GARY R. BROWN, United States Magistrate Judge.
This matter, which came before the Court for a bail determination on April 26, 2013, presents novel factual issues as well as the kind of legal challenges that often arise when applying traditional legal concepts to cases emanating from digital technology.
The Affidavit for Criminal Complaint, executed in the Eastern District of Michigan, describes the victimization of fifteen young women through unauthorized access to computer systems, extortion and cyber stalking. See Docket Entry ("DE") [1] Ex. A ("Affidavit"). In sum and substance, the events described include the hacking of various Internet-based accounts belonging to these victims, including email and social media sites. See generally id. The perpetrator apparently gained access to these accounts, using various forms of social engineering to trick the victim into providing him with account passwords. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 9, 22. Using these passwords, he obtained compromising photos of the victims — usually in various states of undress, though in one instance involving a nude photo of a victim's mother
Once in possession of these photographs, the perpetrator electronically transmitted them by anonymous text message to the victims, usually with threats that the photos would be shared with parents, employers, boyfriends or other members of the community unless the perpetrator's demands were met. E.g., id. ¶¶ 10, 15, 23. Principally, the perpetrator demanded that the victims provide him with additional nude photographs and/or other sexual details about themselves. E.g., id. ¶¶ 11, 23. Additionally, he sent victims anonymous texts describing his use of the photographs he already obtained to masturbate. Id. ¶ 12.
The anonymous text messages sent to victims not only contained extortionate threats, but were vulgar, controlling and cruel. One victim described that she "felt frightened and terrorized by his comments." Id. ¶ 9(c). Another felt "blackmailed" and "alarmed" by the messages, and contacted the police. Id. ¶ 39(c).
The Affidavit provides specific technical evidence — the details of which are unimportant for this determination — linking the defendant to the computer hacking alleged, which is more than sufficient to establish probable cause. See generally id. The technical details are notable, however, in that they demonstrate considerable sophistication with computers. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 16-20 (tying defendant to a web of internet service providers, social media accounts, and telephone numbers from which the threatening messages originated). At the bail hearing, the government proffered that it removed approximately 25 computer devices from the defendant's home. Additionally, the Affidavit presents evidence linking the defendant to many of the victims, with whom the defendant attended high school or college. See generally id. Importantly, in one instance, the Affidavit describes a historical obsession the defendant evidenced toward one of the
The first question is whether the defendant is entitled to a bail hearing in the district of arrest. One Second Circuit case, decided shortly after passage of the Bail Reform Act of 1984, holds that the detention hearing should usually be conducted in the charging district, after defendant's removal from the district of arrest. In United States v. Melendez-Carrion, 790 F.2d 984, 989 (2d Cir.1986), seven defendants charged in the District of Connecticut with armed robbery of a Wells Fargo office were arrested in Puerto Rico. Several of the defendants were ordered detained by a magistrate judge in San Juan. The Court of Appeals held:
Id. at 990. Melendez-Carrion emphasized that defendants "were not entitled to detention hearings prior to removal." Id. at 991; cf. United States v. Morris, No. CRIMA.00-MG-267, 2000 WL 1455244, at *6 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 21, 2000) (holding that "the appropriate forum for the detention hearing to be held in this case is in the charging district" and directing the defendant be transported in custody). A later Second Circuit decision read Melendez-Carrion as adopting a "flexible" approach, stressing that "a removal may precede a detention hearing." United States v. Coonan, 826 F.2d 1180, 1185 (2d Cir.1987) (emphasis added).
Subsequently, in United States v. El-Edwy, 272 F.3d 149 (2d Cir.2001), the Circuit considered the appropriate venue for reviewing an order of release issued by a magistrate judge in the district of arrest. Without expressly overruling Melendez-Carrion, the Second Circuit observed that:
Id. at 152. El-Edwy further notes that this procedure ensures "that the person receives the earliest opportunity to seek conditional release." Id. at 153; cf. United States v. Evans, 62 F.3d 1233, 1237-1238 (9th Cir.1995) ("the magistrate judge [in
This apparent contradiction in case authority has resulted in inconsistent outcomes in this Circuit and elsewhere. For example, one district court relied in part on Melendez-Carrion to determine that "the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure do not require the district of arrest to hold a detention hearing before removal" but the district of arrest "may decide to require temporary detention of the defendant during her transfer." United States v. Murphy, No. 11-MJ-00615, 2011 WL 5023534, at *3 (S.D.Ind.2011) (emphasis in original). In United States v. Havens, 487 F.Supp.2d 335, 338 (W.D.N.Y.2007), a magistrate judge, observing the tension between Melendez-Carrion and El-Edwy, concluded that the Supreme Court decision in United States v. Montalvo-Murillo, 495 U.S. 711, 110 S.Ct. 2072, 109 L.Ed.2d 720 (1990) "casts sufficient doubt upon the continuing viability of Melendez-Carrion for me to recognize El-Edwy as the governing law in this circuit."
An amendment of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure appears to have resolved the conflict, abrogating the holding of Melendez-Carrion. At the time of both Melendez-Carrion and El-Edwy, initial appearances in multi-district situations were governed by Rule 40, which provided little guidance on the issue of bail determinations in the arresting district. In fact, the only express reference to the issue of a bail hearing in the arresting district was found in Rule 40(c), which directed that "whether the defendant is `held or discharged, the papers in the proceeding and any bail taken shall be transmitted to the clerk of the district court in which the prosecution is pending.'" El-Edwy, 272 F.3d at 152 (quoting pre-amendment version of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 40(c)).
In 2002, "as part of a general restyling of the Criminal Rules to make them more easily understood," procedures governed by Rule 40 were "largely relocated" to Rule 5. Fed.R.Crim.P. 40 Advisory Committee Notes, 2002 amends. Rule 5, in turn, was "completely revised," including the addition of subsection 5(c), a "new provision" that "sets out where an initial appearance is to take place." Fed. R.Crim.P. 5 Advisory Committee Notes, 2002 amends. Rule 5(c)(3), entitled "Procedures in a District Other Than Where the Offense Was Allegedly Committed," like Rule 40, is silent on the issue of a bail hearing in the district of arrest, other than preserving the direction that the clerk "must promptly transmit ... any bail to the ... district where the offense was allegedly committed." Fed.R.Crim.P. 5(c)(3)(D). Rule 5(c)(3) sets out a number of provisions uniquely applicable to removal proceedings, including those governing the advice about Rule 20 transfers, the issuance of a warrant from the charging district, the production of a certified copy of the warrant and the identity hearing. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 5(c)(3).
At the same time, Rule 5(c)(3) does not include procedures fundamental to an initial appearance, such as advising the defendant about the nature of the charges, his right to counsel, and his right against self-incrimination. These procedures are found in Rule 5(d), entitled "Procedure in a Felony Case." Thus, Rule 5(c)(3) cannot be viewed as all-inclusive of the procedures required at an initial appearance in the
Case law unambiguously provides that greater deference must be given to detention determinations in the charging district, and, conversely, far less weight should be accorded to determinations rendered in the district of arrest. There are two reasons underlying this sound principle. First, "the orders of detention or conditional release entered by a magistrate judge in the district of arrest are designed to insure the person's appearance in the district where he is wanted-the district where the prosecution is pending [which] has the primary interest in securing his appearance." El-Edwy, 272 F.3d at 152-53. Second, "the district of prosecution will have better access to other information that is pertinent to release or detention under § 3142(g), such as the nature and circumstances of the offense, and the weight of evidence against the defendant." Id.
The Second Circuit has consistently recognized that the arresting district may be in a stronger position to make a record concerning the defendant's ties to the community in cases, such as this one, in which the defendant resides in that district. In such cases, the Second Circuit has instructed that:
Melendez-Carrion, 790 F.2d at 990; cf. El-Edwy, 272 F.3d at 154 ("the district of arrest may, in some circumstances, ensure that the decision lies in a district court having better access to evidence of important factors that govern a bail determination under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g), such as the defendant's family ties, employment, and community ties"). Thus, the presentations of the parties here were also appropriate for the purposes of creating a record in the district of defendant's residence.
Because the offenses charged do not appear to constitute crimes of violence as defined in the Bail Reform Act, see 18 U.S.C. § 3156,
Precise prediction of future human conduct represents an impossible task. Here, however, we can look at several indicators. First is the defendant's capacity to threaten or intimidate the victims, both identified and unidentified. According to the Government's proffer, agents uncovered evidence of an Internet cloud storage
The second factor is the defendant's willingness to employ these materials to cause further harm to the victims. Of course, that he has done so in the past is one consideration. At the hearing, his counsel argued, persuasively, that the defendant would be a fool to violate a court directive contained in a release order, as it would mean almost certain return to jail. In addition, the mere exposure of the scheme may well make the defendant reticent to engage in additional similar conduct. As Justice Brandeis famously observed, "Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants; electric light the most efficient policeman."
Having concluded there is such a risk, the question is whether there are conditions which can remediate that risk. The Court notes that, at the bail hearing, defendant demonstrated substantial ties to the community. A large number of family members appeared at the bail hearing, representing three generations of his family, all of whom appeared willing and eager to assist in ensuring that the defendant will not engage in further wrongful conduct.
That said, I note that this was a close call, which could have easily resulted in a different outcome. As described above, these decisions must be made with deference to the charging district, which will have access to better information concerning the status of the compromising photographs, input from the victims, and the nature of the evidence. That court, therefore, will be in a far better position to evaluate the risk presented by the defendant, and should accord little weight to this determination.
For the reasons set forth herein, the Court directed that the defendant be detained pending his removal to the Eastern District of Michigan, to face the pending charges. This decision is entered without prejudice to a renewed application for release by the defendant in the charging district.
