMP. Nowhere in the pleading is the connection between USMP and the other defendants ever established. Plaintiff argues in his memorandum that "the Individual Defendants, the sole officers of USMP, knew of NYMP's existing client relationships, that those defendants inferred with those relationships, and that those defendants acted for the sole purpose of harming NYMP causing injury to NYMP."
The twenty-third and twenty-fourth claims for relief assert allegations for misappropriation of trade secrets against Eric and Aaron Wahrsager, respectively. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 168-73.) Later, in the twenty-fifth through twenty-seventh claims, plaintiff alleges that through the misappropriation of these trade secrets, Central Station, Eric and Aaron Wahrsager, and USMP have all been enabled to unfairly compete against NYMP. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 179-84.)
Plaintiff's unfair competition claims are based entirely on the claims for misappropriation of trade secrets, and, essentially, restate those very same claims. Where these two types of claims are duplicative of each other, courts generally consider them to be a single cause of action.
Plaintiff's "trade secret" claims suggest that defendants transferred to Central Station NYMP's, "residential customer list, rates charged to those customers, and history of responses to those customers," all of which are purportedly trade secrets. (Id.) To bring a claim for the misappropriation of trade secrets, a plaintiff must allege that "(1) [defendant] possessed a trade secret, and (2) defendant is using that trade secret in breach of an agreement, confidence, or duty, or as a result of discovery by improper means." Integrated Cash Management Services, Inc. v. Digital Transactions, Inc., 920 F.2d 171, 173 (2d Cir.1990). New York courts apply six factors to determine whether an item qualifies as a trade secret:
Ashland Management v. Janien, 82 N.Y.2d 395, 407, 604 N.Y.S.2d 912, 624 N.E.2d 1007 (1993) (quoting Restatement of Torts § 757, comment b) (internal brackets omitted).
Plaintiff alleges that the Wahrsager brothers possessed the subject items (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 168-73), and that in transferring these items to Central Station, breached a duty of confidence owed to NYMP (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 169, 172). This duty would attach to defendants here in their alleged capacity as officers and fiduciaries of NYMP. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 59, 60, 96, 102, 105, 111.) Plaintiff also alleges that USMP "has access to, and is using [the customer list]," which it obtained through "improper means," namely through Eric Wahrsager. (Am. Compl. 174-78.)
Defendants attack these claims — as they do with several others — for failing to show "any proof" that these items are in fact trade secrets or that defendants possessed these items.
Lehman v. Dow Jones & Co., 783 F.2d 285, 297-98 (2d Cir.1986) (quoting in part Restatement of Torts § 757, comment b (1939)); see also Lehman, 783 F.2d at 298("Although the bulk of trade secret law relates to industrial information[,] some kinds of non-industrial business information — for example, data related to customers, merchandising, cost and pricing, and systems and methods — are also protected.")
A customer list, however, is not on its face a trade secret. "A customer list developed by a business through substantial effort and kept in confidence may be treated as a trade secret and protected at the owner's instance against disclosure to a competitor, provided the information it contains is not otherwise readily ascertainable. However, the owner is entitled to such protection only as long as he maintains the list in secrecy." Defiance Button Machine Co. v. C & C Metal Products Corp., 759 F.2d 1053, 1063 (2d Cir. 1985) (internal citations omitted); see Leo Silfen, Inc. v. Cream, 29 N.Y.2d 387, 392-93, 328 N.Y.S.2d 423, 278 N.E.2d 636 (1972) ("[W]here the customers are not known in the trade or are discoverable only by extraordinary efforts courts have not hesitated to protect customer lists and files as trade secrets.").
Ultimately, the inquiry here is a question of fact.
"The essence of an unfair competition claim under New York law is that the defendant misappropriated the fruit of plaintiff's labors and expenditures by obtaining access to plaintiff's business idea either through fraud or deception, or an abuse of a fiduciary or confidential relationship." Telecom Int'l Am., Ltd. v. AT & T Corp., 280 F.3d 175, 197 (2d Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). A claim for unfair competition "has been broadly described as encompassing any form of commercial immorality, or simply as endeavoring to reap where one has not sown; it is taking the skill, expenditures and labors of a competitor, and misappropriating for the commercial advantage of one person ... a benefit or property right belonging to another." Roy Exp. Co. Establishment of Vaduz, Liechtenstein v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 672 F.2d 1095, 1105 (2d Cir.1982) (internal citations, alterations, and quotation marks omitted).
The New York Court of Appeals has set forth the "two theories of common-law unfair competition" that New York courts "have long recognized": (1) "palming off," which refers to "the sale of the goods of one manufacturer as those of another," and (2) "misappropriation," which encompasses "[t]he principle that one may not misappropriate the results of the skill, expenditures and labors of a competitor." ITC Ltd. v. Punchgini, Inc., 9 N.Y.3d 467,
The trade secrets involved here, namely the customer list and attendant data, were allegedly obtained through an abuse of the Wahrsager brother's fiduciary and confidential relationship with NYMP, and were allegedly used to give both Central Station and USMP an unfair advantage over NYMP to NYMP's detriment. Defendants counter these well-pled allegations by arguing that they are based solely on the viability of plaintiff's claim for misappropriation of trade secrets, which, as discussed, above may proceed. Defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's unfair competition claim is therefore denied.
Plaintiff's twenty-eighth and penultimate claim seeks an order from this Court permanently enjoining defendants and their related entities from "taking any affirmative actions (including, but not limited to, using NYMP's confidential customer list to steal or solicit existing customers of NYMP, shredding documents, or wiping computer hard drives) or from refraining to take such necessary actions (such as providing routine and customary maintenance and servicing of customer accounts), that would in any manner harm or injure the going concern value and the business operations [of] Central Station or NYMP."
A court may grant permanent injunctive relief if a plaintiff satisfies the following four factors: "(1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction." eBay v. MercExchange, LLC, 547 U.S. 388, 391, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006).
It is not clear what injunctive relief plaintiff will need from the Court at this point. Subsequent to filing the amended complaint, the Court approved the Receiver's proposed private sale of NYMP in the BoA action, dramatically changing the landscape for prospective relief in this action, particularly where it is intended to protect "the going concern value and the business operations" of NYMP. (Am. Compl. ¶ 187; see Order dated 10/19/11 in the BoA action.) Nevertheless, plaintiff has alleged a basis to allow the request for a permanent injunction to proceed and to deny defendants' motion to deny such relief at this time. Whether the injunctive relief sought has been mooted by the events that have transpired in this action over the course of many months of parallel litigation will be determined at a later stage in this case.
Finally, plaintiff's twenty-ninth claim seeks a declaration that the assets alleged to have been fraudulently conveyed to Central Station are subject to a first priority security interest in favor of non-party Bank of America. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 188-91.)
In deciding whether to grant declaratory relief, a district court should consider "(1) whether the judgment will serve a useful purpose in clarifying or settling the legal issues involved; and (2) whether a judgment would finalize the controversy and offer relief from uncertainty." Dow Jones & Co., Inc. v. Harrods Ltd., 346 F.3d 357, 359 (2d Cir.2003).
Here, plaintiff seeks a declaration regarding the status and rights of Bank of America, which is not a party to this action. Plaintiff fails to articulate any basis for standing to request a declaration of the status of any liens under the loan agreement on behalf of Bank of America. Furthermore, though a determination of Bank of America's lien priority may facilitate the ultimate disposition of any assets determined to have been fraudulently conveyed vis-à-vis Bank of America, such a declaration does not serve a useful purpose in settling the specific controversy at issue in this case, namely, the ownership rights of the subject assets as between plaintiff and defendants. To the extent that any "uncertainty" exists over Bank of America's lien status, plaintiff has failed to specify how the resolution of this uncertainty would affect the relationship of the parties to this action. Defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's claim for declaratory judgment is therefore granted.
For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion to dismiss is granted as to plaintiff's claim for declaratory relief, and plaintiff's claim for tortious interference with business relations as to USMP only.
SO ORDERED.
