MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

SEAN H. LANE, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE.

Before the Court is an objection by Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, N.A. ("Wells Fargo"), as owner trustee, and ALF VI, Inc. ("ALF VI"), as owner participant (together, "Residco") to the Debtors' Second Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization under Chapter 11 (the "Plan"). See Objection to Confirmation of Debtors' Plan by Residco ("Residco Objection") [ECF No. 1534].1 Residco objects to the substantive consolidation provisions in the Debtors' Plan. As the owner trustee and owner participant for seven aircraft leases with the Debtors, Residco holds both lease claims against the operating Debtor, Shuttle America Corporation ("Shuttle"), and guarantee claims for those lease obligations against the holding company Debtor, Republic Airways Holdings Inc. ("RAH"). Residco contends that the proposed substantive consolidation provisions in the Plan are improper because they eliminate the guarantee claims that Residco asserts are more valuable, while preserving the lease claims that Residco believes are riskier and thus less valuable. See Residco Objection at 1.

The Court held hearings on Residco's Objection on March 8 and 16, 2017. See Transcript of Hearing Held on March 8, 2017 ("Hr'g Tr.") [ECF No. 1595]; Transcript of Hearing Held on March 16, 2017 ("March 16th Hr'g Tr.") [ECF No. 1652]. At the hearings, the Court heard testimony from two of the Debtors' officers: Joseph P. Allman, the Chief Financial Officer of the Debtors, and Bryan K. Bedford, the Chief Executive Officer of the Debtors. In addition, Residco presented its own witness, Glenn Davis, the president and CEO of ALF VI. Based on the record and for the reasons set forth below, the Court overrules the Residco Objection.2

BACKGROUND

Between June 2001 and November 2003, Wells Fargo and Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.) ("Mitsui") entered into a series of seven lease transactions with the Debtors, pursuant to which Mitsui leased seven ERJ145 aircraft to the Debtors (the "Residco Leases"). See Residco Objection at 4.3 In December 2013, the Residco Leases were amended and restated as to each of the seven aircraft leases. See Debtor's Response to Residco Objection ¶ 17 [ECF No. 1559]. The Residco Leases contained stipulated loss value ("SLV") liquidated damages provisions, which remained unchanged under the 2013 amendments. See Residco Objection at 5. These SLV liquidated damages provisions provided a formula to calculate damages if the lessee under the Residco Leases (the "Subsidiary-Lessee Debtor") breached its obligations under the leases. See Residco Objection at 5; see also Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 17 (citing Leases § 17.02(c)). The SLV liquidated damages provisions set forth what happens in such an event:

See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 17 (citing Leases § 17.02(c)). Under this provision, Residco asserts that the Subsidiary-Lessee Debtor bore the risk that the residual value of the aircraft might decline. See Residco Objection at 5. And the SLV liquidated damages provisions turn out to be important. According to Residco, the expected residual value for each of the aircraft was between $7 and $8 million in 2016 and 2017 as of the time the parties first entered into the Residco Leases. See id. at 5-6; see also Exh. B attached to the Residco Objection. But Residco now believes the fair market value for each aircraft now is not more than $800,000. See Residco Objection at 6.

RAH (the "Parent-Guarantor Debtor") guaranteed each of the obligations owed by the Subsidiary-Lessee Debtor. See Guarantee, dated as of October 29, 2012, attached as Exh. A to Residco Objection; see also Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 17. The parent guarantee is "an absolute, unconditional and continuing guarantee of payment...." See Guarantee at 1; see also Parent Guarantee at 2, attached as Exh. C to Residco Sur-Reply. It states that the "Guarantor understands and agrees that its obligations hereunder shall be continuing, absolute and unconditional without regard to, and Guarantor hereby waives any defense to, or right to seek a discharge of, its obligations hereunder with respect to the validity, legality, regularity or enforceability of any Operative Agreement, any of the Obligations or any collateral security therefor...." See Parent Guarantee at 2; see also Residco Objection at 5, 16-17.

In December 2014, ALF VI acquired the owner participation interests held by Mitsui for each of the leases and became the owner participant under the transactions, with Wells Fargo continuing to serve as the owner trustee. See Residco Objection at 6; see also Hr'g Tr. 118:1-12 (Davis). In April 2016, the Debtors and Residco entered into a Section 1110 stipulation, which was subsequently approved by the Court. See So-Ordered Stipulation and Order [ECF No. 540]. Pursuant to the stipulation, between April 2016 and October 2016, the Debtors returned the aircraft to Residco and rejected the leases. See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 18. Residco filed proofs of claims asserting rejection damages against Shuttle for $72,323,546.00 and claims against RAH under the guarantees for $75,847,798.00. See id. ¶ 19. On March 1, 2017, Residco filed amended proofs of claims reducing the claim amounts. See Residco Sur-Reply at 4-5; see also Exh. E, attached to Residco Sur-Reply.

The treatment of such claims, of course, is subject to the provisions of the plan of reorganization in this case. The Debtors filed their first proposed plan and related disclosure statement in November 2016. [See ECF Nos. 1189, 1190]. Amended versions of the plan and disclosure statement were filed on December 12, 2016, and December 19, 2016. [See ECF Nos. 1277, 1278, 1311, 1312]. The Court approved the second amended disclosure statement on December 23, 2016. [See ECF No. 1358]. Section 2.2 of the Plan now before the Court provides for substantive consolidation of all the "Consolidated Debtors"'4 assets and liabilities and the related elimination of guarantee claims:

Plan § 2.2(a). Plan consolidation is defined as "the deemed consolidation of the Estates of the Consolidated Debtors, solely for the purposes associated with the confirmation of the Plan and the occurrence of the Effective Date, including voting, Confirmation, and distribution." See id. § 1.1(105).5 With the benefit of substantive consolidation, the Plan estimates that unsecured creditors will receive approximately forty-five cents for every dollar of allowed claims. See Plan at 1; see id. § 4.3(d)(ii).

In its objection, Residco contends that the Debtors do not satisfy the test for substantive consolidation. More specifically, Residco claims that it relied upon the Debtors' corporate separateness and that the financial affairs of the individual Debtors can be separated. See Residco Objection at 24-30. Residco also argues that it would be prejudiced by substantive consolidation because its claims against the Subsidiary-Lessee Debtor and the Parent-Guarantor Debtor could potentially be allowed in different amounts. See id. at 10-11, 26-27. On this point, Residco asserts that its lease claims against the Subsidiary-Lessee Debtor based on the SLV liquidated damages provisions may be subject to various defenses — thus making them less valuable — but that its guarantee claims against the Parent-Guarantor Debtor are not subject to such defenses. See id. at 15-17 (arguing that the guarantee is absolute, unconditional and not subject to defenses). Therefore, Residco objects to the elimination of its potentially more valuable guarantee claims as part of substantive consolidation. See id. at 10-11, 17 (contending that the difference in potential allowed claims is over $50 million). Residco proposes that if its lease and guarantee claims are ultimately allowed in different amounts, Residco's recovery should be calculated using the average of its allowed lease claim and allowed guarantee claim for each transaction (the "Average Claims Treatment"), or in the alternative, that its claims should be allowed in the higher amount for each lease transaction (the "Higher Claims Treatment"). See id. at 18.

The Debtors and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (the "Committee") disagree. See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection at ¶¶ 7, 31-35, 38, 40-42, 49, 52, 59; Reply of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors in Support of Confirmation of Debtors' Plan ("Committee Reply") ¶¶ 3, 19-24, 28-32 [ECF No. 1558]. They contend that substantive consolidation is appropriate given how the Debtors operate and the benefits to creditors in these cases. They dispute that Residco relied upon the separateness of the Debtors as corporate entities. As to the issue of prejudice, they do not believe that Residco's claims could be allowed in different amounts against the Subsidiary-Lessee Debtor and the Parent-Guarantor Debtor. In any event, they propose to carve out Residco's claims from substantive consolidation to prevent any prejudice from substantive consolidation. While the Debtors and the Committee have revised their initial proposed carve-out for Residco to address comments made by the Court (the "Carve-Out"),6 Residco continues to argue that the Carve-Out does not protect its rights. See Residco Response to Revised Carve-Out ¶¶ 1-3.

DISCUSSION

A. Substantive Consolidation Standard

A court's ability to substantively consolidate has been found to be within "the court's general equitable powers as set forth in [Section] 105" of the Bankruptcy Code. Union Sav. Bank v. Augie/Restivo Baking Co., Ltd. (In re Augie/Restivo Baking Co., Ltd.), 860 F.2d 515, 518 n.1 (2d Cir. 1988); see also Bruce Energy Ctr. Ltd. v. Orfa Corp. of Am. (In re Orfa Corp. of Phila.), 129 B.R. 404, 413-14 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 1991). "Substantive consolidation has the effect of consolidating assets and liabilities of multiple debtors and treating them as if the liabilities were owed by, and the assets held by, a single legal entity. In the course of satisfying the liabilities of the consolidated debtors from the common pool of assets, intercompany claims are eliminated and guaranties from co-debtors are disregarded." In re Worldcom, Inc., 2003 WL 23861928, at *35 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Oct. 31, 2003) (citations omitted); see also Augie/Restivo, 860 F.2d at 518 (describing effect of substantive consolidation). As substantive consolidation may place creditors of one debtor on parity with creditors of a less solvent debtor, "[t]he power to consolidate should be used sparingly because of the possibility of unfair treatment of creditors of a corporate debtor who have dealt solely with that debtor without knowledge of its interrelationship with others." Chem. Bank N.Y. Trust Co. v. Kheel, 369 F.2d 845, 847 (2d Cir. 1966).

To determine whether to approve substantive consolidation bankruptcy courts traditionally have considered a variety of factors, including:

In re Worldcom, 2003 WL 23861928, at *35 (citing Augie/Restivo, 860 F.2d at 518); see also In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp. Inc., 138 B.R. 723, 764 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1992) (listing factors courts consider in ascertaining whether the interrelationship between entities warrants consolidation).

In In re Augie/Restivo Baking Co., the Second Circuit distilled these considerations into two critical inquiries: whether (i) "creditors dealt with the entities as a single economic unit and did not rely on their separate identity in extending credit"; or (ii) "the affairs of the debtors are so entangled consolidation will benefit all creditors." Augie/Restivo, 860 F.2d at 518 (internal quotations and citations omitted); see also, e.g., In re Worldcom, 2003 WL 23861928, at *35-36. This test is in the disjunctive and the satisfaction of either prong can justify substantive consolidation. See Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. Am. Tower Corp. (In re Verestar, Inc.), 343 B.R. 444, 463 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2006). The first prong, whether creditors relied on a separate existence of the debtors, is "applied from the creditors' perspective." In re 599 Consumer Elecs., Inc., 195 B.R. 244, 249 (S.D.N.Y. 1996). "The inquiry is whether creditors treated the debtors as a single entity, not whether the managers of the debtors themselves, or consumers viewed the [debtors] as one enterprise." Id. Under the second prong, courts typically analyze whether the debtors have demonstrated either an operational or a financial entanglement of business affairs. See In re Leslie Fay Cos., Inc., 207 B.R. 764, 780 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1997) (finding "debtors' operations, cash, and decision-making were all shared such that it would be detrimental to the estates to attempt to disentangle those operations."); see also Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf, LLP v. Source Enters., Inc. (In re Source Enters., Inc.), 392 B.R. 541, 552 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) ("[C]ourts will consider... whether the entities share costs or obligations; fail to observe corporate formalities; or, in the case of a subsidiary and parent, fail to act independently."). The burden of proving the appropriateness of substantive consolidation is on the debtor. See In re Jennifer Convertibles, Inc., 447 B.R. 713, 723 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011).

Another "key factor" courts have considered is whether substantive consolidation "will yield an equitable treatment of creditors without any undue prejudice to any particular group." In re Food Fair, Inc., 10 B.R. 123, 127 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1981). As an equitable remedy, courts may order substantive consolidation where the benefits to creditors outweigh the harm. See In re Worldcom, 2003 WL 23861928, at *35 (citing Augie/Restivo, 860 F.2d at 518-19). To that end, courts in the Second Circuit "use a balancing test to determine whether the relief achieves the best results for all creditors." Id. at *36 (citing Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Colonial Realty Co., 966 F.2d 57, 60 (2d Cir. 1992)). Indeed, the substantive consolidation factors should be "evaluated within the larger context of balancing the prejudice resulting from the proposed consolidation against the effect of preserving separate debtor entities." In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp. Inc., 138 B.R. at 764-65. As the court in In re Drexel Burnham Lambert observed, "substantive consolidation should be ordered where the inequalities of substantive consolidation are outweighed by the practical difficulties of tracing complex transactions between interrelated corporate entities." Id. at 765; see also In re Food Fair, 10 B.R. at 127 ("The difficulty and expense of attempting, at this point in time, to reconstruct separate balance sheets for each of the Debtors so as to allocate expenses, assets and liabilities to each of the various entities far outweigh any possible benefit to creditors."). Courts have discretion in determining whether substantive consolidation is appropriate. See In re Worldcom, 2003 WL 23861928, at *36 (citing cases).

Courts have applied these principles in a practical manner. For example, the court in In re Worldcom, Inc., concluded that the substantive consolidation provided in the proposed plan of reorganization was appropriate and satisfied both prongs of the Augie/Restivo test. See id. at *37. The court found that the debtors' operational and financial affairs were so entangled that even if it were possible to identify and allocate the assets and liabilities of the debtors, it "would take so long and be so costly such that creditors as a whole would be substantially harmed by the effort. Thus, disentangling the financial affairs of the [d]ebtors [was] a practical impossibility." Id. The court relied on numerous facts to support its conclusion, including:

Id. In addition, the court found that the cost of disentangling the estates would not be "simply the out-of-pocket expenses to pay the accountants, lawyers, and other professionals ... [but would include] enormous employee resources ... detracting from business operations, as well and the incalculable diminution of enterprise value that likely would result from a protracted chapter 11 case." Id.

Moreover, courts can and will fashion substantive consolidation to fit the circumstances of the case. "[I]t is well accepted that substantive consolidation is a flexible concept and that a principal question is whether creditors are adversely affected by consolidation and, if so, whether the adverse effects can be eliminated." In re Jennifer Convertibles, 447 B.R. at 723-24. As an equitable doctrine, courts can craft relief in forms appropriate to the unique facts of a particular case. See Moran v. H.K. & Shanghai Banking Corp. (In re Deltacorp, Inc.), 179 B.R. 773, 777 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1995) ("The court is afforded a good deal of discretion in constructing its order of substantive consolidation, and its appropriateness is determined by the court on a sui generis basis."); see also In re Standard Brands Paint Co., 154 B.R. 563, 570 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1993) (noting bankruptcy courts have "the power to modify substantive consolidation to meet the specific needs of the case.").

B. The Debtors Satisfy the Augie/Restivo Test for Substantive Consolidation

Applying all these principles here, the Court finds that the Debtors satisfy both prongs for substantive consolidation under Augie/Restivo. Given that these prongs are interrelated, the Court will discuss them together.

As a starting point, the Court finds the Consolidated Debtors operate as a single economic unit. They operate a single business under a single business plan. See Declaration of Bryan K. Bedford in Support of Confirmation of Debtors' Plan ("Bedford Decl.") ¶ 17 [ECF No. 1553]. None of the Consolidated Debtors has ever received a credit rating independently from another Consolidated Debtor, and analyst reports routinely discuss the Debtors as a unified enterprise. See id. The Consolidated Debtors share the same overhead, management, accounting, and other back-office functions; there are significant intercompany obligations; and there are significant overlaps in the creditor pools due to guarantees. See id. ¶ 16. Moreover, the Consolidated Debtors issue consolidated financial statements, are jointly controlled from a shared business headquarters at a common business address, have no separate budgets, use the same cash management system, and file a consolidated tax return. See id. Only one of the Consolidated Debtors — Republic Airline — has any business operations. See id. By contrast, the parent Debtor RAH has almost no outside trade creditors or vendors but has issued multiple guarantees despite having no operations. See id. ¶¶ 15, 16.

The Court also concludes that the record supports that the benefits of substantive consolidation outweigh any harm suffered by creditors. Most importantly, the Debtors are concerned about the cost of conducting an intercompany reconciliation and audit. See Hr'g Tr. 203:2-9; see also id. 104:23-105:13 (Bedford) (testifying that determining which Debtor owns the cash in RAH's account would require a reconciliation). Significant additional time and expense would be necessary to untangle the assets of the Consolidated Debtors, which would result in a longer period of time spent in Chapter 11. See Declaration of Joseph P. Allman in Support of Confirmation of Debtors' Plan ("Allman Decl.") ¶ 4 [ECF No. 1554]; see also Hr'g Tr. 203:2-7. It is undisputed that each month in bankruptcy costs the Debtors $3 million to $4 million in administrative expenses. See Hr'g Tr. 203:6-7; cf. In re Worldcom, 2003 WL 23861928, at *36 (citing cases regarding untangling financial affairs of debtors).

There are also potential business risks arising out of a longer stay in Chapter 11, including potential adverse effects as to the Debtors' pilot situation. It is important to remember that the Debtors' Chapter 11 filings were caused in large part by a pilot shortage, which led to the Debtors being unable to honor their flying obligations to their codeshare partners. See First Day Decl. ¶¶ 4-8 (explaining that the pilot shortage made it difficult for the Debtors to maintain performance requirements under their codeshare agreements). This was critical because the Debtors' business model is based on their relationship with their codeshare partners, which are national airlines for whom the Debtors provide regional flying. See In re Republic Airways Holdings Inc., 2016 WL 2616717, at *1 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. May 4, 2016) (explaining the crucial nature of Debtors' relationship with their codeshare partners, which accounts for substantially all of the Debtors' operating revenue). More specifically, the Debtors' success is based on their codeshare agreements, through which the Debtors provide regional passenger service under the designations of United Express, Delta Connection, and American Eagle. See First Day Decl. ¶ 2. While the Debtors have been successful in recruiting and retaining pilots in 2016, they have recently fallen behind their goals for pilot recruitment and retention in 2017. See Hr'g Tr. 27:19-28:2, 28:8-19 (Allman). The Debtors are justifiably concerned that a delay in emergence from Chapter 11 could further negatively impact the Debtors' ability to recruit and retain pilots, particularly in an environment where competition for pilots is fierce. See Allman Decl. ¶ 4; see also Hr'g Tr. 202:2-7 (noting concern that the Debtors' competitors are "all over [the Debtors'] employees and pilots."). The Debtors are also concerned that a longer stay in Chapter 11 will impact their ability to close on important transactions, thereby negatively affecting their liquidity. See Hr'g Tr. 35:9-36:6 (Allman) (describing potential sale-leaseback transaction in which counterparty will not close while the Debtors are in Chapter 11 and that if confirmation does not occur before end of April the counterparty has no commitment to extend or close on the transaction); see also Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 63 n.10 (describing the same sale-leaseback transaction that would give Debtors approximately $21 million in additional liquidity that can be terminated if the sale has not occurred by April 30, 2017).

These findings on substantive consolidation are supported by credible testimony from Mr. Allman and Mr. Bedford on behalf of the Debtors.7 Turning first to Mr. Bedford, he explained that the Consolidated Debtors operate as

Hr'g Tr. 48:17-49:2 (Bedford). Mr. Bedford further testified that for financial reporting purposes they only have one budget, they make one set of financial reports, and they file a consolidated tax return. See id. 49:4-6 (Bedford). The operating entities historically hire the pilots under a master contract in the collective bargaining agreement, but RAH is also a party to that agreement. See id. 50:6-12 (Bedford).8 Mr. Bedford also testified that after the Debtors went public in 2004, most of the Debtors' operating entities' finance transactions are guaranteed at the parent level. See id. 57:23-58:2 (Bedford). Turning to whether substantive consolidation would benefit all creditors, Mr. Bedford testified that the potential recovery for creditors in a RAH-only bankruptcy estate would be extremely low, likely one to two cents on the dollar. See id. 83:11-19 (Bedford); see also Bedford Decl. ¶¶ 18-19 (stating benefits of substantive consolidation include savings of cost and time, including reduction in administrative costs).9

Mr. Allman's testimony also supports substantive consolidation. Mr. Allman testified that "if the Effective Date is further delayed, the pressure will continue on pilot hiring which could result in substantial underperformance by Republic under the postpetition codeshare agreements, which may have a material effect on estimated recoveries for creditors." Allman Decl. ¶ 4. Mr. Allman explained that this conclusion was based on information and updates he receives from pilots and union executive leadership, all of which indicates the Chapter 11 case "is an overhang [and] [c]ertainly, we are aware of pilots that turn offers down and choose to go to other regional airlines that are not in Chapter 11." Hr'g Tr. 26:8-25 (Allman). Mr. Allman also believes that extending the Chapter 11 process would harm "potential recoveries of creditors, primarily because we have obligations to our three mainline partners...." Id. 27:2-5 (Allman). If the Debtors fail to meet the flying requirements in the amended agreements with their codeshare partners, a breach of those agreements would result in administrative claims for damages that would consume much of the economic value that unsecured creditors anticipate receiving under the Plan. See id. 34:16-35:1 (Allman). Indeed, such a situation would mirror the unfortunate economic circumstances that lead the Debtors to file Chapter 11 in the first place. See Republic Airways Holdings, 2016 WL 2616717, at *1-2 (explaining the Debtors' business model and their inability to perform their obligations under the codeshare agreement with Delta Air Lines, Inc., one of the Debtors' three codeshare partners).

The Court also finds it persuasive that the Committee — of which Residco is a member — supports the Debtors' request for substantive consolidation. The Committee agrees that the cost of untangling the assets would outweigh any benefits that creditors could obtain. See Committee Reply ¶ 29. The Committee also agrees that determining the actual value of the assets and liabilities of individual Debtors like RAH would delay distributions and drain estate resources. See id. Indeed, the unsecured creditors — the parties that the Committee represents — voted overwhelming in both number (94.12%) and amount (93.8%) to support the Plan, which provides a recovery of approximately forty-five cents on the dollar based on substantive consolidation. See Tabulation Summary, attached as Exh. A to Certification of Prime Clerk LLC Regarding the Solicitation of Votes and Tabulation of Ballots Cast on the Debtors' Plan [ECF No. 1552]; see also Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 6 n.3 (setting forth percentages that voted in favor of the Plan).

C. The Residco Objection

Residco makes numerous arguments in opposition to substantive consolidation, none of which the Court finds persuasive. Residco's first argument is a factual one. Based on the testimony of Residco's witness, Mr. Davis, Residco contends that it relied on the corporate separateness of the Debtor entities when entering into the Residco transactions. See Hr'g Tr. 108:24-109:1. Mr. Davis testified that, prior to entering into the transactions, ALF VI reviewed public filings and had the understanding that RAH and Chautauqua were "very separate entities." See Hr'g Tr. 119:1-7 (Davis); see also id. 119:13-14 (Davis) (testifying that the public filings stated "that Republic is the holding company and they are the operating subsidiaries."). When asked what he meant by "very separate entities," Mr. Davis explained that he "observed ... that ... the company was described as a holding company with operating subsidiaries. The operating subsidiaries ... are operating separately, or at least it appeared to be because they each were required to operate under FAA rules as separate entities." Id. 135:5-10 (Davis). Given this understanding, Mr. Davis insisted that ALF VI would not have entered the transaction without the parent guarantee. See id. 119:7-10 (Davis).

But the Court does not find Mr. Davis's conclusion about corporate separateness to be credible. As a threshold matter, Mr. Davis' testimony must be discounted given his limited involvement in the underlying transaction with the Debtors. He has been the president and CEO of ALF VI only since October 2014, just two months before the transaction between ALF VI and the Debtors closed in December 2014. See id. 117:10-14, 118:6-12, 132:4-6 (Davis). So while Mr. Davis oversaw the investment in the Debtors, it was initiated before he joined ALF VI. See id. 133:18-22 (Davis). Moreover, Mr. Davis had absolutely no direct communication with Republic during the process. See id. 135:13-18, 136:4-7, 142:22-143:1 (Davis). Indeed, the only communications for this transaction were the negotiations between Mr. Davis' subordinates and Mitsui; not Republic. See id. 135:13-20, 143:2-16 (Davis) (testifying there was no dialogue between ALF VI and Republic regarding the transaction, specifically as to the guarantee). Mr. Davis did not provide any detail about those negotiations that would support his conclusion about corporate separateness.

While having no communications with the Debtors, Mr. Davis did oversee work prepared by subordinates who reviewed due diligence documents, and Mr. Davis believes that he reviewed the operative documents such as the lease and the guarantee. See id. 134:5-15 (Davis). But the materials that Mr. Davis reviewed do not support his conclusion about corporate separateness. Mr. Davis conceded that ALF VI only reviewed the consolidated financials of the Debtors, not financials on a Debtor by Debtor basis. See id. 160:2-14 (Davis); see also id. 138:1-8 (Davis) (stating that he had not done a separate analysis or review of RAH's financials but noting that "other entities that were part of the Republic family of holdings, and those entities had value, and those entities generated cash, and ... the potential to access that through the guarantee was a general — a significant enhancement"); id. 136:8-12 (Davis) (testifying that there were not separate financial statements for the subsidiaries). Given that ALF VI only reviewed the Debtors' consolidated financial statements, it is unclear how Mr. Davis could have relied on the corporate separateness of individual Debtors when entering into the Residco transaction. On re-direct, Mr. Davis attempted to explain away this problem. He testified that with respect to the parent guarantee, he looked at "equity value of the net worth of" the other operating entities on a consolidated basis, a value which he says was captured at the parent entity Debtor RAH. See id. 159:1-9 (Davis); see also id. 160:13-16 (Davis) ("[W]e made our decisions based on consolidated statements which are worth more than ... Chautauqua at that point in time."). But such a statement merely shows that Mr. Davis relied upon the enterprise value of the Debtors — considering all the assets and liabilities of the Debtor entities as a group — rather than the corporate separateness of each of the entities.

Residco's second argument fairs no better. Pointing to the schedules filed by the Debtors in this case, Residco contends that the Consolidated Debtors did not operate as a "single economic unit." See Residco Objection at 25; Residco Sur-Reply at 4. More specifically, Residco points to the Debtors' ability to separate the assets and liabilities of each individual Debtor in the schedules of assets and liabilities filed in these cases. See Residco Objection at 25; Residco Sur-Reply at 4. But Residco's argument ignores the limitations to the Debtors' schedules that are set forth in the Debtors' "Summary of Significant Reporting Policies," which states:

Schedules of Assets and Liabilities for Republic Airways Holdings Inc. (Case No. 1610429 (SHL)) [ECF No. 595] (emphasis added). It is not surprising, then, that the Debtors' schedules specifically note that, "[n]othing contained in the Schedules and Statements shall constitute a waiver of any of the Debtors' rights with respect to these chapter 11 cases and specifically with respect to any issues involving substantive consolidation...." Id. at 1.10

These caveats to the Debtors' schedules are consistent with Mr. Bedford's testimony that the Debtors have a "consolidated treasury function for all the operating and parent entities," meaning the parent company operates a "sweep" account, into which the operating entities sweep money. See Hr'g Tr. 60:9-13 (Bedford). He testified that the sources of RAH's funds would be borrowings and any cash flow generated by the operating businesses. See id. 79:2-5 (Bedford). This testimony further supports the position of the Debtors and the Committee that the schedules do not accurately reflect the value of RAH because the cash shown for RAH is just a cash concentration. See id. 79:10-21 (Bedford); see also Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 54 (stating schedules reflect cash concentration, including drawdowns by other Debtors on their secured facilities); cf. Committee Reply ¶¶ 31-32 (identifying problems with the Debtors' schedules, including that they (i) use net book values, rather than actual fair market values, (ii) exclude the value of avoidance actions or similar claims, (iii) do not account for the value of unliquidated claim amounts). Given the weight of the evidence, therefore, the Court concludes that the filing of the schedules in these cases does not preclude substantive consolidation. See In re Murray Indus., Inc., 119 B.R. 820, 822, 830, 832 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1990) (granting substantive consolidation where debtors filed their own schedule of assets and liabilities and statement of financial affairs, noting "ultimate question is whether or not it is fair to authorize substantive consolidation after having balanced the equities in light of the record"); cf. In re Adelphia Commc'ns Corp., 368 B.R. 140, 218-19 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (court not reaching a decision on substantive consolidation but noting that it "would be a highly unlikely result" given restated financial statements and the filing of amended schedules, "evidencing an ability to generally determine the assets and liabilities of each [d]ebtor" and the debtors' separate corporate identities and given that the records appeared to correctly reflect how money was spent and for which entity's benefit).

Residco's third argument is prejudice. Residco argues that it may be harmed by substantive consolidation if it retains only its lease claims, which Residco contends are potentially worth $50 million less than Residco's guarantee claims. See Residco Objection at 26-27. The potential difference in value arises, Residco argues, based on the possibility that certain affirmative defenses will apply to Residco's lease claims but not its guarantee claims. More specifically, the enforceability of Residco's lease claims depends on whether the SLV liquidated damages provisions in the leases are considered an unenforceable penalty. See id. at 14-16; see also E. Air Lines, Inc. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. (In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc.), 262 B.R. 604, 614 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2001) ("Courts will not enforce a liquidated damages provision if it operates as a penalty or forfeiture clause."). But Residco argues that its guarantee claims are not subject to such a defense given the language in the guarantees waiving all defenses. See Residco Objection at 16-17.

The Debtors and the Committee disagree, arguing that the hypothetical difference in value between the lease and guarantee claims is an "impossibility." See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 42; see also Committee Reply ¶ 3. As to the guarantee claims, the Debtors contend that as a matter of public policy, a party cannot waive defenses to the enforceability of a penalty provision and that bankruptcy courts will not enforce punitive liquidated damages provisions. See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶¶ 40-42. If the SLV liquidated damages provisions are unenforceable under the leases, therefore, the Debtors and the Committee contend the SLV liquidated damages provisions are likewise unenforceable under the guarantees. See id. ¶¶ 40-42; see also Committee Reply ¶ 3. In that event, there can be no difference between Residco's lease and guarantee claims, and thus Residco is not prejudiced by substantive consolidation. See Residco Objection at 12 (explaining that the basis for Residco's Objection is that its lease and guarantee claims may be allowed in different amounts); see also Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶ 42 n.7 (suggesting that even if Residco is successful in arguing the SLV liquidated damages provisions are enforceable, its lease and guarantee claims would be equal and Residco would not be prejudiced).

As a threshold matter, even if Residco is prejudiced, substantive consolidation may still be granted where, as here, the benefits to all creditors greatly outweigh the possible harm to Residco. See In re Worldcom, 2003 WL 23861928, at *37 (finding the benefits of substantive consolidation "far outweigh any possible harm to creditors"); In re Gucci, 174 B.R. 401, 414 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1994) (granting substantive consolidation over one creditor's objection where that creditor had not made a clear showing of prejudice and noting that "even if it were found that some creditors may be prejudiced, that, in and of itself, would not necessarily defeat the motion because `[a]ny potential prejudice to creditors... is greatly outweighed by the much greater for prejudice, harm and waste if substantive consolidation is not ordered.'") (citing In re Tureaud, 45 B.R. 658, 663 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 1985)); see cf. In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp., 138 B.R. at 765 n.9 (stating that if an objecting creditor has shown that (a) it has relied on the separateness of the entities and (b) it will be prejudiced, substantive consolidation may be ordered "only if [the court] determines that the demonstrated benefits of consolidation heavily outweigh the harm.") (citing Eastgroup Props. v. S. Motel Ass'n, Ltd., 935 F.2d 245, 249 (11th Cir. 1991)).

Moving on to assess the likelihood of prejudice to Residco, the Court must examine whether the SLV liquidated damages provisions would be considered an unenforceable penalty as to either Residco's lease or guarantee claims. This is a matter of state law. See United Merchs. & Mfrs., Inc. v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc'y of the U.S. (In re United Merchs. & Mfrs., Inc.), 674 F.2d 134, 141 (2d Cir. 1982). In New York, an enforceable liquidated damages clause "must specify a liquidated amount which is reasonable in light of the anticipated probable harm, and actual damages must be difficult to ascertain as of the time the parties entered into the contract." In re Ionosphere Clubs, 262 B.R. at 614. The party seeking to avoid the liquidated damages bears the burden of demonstrating that such damages are a penalty. See JMD Holding Corp. v. Cong. Fin. Corp., 4 N.Y.3d 373, 380, 795 N.Y.S.2d 502, 828 N.E.2d 604 (2005). As some courts have stated, "[g]uaranties that contain language obligating the guarantor to payment without recourse to any defenses or counterclaims, i.e., guaranties that are `absolute and unconditional,' have been consistently upheld by New York courts." Cooperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank, B.A. v. Navarro, 25 N.Y.3d 485, 493, 36 N.E.3d 80 (2015). But other courts have found that as a matter of public policy, a party cannot waive an objection to a liquidated damages clause. See Bell v. Ebadat, 2009 WL 1803835, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. June 16, 2009) (citing Wells Fargo Bank Nw., N.A. v. Energy Ammonia Transp. Corp., 2002 WL 31368264, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2002)). Furthermore, "[i]t is well-established that a bankruptcy court, being essentially a court of equity will not enforce a liquidated damages clause that is in reality a penalty." Hassett v. Revlon, Inc. (In re O.P.M. Leasing Servs., Inc.), 23 B.R. 104, 110-11 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1982).11

The Court lacks the facts necessary to apply these principles to determine the value of Residco's claims. Residco's claims are not before the Court for adjudication on the merits, or even for an estimation proceeding. See 11 U.S.C. § 502(c) (permitting estimation of a contingent or unliquidated claim where failure to do so "would unduly delay the administration of the case."); see also Hr'g Tr. 177:19-25. The parties have not presented the factual record necessary to determine whether the amounts under the SLV liquidated damages provisions were reasonable in light of the anticipated probable harm or whether damages were difficult to ascertain at the time the parties entered into the contracts. See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶¶ 40-42; see Residco Sur-Reply at 17-18 (contending that the Residco Leases are governed by N.Y. U.C.C. § 2A-504 and that, therefore, the sole test for determining enforceability of a liquidated damages provision is whether the formula was "reasonable in light of the then anticipated harm caused by the default or other act or omission.").12 Moreover, the parties only presented limited legal argument on the enforceability of these SLV liquidated damages provisions. Instead, the focus of the present dispute is on the permissibility of substantive consolidation. Under these circumstances, it is inappropriate now to seek to resolve all the issues associated with the merits and value of Residco's claims.

But more importantly, resolution of these issues today is unnecessary. As an alternative to resolving these legal issues, the Debtors and the Committee have proposed the Carve-Out to address any potential prejudice to Residco. The Carve-Out provides that Residco may opt to have its claims treated as if substantive consolidation had not occurred. More specifically, the Carve-Out provides that if Residco's guarantee claims are allowed in an amount greater than its lease claims — the whole basis for Residco's claim of prejudice — Residco's claims could be carved out from the effect of substantive consolidation and treated as if substantive consolidation had not taken place. See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶¶ 8-9. Under the Carve-Out, therefore, Resdico could receive exactly the treatment that it is entitled to as a matter of law without substantive consolidation. Thus, Residco could receive two classes of claims — its guarantee claims against Debtor RAH and its lease claims against Debtor Republic Airline — with recovery for each class of claims to be calculated as if the assets and liabilities of Republic Airline and RAH were valued separately as reorganized entities. See Carve-Out, attached as Exh. 1 to Debtors' Reply to Residco Response to Revised Carve-Out. Under the Carve-Out, moreover, Residco would be allowed to opt for such non-consolidated treatment after the value of its claims had been determined — that is, Residco could wait until after it knew whether there was a difference in the amount of its lease and guarantee claims. See id.; see also March 16th Hr'g Tr. 39:4-20. The proposed Carve-Out states in full:

Carve-Out.

Notwithstanding these robust protections, Residco objects to the Carve-Out. Among other things, Residco contends that it is being singled out for different treatment from other similarly situated creditors. See Residco Sur-Reply at 6 (arguing the Carve-Out will cause Residco to be treated worse than other similarly situated creditors); Hr'g Tr. 186:1-18 (arguing Residco will be treated worse because all other creditors without a guarantee will receive forty-five cents on the dollar); id. 188:9-10 (arguing that it would be unfair discrimination under Section 1129 if Residco's claims are in a class by themselves). But Residco is incorrect. In fact, Residco's situation is far from unique. More than 90% of the claims against the Debtors who are airline subsidiaries are guaranteed by RAH. See Hr'g Tr. 76:15-77:7, 98:12-17 (Bedford). All of the airline subsidiaries' operating leases — not just Residco's — have similar stipulated loss value provisions. See id. 75:2-8 (Bedford). The Plan's consolidation provisions apply to all these creditors, each of whom are giving up their guarantee claims under the Plan. See Plan § 2.2; Hr'g Tr. 43:17-23 (Bedford); see, e.g., In re Standard Brands Paint, 154 B.R. at 566 (noting it is typical in substantive consolidation to eliminate claims, including guarantees, between debtors for plan purposes).13

Residco nonetheless maintains that it would not receive the same recovery as other unsecured creditors in Class 3(a) if the Parent-Guarantor Debtor, RAH, winds up having assets that lead Residco's claim to be valued at less than forty-five cents on the dollar. See Residco Sur-Reply at 5; see also Residco Response to Revised Carve-Out ¶ 2; cf. Hr'g Tr. 168:8-12 (complaining of cost and discrimination in that every other creditor in Class 3A would receive forty-five cents on the dollar). But there are several problems with Residco's position. In making this argument, Residco mistakenly assumes that it might be forced to receive less than forty-five cents on the dollar, which is the amount that unsecured creditors are to receive under the substantive consolidation provisions of Plan. To the extent that Residco thinks that the forty-five cent recovery offered as part of substantive consolidation is a good deal, however, it is free to take it. See Carve-Out (permitting Residco to elect that its claims be treated on a consolidated or unconsolidated basis after the amount of Residco's claims are determined in the claims adjudication process). Indeed, the only reason Residco has not opted for such a recovery is because it chooses not to do so. Stated more directly, Residco wants the ability to opt out of substantive consolidation but only if it can be guaranteed of a recovery that will be greater than what it would receive under substantive consolidation and not if it will receive less. In that sense, Residco very much wants to "have [its] cake and eat it too."14 See March 16th Hr'g Tr, 43:11-12; James Talcott, Inc. v. Wharton (In re Cont'l Vending Machine Corp.), 517 F.2d 997, 1001 (2d Cir. 1975) (concluding that under plan in which unsecured claims were consolidated and secured claims were not, secured creditor "will obtain under the ... plan exactly what it bargained" with each debtor entity); see also Ben Zimmer, `Have Your Cake and Eat It Too', N.Y. Times, Feb. 18, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/20/magazine/20FOB-onlanguage-t.html (tracing the derivation of the phrase and observing that "[t]he point of the aphorism is that sometimes you have to make a choice between two options that cannot be reconciled.").15

In rejecting Residco's position on the Carve-Out, the Court follows the lead of courts that have recognized that substantive consolidation can be tailored to fit the circumstances of the case and ensure that a claimant receives the recovery to which it is entitled. See In re Cont'l Vending Machine Corp., 517 F.2d at 1001; In re Jennifer Convertibles, 447 B.R. at 723-24 ("[I]t is well accepted that substantive consolidation is a flexible concept and that a principal question is whether creditors are adversely affected by consolidation and, if so, whether the adverse effects can be eliminated."); In re Deltacorp, 179 B.R. at 777 ("The court is afforded a good deal of discretion in constructing its order of substantive consolidation, and its appropriateness is determined by the court on a sui generis basis."). For example, the Second Circuit in In re Cont'l Vending Machine Corp., 517 F.2d 997 (2d Cir. 1975), concluded that in the exercise of its equitable powers, a bankruptcy court can permit substantive consolidation as to some claims and not as to others. See 517 F.2d at 1001-02 (upholding plan that treated unsecured claims as consolidated and secured claims as unconsolidated). Similarly, the court in In re Jennifer Convertibles fashioned a remedy specifically as to affected creditors when it found that the record was deficient regarding the appropriateness of substantive consolidation as to a small number of creditors. See In re Jennifer Convertibles, 447 B.R. at 723, 726 (court offered option to pay creditors in full or to supplement the record on substantive consolidation with separate liquidation analysis for the one debtor entity for which separate schedules and a separate statement of financial affairs were prepared); see also In re Parkway Calabasas Ltd., 89 B.R. 832, 837-38 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1988) (citing cases in which courts ordered less than complete substantive consolidation or placed conditions thereon).16

Rather than agree to the option of being carved out of substantive consolidation, Residco proposes two ways to treat its claims: a so-called Average Claims Treatment and a Higher Claims Treatment. See Residco Objection at 18; Residco Sur-Reply at 1. If Residco's lease and guarantee claims are allowed in different amounts, Residco's Average Claims Treatment provides that it receive the average of its allowed lease claims and allowed guarantee claims for each transaction. See Residco Objection at 18; see also Residco's Proposed Confirmation Order ¶ 7, attached as Exh. A to Residco Motion to Strike. Under its proposed Higher Claims Treatment, Residco would receive the higher of the lease or guarantee claim for each transaction. See Residco Objection at 18 n.8.

But Residco provides no mathematical or legal basis for its proposed Average Claims Treatment. In fact it concedes that the Bankruptcy Code does not provide for such treatment. See Hr'g Tr. 170:15-17 (Residco conceding that the Bankruptcy Code does not provide for the averaging method it suggests). Residco instead states that other creditors that hold both primary and guaranty claims "(other than holders who consensually agreed to different treatments)... are receiving a treatment equal to the average of their two claims." See Residco Objection at 32. Residco cites no evidence for this contention. Residco presumably refers to settlements that the Debtors have worked out with other creditors holding dual claims. But such settlements are not a basis for imposing Residco's proposed Average Claims Treatment. See Fed. R. Evid. 408; cf. In re Dana Corp., 412 B.R. at 62 ("[T]he fact that some claimants have settled while others have not does not, by itself, indicate unequal treatment."). Residco argues the Higher Claims Treatment is supported by the Bankruptcy Code because the Debtors have not yet objected to its claims. But the Debtors have made clear that they intend to do so. Under these circumstances then, Residco's proposed Higher Claims Treatment veers close to a request to adjudicate its claims on the merits, an approach that is inappropriate for reasons previously explained. See, e.g., Hr'g Tr. 193:2-6.

Residco cites one case to support its proposed alternative treatments, In re F.W.D.C., Inc., 158 B.R. 523 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1993). But the Court finds that case to be far different from the one before this Court. The central issue in that case was whether the claim of Chase Manhattan Bank ("Chase") against a debtor-guarantor had to be reduced by its receipt of a third-party debtor's collateral securing the indebtedness. See F.W.D.C., 158 B.R. at 526. To that end, the court in F.W.D.C. approved substantive consolidation subject to the condition that Chase's claim against previously consolidated debtors be preserved and otherwise unaffected. See id. at 526, 528 (holding that Chase "was allowed to prove the full amount of its indebtedness, without reduction of its claim to reflect its receipt of [a third-party's] collateral securing such indebtedness against the newly consolidated debtors."). Additionally, it was undisputed in F.W.D.C. that the movants' primary purpose for substantive consolidation was to reduce the amount of Chase's claim. See id. at 524. By contrast, there is no suggestion that substantive consolidation here was directed at any one creditor. Rather, the record supports that it was proposed for the benefit of the estate given, among other things, the frequent use of guarantees by RAH and the efficiency and related cost savings under the Plan. See Debtors' Memorandum of Law in Support of Confirmation of Debtors' Plan and in Reply to Responses to the Plan at 16-17 [ECF No. 1557]. Indeed, the result in F.W.D.C. lends support to the Carve-Out proposed here, as the Carve-Out's purpose is to prevent any possible prejudice to the affected creditor.17

Residco also complains that it has not been given adequate disclosure in advance of what the Carve-Out would mean for Residco. See Residco Sur-Reply at 5-6; see also Residco Response to Revised Carve-Out ¶ 2. But the Carve-Out was proposed specifically to address Residco's Objection, and to provide it with the non-consolidated treatment that it purports to seek. Thus, there was no reason to propose the Carve-Out earlier because no other creditors have objected to substantive consolidation. Moreover, the fault for any delay in discussing any issues with substantive consolidation appears to rest with Residco. As the Debtors point out, Residco did not voice a concern about substantive consolidation until February 2017, even though substantive consolidation has been on the table in these cases for many months. Indeed, the issue of substantive consolidation goes back to before the Court approved the Debtors' settlement with United Airlines in June 2016, the same month when Residco became a member of the Committee.18 See Hr'g Tr. 200:16-201:7; see also Order Granting Authorization to (I) Assume Codeshare and Related Agreements, as amended, with United Airlines, Inc., and (II) Settle Claims Between United Airlines, Inc. and the Debtors ("United Settlement Order") ¶ 12 [ECF No. 678] (stating provisions and effect of the order, any actions taken pursuant thereto, and the codeshare partner's and Debtors' respective rights, obligations, remedies, and protections provided therein and under related agreements shall survive substantive consolidation of the cases); Hr'g Tr. 219:10-19 (Delta arguing Residco saw operating entities get de facto substantive consolidation through settlements and the merger and Residco did not object). A subsequent settlement between the Debtors and American Airlines, Inc., proposed in September 2016 also contained a similar provision contemplating substantive consolidation. See Proposed Order ¶ 15, attached as Exh. 1 to Debtors' Motion for Authorization to (I) Assume Codeshare Agreement, as amended, with American Airlines, Inc., (II) Enter Into or Assume Related Agreements, and (III) Settle Claims Between American Airlines, Inc. and the Debtors [ECF No. 957]. The Debtors actively negotiated that settlement in consultation with the Committee. The Debtors also negotiated the Plan, including its substantive consolidation provisions, with the Committee. As a member of the Committee, Residco was thus well aware of the Debtors' intent to pursue substantive consolidation many months before the filing of the Plan but nonetheless did not raise its concerns. See Debtors' Response to Residco Objection ¶¶ 4-5; Hr'g Tr. 200:24-201:7. Such a delay in raising its concerns prevented the parties from taking steps to address these issues, perhaps even by seeking an adjudication of the merits and value of Residco's claims in advance of confirmation.19 Such a proactive approach is often taken by parties in large Chapter 11 cases when a particular claim presents issues that are best resolved prior to confirmation. But as the Debtors had no idea that Residco objected to substantive consolidation, the Debtors had no reason to take such a course and, therefore, cannot be fairly criticized for delay in proposing the Carve-Out here.20

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that the Debtors have satisfied the standard for substantive consolidation and overrules the Residco Objection. The Court directs that the Plan be amended to include the Carve-Out for Residco's claims, using the language set forth in Exhibit 1 to the Debtors' Reply to the Residco Response to Revised Carve-Out. Having resolved the Residco Objection, the Debtors shall contact the Court as to when it is appropriate to rule on the remaining matters related to confirmation of the Debtors' Plan.21