BRIAN M. COGAN, District Judge.
Plaintiffs bring this action under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") and the New York Labor Law ("NYLL"), seeking to represent both a collective and a class of similarly situated employees. Plaintiffs have moved for conditional certification of a putative collective under § 216(b) of the FLSA. Defendants do not oppose plaintiffs' request to provide notice to the putative collective; defendants do, however, oppose the proposed scope of the collective and form of notice. For the reasons that follow, plaintiffs' motion is granted in part and denied in part.
Plaintiffs are former retail sales employees at four of defendants' cosmetic stores.
Plaintiffs were employed by defendants at the following store locations: 6301 Eighth Avenue, store #21, Brooklyn, NY 11220; 6301 8th Avenue, store #12-13, Brooklyn, NY 11220; 40-24 College Point Blvd, Suite B211, Flushing, NY 11354; and 136-20 Roosevelt Ave, Unit 202-205 Flushing, NY 11354. Plaintiffs amended their complaint to add 19 additional store locations, all 23 of which plaintiffs allege make up a single enterprise under the FLSA.
From what the Court can glean from plaintiffs' disorganized and confusing affidavits,
Section 216(b) of the FLSA creates a private right of action for employees to recover unpaid minimum wage and overtime compensation on behalf of themselves and similarly situated employees. Similarly situated employees must opt into the collective action by filing their written consent with the Court before they may proceed as plaintiffs.
Consistent with this discretion to facilitate notice, courts in the Second Circuit conduct a two-step process to determine whether to certify a collective action under the FLSA.
"At the second stage, the district court will, on a fuller record, determine whether a socalled collective action may go forward by determining whether the plaintiffs who have opted in are in fact similarly situated to the named plaintiffs."
Plaintiffs' motion concerns only the first step of this process. "The sole consequence of conditional certification is the sending of court-approved written notice to employees, who in turn become parties to a collective action only by filing written consent with the court."
As noted above, defendants do not oppose plaintiffs' request to send notice to the putative collective. Indeed, it appears that defendants sought to negotiate in good faith and stipulate to the form of notice, consistent with the Court's order.
Defendants argue that because plaintiffs have not spoken to employees who worked at each of defendants' stores, the putative collective cannot include employees from all 23 locations.
Plaintiffs aver that employees at up to 13 of defendants' stores were subject to the alleged common plan or policy of underpayment. Although there is caselaw to suggest that when plaintiffs do not state any facts as to the existence of a common policy or practice of underpayment at other store locations a collective action should not include those stores, those cases involved situations where store locations existed nationwide,
Plaintiffs "have provided [enough] evidence of commonality between the locations."
Plaintiffs' motion is granted with respect to including employees from all 23 store locations named in the second amended complaint.
As noted above, each named plaintiff is a former retail sales employee at one or more of defendants' store locations. They seek to include other retail sales employees, all other nonmanagerial employees, and exempt managers in the putative collective.
Plaintiffs have not provided one iota of fact to suggest that nonmanagerial employees other than retail sales employees were subject to the common practice or policy of underpayment that is alleged here. In fact, plaintiffs do not even suggest what other types of employees exist at defendants' stores.
Any argument to the contrary is conclusory at best. Plaintiffs' affidavits do not include any factual showing — let alone a modest one — to support these claims: they do not include any facts as to the hours worked by or amounts paid to any nonmanagerial positions other than retail sales employees. As a result, the scope of the putative collective cannot cover any nonmanagerial employees other than retail sales employees.
As to the exempt managers, plaintiffs aver that they spoke with individuals who were or are managers at defendants' store locations and include some facts as to what those individuals are paid and of what their duties consist. Normally, managers are not included in collective actions because under the FLSA employers need not pay overtime to individuals who are "employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity." 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). Despite that, plaintiffs can establish that exempt managers are similarly situated to them "by making some showing that there are other employees who are similarly situated with respect to their job requirements and with regard to their pay provisions, on which the criteria for many FLSA exemptions are based, who are classified as exempt pursuant to a common policy or scheme."
Plaintiffs' affidavits state that managers are paid one dollar more per hour than retail sales employees, and further, that some managers received this increased rate, others received fifty cents more per hour, and still others did not receive any increased rate of payment at all. The affidavits also explain that the only difference in job duties between the so-called managers and the retail sales employees was that managers also had to order products.
This is a sufficient showing under the first step of the collective certification process. Plaintiffs have included enough facts to suggest that individuals who were employed at defendants' store locations as managers might not actually be exempt from the FLSA overtime requirements. Indeed, plaintiffs' affidavits even suggest that these "managers" were paid at an hourly rate, rather than by salary. In any event, because the executive exemption is necessarily a fact-intensive inquiry, it is more appropriately handled at the second step. On a fuller record, defendants may move to dissolve the collective as to these "managers" if discovery supports defendants' contention that they are, in fact, exempt (and, therefore, are not similarly situated to the named plaintiffs or other retail sales employees).
Defendants argue that because plaintiffs' complaint states that they bring this action on behalf of current and former non-exempt employees, their request to proceed on behalf of the "exempt" managers should be denied. The Court is not persuaded by this, because, in effect, the facts in plaintiffs' affidavits suggest that these individuals function as non-exempt retail sales employees — which is consistent with the scope of plaintiffs' complaint.
After October 31, 2017, all Everyday Beauty retail sales employees signed an arbitration agreement as a condition of either their new or continued employment, which contains a waiver of participation in any FLSA collective actions. Specifically, the provision states:
Defendants argue that any employee who has signed this arbitration agreement and FLSA collective action waiver is not similarly situated to the named plaintiffs and notice of this action should not be provided to them. Because defendants aver that this agreement was a condition of both new and continued employment, this would affect any employee who began or remained working at any of defendants' store locations after October 31, 2017 — a significant portion of what would otherwise be the putative collective.
Plaintiffs contend that employees cannot waive their FLSA rights by contract. This argument is foreclosed by
Plaintiffs also argue that the question of whether these arbitration agreements prohibit employees from proceeding in a collective action should be probed on the merits during the second step. Although plaintiffs are technically correct that the first step considers only whether other employees are similarly situated as to the existence and application of a common practice or policy — as compared to their ability to recover on the merits or their means to do so — this nuance cannot save them here. Indeed, every case plaintiffs cite in support of this position predates the Second Circuit's decision in
It would waste everyone's time and resources to conditionally certify a group of individuals that the Court is virtually certain to decertify at step two. This is not to mention the risk of confusion to and subsequent disappointment of the employees who have signed the arbitration agreement. Moreover, if the Court granted plaintiffs' request, it would likely precipitate an immediate motion by defendants to compel arbitration of these employees' claims on an individual basis. This motion practice would forestall the collective action process and likely eliminate these plaintiffs from the collective anyway — all before we had proceeded to the second step.
The relevant record as to these employees is the arbitration agreement. That record is before the Court now and there is no benefit obtained by waiting until step two to decide this issue. Based on the terms of the agreement, and defendants' attestation that every retail sales employee has signed this provision as a condition of new or continued employment, these FLSA waivers are enforceable against any employee who began working or continued working at an Everyday Beauty store after October 31, 2017.
Those employees are not similarly situated to the named plaintiffs. Rather, their FLSA and NYLL claims must be arbitrated on an individual basis, and they cannot join this action.
Plaintiffs' motion is denied with respect to including employees who signed arbitration agreements. In other words, the putative collective will not include any employees who began to work or continued working at defendants' stores after October 31, 2017.
Plaintiffs request that notice be provided to the putative collective in both English and Chinese. Because most of the potential plaintiffs' native language is Chinese, this request is granted.
Defendants ask that plaintiffs provide them with a copy of the Chinese translation in advance of issuing notice, with enough time for defendants to file any objections. Defendants' request is reasonable, and plaintiffs did not object to it. At the same time plaintiffs file their revised notice, they must also file the Chinese translation of that notice for defendants and the Court to review.
Defendants request that the notice include defense counsel's contact information in addition to plaintiffs' counsel's contact information. "Inclusion of such information is routine."
Plaintiff did not oppose this request, so it is granted. Plaintiffs' revised notice must include defense counsel's name and contact information.
Defendants object to the inclusion on the form of notice of any reference to plaintiffs' NYLL claims. Plaintiffs argue in response that because the NYLL claims are a part of this litigation and because the Court has jurisdiction over those claims, they "see no reason that part of the claims of the litigation should not be posted on the notice." Plaintiffs obviously misconstrue their role as advocates here: they must argue to the Court why it should see a legally-sound reason to grant their request.
Some courts in this district have permitted the collective action notice to refer to NYLL claims as well as FLSA claims when the notice period is six years — which is consistent with the statute of limitations for NYLL claims,
The point of the notice process is to alert potential opt-in plaintiffs to the fact that this action is pending, and more importantly, to inform them that they must affirmatively consent to join it to adjudicate their FLSA claims. The notice period here is three years, not six; and the scope of the putative collective is smaller than it would otherwise be, because employees with claims older than three years cannot join it.
It is more appropriate to focus the notice on the discrete FLSA portion of this litigation. Plaintiffs later intend to seek to certify a class with respect to the pending NYLL claims, which will not require any affirmative action by class members and will also involve a significantly greater number of people than the putative collective because of the longer statute of limitations for those claims.
Plaintiffs' revised notice must strike any reference to the NYLL claims.
Plaintiffs request a 90-day opt-in period, arguing that courts within the Second Circuit have found this time frame reasonable. Defendants are correct that a 60-day period is much more consistent with decisions in the Second Circuit.
Plaintiffs "insist" that a 90-day period will give potential opt-in plaintiffs "enough time to think about the case and make a sound decision." But they do not explain why, or point to any extenuating circumstances suggesting that, a potential plaintiff in this case could not do the same thing in 60 days.
Plaintiffs' revised notice must restrict the opt-in period to 60 days.
The parties seem to agree that the statute of limitations for potential plaintiffs' FLSA claims in this case is three years.
"In a FLSA collective action, the statute of limitations runs for each plaintiff until he files written consent with the court to join the lawsuit."
However, "[f]ederal courts should grant equitable tolling sparingly, and only in rare and exceptional circumstances."
Plaintiffs advance two arguments in support of equitable tolling: first, they argue that FLSA actions present unnecessary delay, so the statute of limitations should be tolled to provide sufficient notice to potential plaintiffs and allow them time to file their consent forms; and second, plaintiffs claim that equitable tolling is warranted because members of the collective are unaware of their rights. Plaintiffs do not, however, explain why their case is different in these respects from any other FLSA action.
Other courts in this Circuit have denied requests for equitable tolling where plaintiffs rely only on defendants' failure to notify plaintiffs of their rights, "as it would provide for equitable tolling whenever a defendant violated FLSA and NYLL by failing to post notices or provide statements of hours and wages."
As did the court in
Plaintiffs do not even argue that they have pursued their claims diligently, let alone that theirs is an exceptional case. Although articulated in an entirely different legal context, the Supreme Court has instructed that equitable tolling is not a "cure-all for an entirely common state of affairs."
Plaintiffs' motion for equitable tolling of the statute of limitations is denied.
Plaintiffs seek to provide notice to potential members of the putative collective by first class mail, email, telephone, and by posting the notice in conspicuous locations in defendants' stores. Defendants contend that plaintiffs have not demonstrated that notice by first class mail is insufficient, so they should not be entitled to provide notice by any other means.
Normally, posting the notice in conspicuous locations at subject stores would be the method most likely to ensure that potential plaintiffs actually receive notice of the collective FLSA action. But here, because defendants attest that signing that agreement was a condition of both new and continued employment at their stores, any employee who is currently working at any of defendants' store locations will have signed an arbitration agreement and FLSA collective action waiver. Those individuals are not members of the putative collective. Thus, there is no reason to post any notice of this action in defendants' stores.
Because notice will not be posted in defendants' store locations, however, it is appropriate for notice to be provided both by first class mail and email to ensure that potential plaintiffs receive notice of this action. Plaintiffs have not shown why providing additional notice by direct telephone solicitation is necessary, and the Court does not see why it is. Indeed, if potential plaintiffs do not respond to multiple forms of written notice, then it is safe to assume they do not want to be a member of the collective, and it is further safe to assume that they do not want anyone contacting them by phone to discuss it.
Plaintiffs' proposed order granting their motion also states that notice "shall be published in an English, and Chinese languages newspaper at Defendants' expense for Defendants' failure to furnish accurate addresses." This presents two issues. First, and most peculiarly, plaintiffs have included in their proposed order a means of relief that they do not even mention (let alone argue in support of) in their motion. Second, the proposed order preemptively suggests that defendants have engaged in inappropriate conduct by withholding information from plaintiffs, and purports to charge them for it.
Because plaintiffs have provided no reason why publication in newspapers is necessary; because notice by first class mail and email is sufficient; and because defendants have not been proven to have done anything wrong, this request is denied.
Defendants request that a third-party administrator issue notice to potential members of the putative collective. They also offer to bear the costs of this administrator.
Plaintiffs are correct that these types of requests are often denied. Having a third party administer notice is not a requirement mandated by most courts in the Second Circuit. Here, however, defendants make a reasonable request and — importantly — they offer to pay for it. Because in any fee-shifting application filed by plaintiffs in this action defendants would have to pay for the cost of plaintiffs' counsel to issue notice; because plaintiffs do not explain the basis for their objection to this request other than citing to a general lack of requirement; and because courts in this district prefer to encourage individual plaintiffs to retain their own counsel,
Within seven days of this order, defendants are directed to retain a mutually agreeable third-party administrator for the purpose of issuing notice to members of the putative collective. Plaintiffs are not to unreasonably withhold consent to defendants' proposed administrator.
Plaintiffs request that collective members return their consent forms to plaintiffs' counsel; defendants request that they be returned to the Clerk of Court instead. Plaintiffs argue that "[t]he majority of courts in this district have held that opt-in plaintiffs should mail the consent to join forms to plaintiffs' counsel." Plaintiffs cite to
Instead, "[t]he common practice in the Eastern District is to have opt-in plaintiffs send their consent forms to the Clerk of the Court rather than to plaintiffs' counsel."
Although some courts in this district have allowed consent forms to be returned to plaintiffs' counsel, the notice in those cases instructed that opt-in plaintiffs may select their own counsel, which those courts found reduced the risk that opt-in plaintiffs would be implicitly discouraged against it.
Further, because a third-party administrator will issue notice, it would be confusing for the opt-in plaintiffs to return their consent forms to plaintiffs' counsel. There is no need for this extra step. Plaintiffs' revised notice should direct any collective members to return their consent forms directly to the Clerk of Court.
Plaintiffs seek expedited disclosure of contact information for members of the putative collective, although they do not explain what they mean by "expedited." Specifically, plaintiffs request an Excel spreadsheet containing the names, last known addresses, telephone numbers, email addresses, and dates of employment for all employees employed by defendants from February 1, 2015 through the present.
Plaintiffs' proposed order — but, again, nothing in their memorandum in support of their motion — also requests the "WeChat ID and/or Facebook usernames" of each current and former employee. Because plaintiffs did not request or brief providing notice by these means, and because the Court sees no reason why notice should be provided in this manner, this specific request is denied. Rather, plaintiffs' motion is granted to the extent necessary to facilitate providing notice by first class mail and email to viable members of the putative collective.
Within 14 days of the date of this order, defendants must produce to their retained thirdparty administrator the names, last known addresses, email addresses, and dates of employment for all retail sales employees and managers employed by defendants from three years prior to the date of this order until October 31, 2017.
Plaintiffs' [69] motion for conditional certification is granted in part and denied in part. For clarification, the collective action is conditionally certified to include former retail sales employees and managers who were employed at an "Everyday Beauty" store location before October 31, 2017.
Plaintiffs' revised notice is due within seven days of the date of this order. If plaintiffs would like to expedite the notice process by eliminating an objection period for defendants, they are encouraged to work with defendants and stipulate to the revised English and Chinese notice, consistent with the terms of this order.