JOANNA SEYBERT, District Judge.
On October 29, 2013, plaintiff Mark Parker ("Plaintiff") commenced this employment discrimination action against defendant BJ's Wholesale Club ("BJ's" or "Defendant") alleging violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e
Plaintiff, a forty-eight year old African American male, worked as a loss prevention employee at Defendant's store, located at 125 Green Acres Mall, Valley Stream, New York 11580. (Am. Compl., Docket Entry ¶ 15.) In that role, he was responsible for "checking customer receipts," among other "security duties." (Am. Compl. ¶ 17.) Plaintiff was employed at the store for less than six months before he was terminated on March 1, 2013. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 33, 61.)
Plaintiff asserts that "on several [ ] occasions, [he] complained to members of Defendant BJ's management team regarding the discriminatory treatment of African American customers and employees. . . ." (Am. Compl. ¶ 24.) Specifically, Plaintiff complained once to a manager named "Bernard" and twice to a manager named "Winston" about "the selective enforcement of BJ's store policies" against African American customers. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 26-28.) Plaintiff asserts that he "observed that customers of African American descent were detained for extended periods of time and subject to greater security checks than were those similarly situated non-African American customers." (Am. Compl. ¶ 30) Because of these Complaints, Plaintiff alleges that he "became a target" by management. (Am. Compl. ¶ 32.)
On March 1, 2013, Plaintiff arrived at work at 2:20 PM and began brewing coffee in the break room. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 33-35.) Soon afterward, Plaintiff was informed by his shift manager that Edward Eastern, BJ's General Manager, wanted to speak with him in his office. (Am. Compl. ¶ 36.)
Eastern informed Plaintiff that an anonymous employee reported that Plaintiff smelled like alcohol. (Am. Compl. ¶ 38.) Plaintiff "steadfastly denied consuming alcohol during company hours and averred that he was completely sober and ready to begin his shift." (Am. Compl. ¶ 38.) Eastern told Plaintiff he could either "submit to a random drug test" or he would be fired. (Am. Compl. ¶ 39.) Plaintiff claims that he asked to see BJ's drug and alcohol policy, but Eastern refused to provide it. (Compl. ¶ 40.) Plaintiff subsequently agreed to undergo a drug and alcohol test, which was administered at John F. Kennedy Airport ("J.F.K."). (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 40-41.) The Complaint is silent about the result of the drug and alcohol test, but Plaintiff states in his EEOC charge "I came back .06 and I was terminated." (O'Conner Aff., Docket Entry 15-1, Ex. A.)
While waiting to be taken to J.F.K. for the test, Plaintiff asked about the location of the car they were going to use make the trip. Plaintiff claims Eastern stated in response, "[y]ou are going to look like Magilla the Gorilla in that car." (Am. Compl. ¶ 53.) According to Plaintiff, Eastern previously made another derogatory remark three months earlier in the break room. Plaintiff "stated in a jovial manner, `You ain't a cowboy unless you have a good cup of coffee. . . .'" (Am. Compl. ¶ 56.) Eastern, who was present in the break room, responded "and a good strong rope too." (Am. Compl. ¶ 56.) Plaintiff alleges that "Eastern's characterization of the term "rope" [ ] is symbolic with the Jim Crow era noose.'" (Am. Compl. ¶ 56.)
Plaintiff alleges that he was "singled out" to take a drug test because of his race. (Compl. ¶ 50.) In support, Plaintiff alleges that two younger white employees who were known to consume drugs and alcohol at work were not required to take random drug tests. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 43-44.)
On May 28, 2013, Plaintiff filed an EEOC Charge which states as follows:
(O'Conner Aff. Ex. A.)
Plaintiff further claims that he was fired, in part, because of his age. According to the Complaint, BJ's sought to deny Plaintiff a raise, which BJ's customarily pays to its employees after six months of satisfactory employment, because Plaintiff was already "one of the highest paid and most senior employees assigned to BJ's loss prevention unit." (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 83, 58-60.) Plaintiff also contends that he was denied a raise customarily paid to personnel after ninety days of employment. (Am. Compl. ¶ 60.)
Plaintiff claims in his Amended Complaint that he was discriminated against based upon his race and age in violation of Title VII, the ADEA, and the NYSHRL. (Am. Compl. ¶ 1.) Plaintiff specifically brings six separate causes of action against Defendant, ranging from racial discrimination to breach of contract. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 12-19.) Defendant moves to dismiss a number of Plaintiff's claims. In support, it makes the following arguments: (1) Plaintiff's claims for retaliation, racial discrimination, and compensation discrimination fail as a matter of law because Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies; (2) Plaintiff's hostile work environment claims should also be dismissed because they were not properly pleaded; and
(3) Plaintiff's breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law because Plaintiff was an employee at will. (Def.'s Br., Docket Entry 15-2, at 6-20.)
The Court will first address the legal standard before turning to Defendant's motion.
In deciding Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, the Court applies a "plausibility standard," which is guided by "[t]wo working principles."
In deciding a motion to dismiss, the Court is confined to "the allegations contained within the four corners of [the] complaint."
Defendant first argues that Plaintiff's claims for disparate treatment (Count I), age discrimination (Count II) racial discrimination (Count III), and retaliation (Count IV) should be dismissed because Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to these claims. (Def.'s Br. at 6-12.) Plaintiff argues in opposition that these Counts should proceed because they are "reasonably related" to the allegations in his EEOC charge. (Pl.'s Opp. Br., Docket Entry 17, at 17-18.)
"`Exhaustion of administrative remedies through the EEOC is an essential element of the Title VII and ADEA statutory schemes and, as such, a precondition to bringing such claims in federal court.'"
Plaintiff claims for age discrimination (Count II) and retaliation (Count IV) are therefore DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
Defendant argues that Plaintiff's breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law because he was an employee at will. (Def.'s Br. at 18.) Plaintiff does not deny that he was an employee at will without a contract, but argues that BJ's breached an implied contract when it fired him for discriminatory reasons. (See Pl.'s Opp. Br. at 16.)
Under New York law, "[a]bsent an agreement establishing a fixed duration, an employment relationship is presumed to be a hiring at will, terminable at any time by either party."
Here, Plaintiff's allegation that BJ's breached an implied contract by terminating him for discriminatory reasons fails. There is no dispute that Plaintiff was an employee without an employment contract. "Although it is unlawful for an employer to terminate an employee for discriminatory reasons, the proper remedy for a person aggrieved in this manner is not a cause of action for breach of contract."
The parties dispute whether Plaintiff claims alleging "racial discrimination" under Title VII and the NYSHRL (Counts III and V) are in fact claims for a hostile work environment. (See Def.'s Reply Br., Docket Entry 18, at 2-3; Pl.'s Opp. Br. at 1.) The confusion exists because Counts III and V were poorly drafted using boilerplate language, which does not provide notice of Plaintiff's specific allegations. Therefore, Counts III and V of the Complaint are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE and with LEAVE TO REPLEAD.
Defendant's motion to dismiss (Docket Entry 15) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Specifically, Plaintiff's claims for age discrimination (Count II), retaliation (Count IV), and breach of contract are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. Plaintiff's claims for racial discrimination under Title VII and the NYSHRL (Counts III and V) are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE and WITH LEAVE TO REPLEAD. The balance of Defendant's motion is DENIED. Thus, Plaintiff's claim for disparate treatment (Count I) is the only claim that remains unchanged by this Order. If Plaintiff wishes to file a Second Amended Complaint he must do so within thirty (30) days of the date of this Order. If Plaintiff fails to file a Second Amended Complaint Counts III and V will be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
SO ORDERED.