MEMORANDUM OPINION

LEWIS A. KAPLAN, District Judge.

The collapse of the residential mortgage market in the United States greatly affected the financial markets and the owners of securities issued by banks and other participants in the financial industry. This case concerns three perpetual hybrid capital securities (the "Securities") issued by ING Groep, N.V. ("ING") in offerings during June and September 2007 and June 2008 pursuant to a December 1, 2005 Shelf Registration Statement ("2005 SRS") and numerous prospectuses (collectively, the "Offering Materials"). The Securities are ordinary corporate debt instruments, rather than structured products backed by mortgage loans. Plaintiffs each purchased one of these securities and sue ING some of its affiliates, former officers and directors, and the securities' underwriters under Sections 11, 12, and 15 of the Securities Act of 19331 on a theory that the Offering Materials related to each of the three offerings contained materially false and misleading statements or omissions. The matter is before the Court on defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

FACTS

Parties

There are three groups of defendants in this case — the ING Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants, and the Individual Defendants.

The ING Defendants include ING and two of its subsidiaries ING Financial Holdings Corporation ("ING Holdings") and Stichting ING Aandelen ("SING").2 ING is the registrant of the Offering Materials and the Securities' issuer.3 ING Holdings is a financial services company that provides banking, insurance and asset management services.4 SING is an administrative trust that holds approximately 99% of the outstanding ordinary shares of ING and issues bearer depository receipts for ING's ordinary and preference shares.5 Both ING Holdings and SING signed the 2005 SRS.6

The Underwriter Defendants include UBS, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Merrill Lynch, Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc., Banc of America Securities LLC, RBC Capital Markets Corporation, J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., ING Financial Markets LLC, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, HSBC, ABN Amro Inc., and A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc.7 Each is alleged to have acted as an underwriter in connection with the offerings of the Securities.8

The Individual Defendants are officers or executive board members of ING, ING Holdings, or SING.9 Each of the Individual Defendants, except John C.R. Hele, signed the 2005 SRS.10 In addition, Mr van Barneveld signed ING's Forms 6-K dated May 22, 2007, June 4, 2007, September 24, 2007, May 15, 2008 and May 19, 200811 and Mr. Maas signed also the ING's 2006 Form 20-F.12 Mr. Hele signed ING's September 24, 2007 Form 6-K and 2007 Form 20-F only.13

RMBS

A mortgage backed security ("MBS") is a financial instrument based on a pool of mortgage loans. To create an MBS, mortgage loans typically are acquired, pooled together, and then sold to a trust. The trust in turn issues securities to purchasers who thus become trust beneficiaries. The MBS holders receive distributions from the trustee according to the cash flow generated by the pool of mortgages and the rights of the respective classes of securities. The loans underlying residential mortgage backed securities ("RMBS") usually are mortgages extended to borrowers for residential properties. Alt-A RMBS are based on loans to borrowers who, because of deficiencies in their credit profiles, did not qualify for "prime" loans. Subprime RMBS are based on mortgages to subprime borrowers.14

RMBS underwriters evaluate the likelihood of default on the loans underlying a particular RMBS asset to determine the predicted risk of default, which is known as the RMBS's "expected loss." The RMBS then is broken down into pieces — called "tranches" — based on the likelihood that a particular tranche will suffer loss. The lower tranches are the first to have their payments discontinued in the event that the underlying mortgagees default on their loans. Accordingly, these tranches usually have lower credit ratings. The higher tranches are protected from defaults on the underlying loans by the lower tranches. Accordingly, they receive higher credit ratings.15

The Offerings

Securities issued in three offerings — the June and September 2007 Offerings, and the June 2008 Offering — are at issue in this case.

The June 2007 Offering

On June 8, 2007,16 ING filed a prospectus to issue $1 billion of 6.375 percent ING Perpetual Hybrid Capital Securities (the "June 2007 Securities") pursuant to the 2005 SRS.17 The prospectus related to the June 2007 Securities (the "June 2007 Prospectus") incorporated by reference ING's 2006 Annual Report ("2006 20-F") and Forms 6-K filed on May 22, 2007 and June 4, 2007 (all collectively, the "June 2007 Offering Materials")18

The June 2007 Prospectus reported ING's shareholders' equity as € 40.117 billion, total annual income as $62.378 billion, and net annual profit at $8.949 billion.19 The 2006 20-F stated that ING's residential mortgage portfolio reached € 69 billion and described changes to ING's risk management system.20 The May 22, 2007 Form 6-K attached a May 16, 2007 press release, which stated that ING's capital position had strengthened and announced ING's plans to buy back € 5 billion in shares.21

The September 2007 Offering

On September 27, 2007, ING filed a prospectus to issue $1.5 billion of 7.375 percent ING Perpetual Hybrid Capital Securities (the "September 2007 Securities") pursuant to the 2005 SRS. The prospectus related to the September 2007 Securities (the "September 2007 Prospectus") incorporated by reference ING's 2006 20-F and ING's Forms 6-K filed on September 24, 2007, June 4, 2007, and May 22, 2007 (all collectively, the "September 2007 Offering Materials").22

The September 24, 2007 6-K reported ING's condensed consolidated interim accounts for the six month period ending June 30, 2007. It described "recent developments in credit markets," noted that credit markets had become "more turbulent amid concerns about subprime mortgages" among other assets, but stated that the

It stated also that (1) ING's Alt-A portfolio had an average FICO score of 721 and a loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio of 70 percent, (2) 93 percent of ING's subprime assets and 99.9 percent of its Alt-A assets were rated AAA or AA, (3) as "of July 31, 2007, the negative revaluation[s], based on mark-to-market approach . . . were EUR 58 million (for subprime) and EUR 233 million (for Alt-A), respectively, despite the significant market downturn," and (4) shareholders' equity decreased by €0.1 billion or € 0.3 percent to 38.2 billion.24

The June 2008 Offering

On June 12, 2008,25 ING filed a prospectus to issue $2.0 billion of 8.50 percent ING Perpetual Hybrid Capital Securities (the "June 2008 Securities") pursuant to the 2005 SRS. The prospectus related to the June 2008 Securities (the "June 2008 Prospectus") incorporated by reference ING's 2007 20-F and ING's Forms 6-K filed on May 27, 2008, May 19, 2008, and May 15, 2008 (all collectively, the "June 2008 Offering Materials").26

The June 2008 Offering Materials contained ING's reported 2007 and first quarter 2008 financial information.27 The 2007 20-F contained also numerous statements regarding ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS. ING's "exposure to the U.S. housing market [wa]s predominantly via highly rated RMBS investments."28 Eighty-nine percent of ING's asset backed securities ("ABS"), of which RMBS are a part, were rated AAA and ten percent were rated AA.29 In 2007, ING's subprime RMBS suffered € 64 million in net impairments and trading losses, and a negative pre-tax revaluation of € 307 million. Ninety-six percent of the assets, however, were rated AA or higher, and the fair value of the assets was 90.1 percent.30

According to the June 2008 Offering Materials, at the end of 2007, ING had two definitions of Alt-A assets, each of which referenced particular LTV ratios, FICO credit scores, and documentation of the loans underlying the securities. Under the "broad" definition, ING had € 27.5 billion of exposure at December 31, 2007. Under the "narrow" definition, ING had € 9.7 billion of exposure. Ninety nine percent of the Alt-A RMBS under the "narrow" definition were rated AAA. ING took no trading losses or impairments in its Alt-A portfolio in 2007, and valued them at 96.7 percent of fair value.31 ING stated that its "pressurised asset classes [e.g., U.S. subprime and Alt-A RMBS, CDOs and CLOs] [were] of high quality and ha[d] not led to major impairments."32

The June 2008 Offering Materials contained also statements regarding ING's risk management policies. The 2007 20-F, for instance, stated that ING

ING's Form 6-K, which it filed with the SEC on May 15, 2008, and which was incorporated by reference into the June 2008 Offering Materials, contained similar statements with respect to ING's risk management.34 It reported also (1) the impairments ING took on its "pressurised asset classes," including € 26 million on ING's subprime RMBS and € 17 million on ING's Alt-A RMBS, (2) their fair value, (3) that those assets had "high structural credit protection,"and (4) that ING had a "strong" capital position even though the "adverse market environment" had a "negative impact on" it.35

The Consolidated Amended Complaint

The CAC asserts claims under Securities Act Section 11 against all defendants, Section 12 against ING and the Underwriter Defendants, and Section 15 against the Individual Defendants and SING.

The CAC's key factual allegation is that ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS portfolio, at all times during the class period, was "extremely risky" because material portions of the loan pools on which they were based were comprised of "risky" "option" mortgages and "negative amortization loans" originated in the "risky" years of 2006 and 2007, some of which were for properties located in the "risky" Florida and California markets.36 The essence of its claims is that the Offering Materials were false and misleading because they omitted to disclose the "extremely risky nature" of the ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS, principally by failing to provide details about the types of loans that made up the underlying pools and when and where those loans were originated. 37

The CAC alleges that, as a result of these omissions, the Offering Materials failed to disclose the impact that ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS had on its financial health, including its shareholder equity, liquidity, and capital position.38 It claims also that (1) the Offering Materials conveyed misleading LTV ratios, FICO scores, and credit ratings associated with the RMBS, (2) the June 2007 Offering Materials omitted to disclose ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS holdings, (3) the September 2007 Offering Materials failed to explain ING's capital position even though ING previously had done so, and (4) the June 2008 Offering Materials failed to take required impairments on its Alt-A and subprime RMBS and financial institution debt securities and understated its loan loss reserves.39

Defendants move to dismiss the CAC for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted and, in part, as barred by the statute of limitations.

DISCUSSION

I. LEGAL STANDARD

In deciding a motion to dismiss, a court ordinarily accepts as true all well pleaded factual allegations and draws all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor.40 In order to survive such a motion, however, "the plaintiff must provide the grounds upon which [its] claim rests through factual allegations sufficient `to raise a right to relief above the speculative level'" and to "state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face."41 Although such motions are addressed to the face of the pleadings, the court may consider also documents attached to or incorporated by reference in the complaint as well as legally required public disclosure documents and documents possessed by or known to the plaintiff upon which it relied in bringing the suit.42

II. APPLICABLE LAW

A. Securities Act

Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act are "siblings with roughly parallel elements."43 They impose strict liability on certain enumerated parties for material misstatements or omissions contained in relevant forms of communication.44 Section 11 applies to registration statements, and limits liability to five categories of persons, including the issuer, those who sign the registration statement, the issuer's directors, "experts" who have consented to having their reports included in the registration statement, and the underwriters of the registered securities.45 Section 12 applies to prospectuses and oral communications and limits liability to "statutory sellers" — those who either transferred title to the purchaser or successfully solicited it for financial gain.46 Section 15 imposes liability on individuals or entities that controlled any person liable for a primary violation.47

A misstatement or omission is actionable only if material, that is, if there is a "substantial likelihood that disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the `total mix' of information available."48 A statement is actionable only if materially false or misleading at the time it is made. Moreover, material omissions are actionable only if the speaker had a duty to disclose.49 Such a duty can arise from either (1) an "affirmative legal disclosure obligation" or (2) if "necessary to prevent existing disclosures from being misleading."50

B. Pleading Standard

Claims under the Securities Act ordinarily need satisfy only the requirements of Rule 8 — in other words, the complaint ordinarily need "contain [only] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.'"51 Rule 9(b) applies, however, when "the wording and imputations of the complaint are classically associated with fraud."52

Defendants here contend that Rule 9(b) applies because the CAC "is replete with `wording and imputations . . . classically associated with fraud.'"53 They point to allegations that defendants acted intentionally because they allegedly "chose not to review" and "ignored" certain evidence.54 The point also to the fact that the CAC alleges that ING had a motive to act as it did.55

After a careful review of the complaint, the Court concludes that it is premised on allegations sounding in negligence and strict liability, not fraud. The allegations to which plaintiffs point as indicative of fraud are isolated. Moreover, there are no allegations that the defendants' acted with knowledge that their statements were false or misleading or that they were reckless in not knowing their truth or falsity.56 To the contrary, the CAC repeatedly and specifically alleges that its claims are premised on strict liability and negligence and specifically disclaims any claim of fraud.57 Accordingly, Rule 8 governs the CAC's claims.

III. JUNE 2007 OFFERING

Defendants move to dismiss the claims based on the June 2007 Offering as barred by the statute of limitations.

Claims under Sections 11 and 12(2), and 15 of the Securities Act must be "brought within one year after the discovery of the untrue statement or the omission, or after such discovery should have been made by the exercise of reasonable diligence."58 The limitations period begins to run "after the plaintiff obtains actual knowledge of the facts giving rise to the action or notice of the facts, which in the exercise of reasonable diligence, would have led to actual knowledge."59

Once plaintiffs are put on "inquiry notice" — that is, when the circumstances would suggest to an investor of ordinary intelligence the probability that a cause of action existed60 — they have a duty to inquire. The duty to inquire can be triggered by information contained in the financial press, mainstream media, and publicly filed documents. Often referred to as "storm warnings,"61 the "triggering information must relate directly to the misrepresentations and omissions the Plaintiffs allege in their action against the defendants."62 Once the duty to inquire arises, if the investor makes an inquiry, the court imputes knowledge of what a reasonable investor would have discovered in the exercise of reasonable diligence as of the date on which it would have been discovered.63 If the investor makes no inquiry, the court imputes knowledge as of the date the duty to inquire arose.64

The essence of the CAC's claims with respect to the June 2007 Offering Materials is that they failed to disclose the amount and characteristics of ING's RMBS as well as the impact those assets had on its financial position. Defendants claim that three pieces of information put plaintiffs on inquiry notice of these claims no later than September 24, 2007.

First, the CAC alleges that, by August 8, 2007, ING had disclosed its holdings of subprime and Alt-A RMBS. It alleges that "[o]n August 8, 2007 . . . ING disclosed for the first time that it was holding € 3.2 billion ($4.6 billion) in subprime RMBS and a dramatic € 28.7 billion ($41.9 billion) in its Alt-A RMBS portfolio."65 Second, ING's August 8, 2007 Form 6-K announced a negative revaluation of its subprime RMBS portfolio and provided details about its exposure to them. Specifically, it stated that "[t]he Group's total exposure of EUR 3.2 billion to subprime is through asset-backed securities which represent just 0.25% of total assets. Of these assets, 93% are rated AAA or AA. As of 31 July 2007, the negative revaluation on these assets was just EUR 58 million, despite the significant market downturn."66 Third, ING's September 24, 2007 filing on Form 6-K disclosed ING's holdings of Alt-A and subprime RMBS. Specifically, it disclosed that as of July 31, 2007, "subprime exposure amounted to EUR 3.2 billion, representing 0.24% of total assets, and Alt-A exposure amounted to EUR 28.7 billion, representing 2% of total assets. The Group's exposure to subprime and Alt-A mortgages is almost entirely through asset-backed securities."67 It further disclosed that, as of July 31, 2007, it had taken a "negative revaluation. . . [of] EUR 58 million (for subprime) and EUR 233 million (for Alt-A)" and that "[t]hese negative revaluations are reflected through equity and no net impairments have been necessary through the income statement."68

These statements disclosed enough of the essential facts that plaintiffs allege were omitted from the June 2007 Offering Materials — viz. that ING held Alt-A and subprime RMBS and they were losing value — to put plaintiffs on inquiry notice.69 The disclosures specifically related to ING, the specific assets it allegedly did not disclose in the June 2007 Offering Materials, and the fact that they were losing value. They were contained in documents the issuer publicly filed with the SEC. Especially in light of the allegation that by "early 2006, investors were increasingly concerned about financial institutions' exposure to mortgage-backed securities,"70 plaintiffs would have learned from these disclosures a probability of the allegedly material omissions alleged in the CAC. As the plaintiffs are not alleged to have undertaken any investigation following these disclosures, the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice of their claims no later than September 24, 2007, the date the last of these documents was filed. The earliest complaint in this action was filed on February 5, 2009, more than a year later. Accordingly, the claims based on the June 2007 Offering are untimely.

Plaintiffs' arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. They argue first that even if ING disclosed its portfolio of Alt-A and subprime RMBS, the disclosures failed to notify investors of the granular details — like the types of mortgages underlying the assets — alleged to have been omitted. It is well-established, however, that the facts placing one on inquiry notice "need not detail every aspect of the alleged fraudulent scheme,"71 but only enough in the totality of the circumstances to establish a probability of the alleged claim. In all the circumstances, including the allegation that investors were especially focused on RMBS at this time, these disclosures did so.

Relying on Newman v. Warnaco Group, Inc.,72 plaintiffs next argue that the disclosures were "softened" by words of comfort from management and therefore were insufficient to put them on inquiry notice.73 They point specifically to statements in the August 2007 6-K that the "market disruption has had a limited impact on ING" and that ING considered its subprime exposure to be "of limited size and of relatively high quality."74 Newman, however, is readily distinguishable.

The complaint in Newman accused the defendants of fraudulent inventory and forecasting practices.75 The defendants argued that the issuer's 1998 Form 10-K, which had disclosed large write-downs, placed plaintiffs on inquiry notice. The court held that plaintiffs were not notified of the alleged fraud with sufficient clarity because the 1998 10-K specifically attributed the write-downs to the adoption of a new accounting policy.76 That is, the Form 10-K was insufficient to put plaintiffs on inquiry notice because it attributed the write-downs to a benign reason other than the alleged fraud. Here, by contrast, the disclosures stated that ING held Alt-A and subprime RMBS and disclosed that they were being negatively revalued. None of the surrounding language offers a confounding explanation as in Newman.

Plaintiffs finally argue that the disclosures could not have placed them on inquiry notice because they did not move the price of the June 2007 Securities.77 While stock price movements, in some circumstances, may be a "storm warning" sufficient to put plaintiffs on inquiry notice, they are not necessary.78 Moreover, the Court notes the contradiction between the CAC's allegations that the June 2007 Offering Materials were materially misleading because they omitted to disclose ING's RMBS holdings and plaintiffs' argument here that the subsequent disclosure of these facts was unimportant.

Accordingly, the claims based on the June 2007 Offering Materials are untimely.

IV. SEPTEMBER 2007 OFFERING

The CAC alleges that the September 2007 Offering Materials contained material misstatements and omissions regarding (1) the nature of ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS, (2) the FICO scores and LTV ratios of the loans underlying them, and (3) the RMBS's credit ratings.

A. Alleged omissions regarding Alt-A and subprime RMBS

The essence of the CAC's allegations regarding the September 2007 Offering Materials is that they failed to disclose adequately details about ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS portfolio, including their "extremely risky" nature and the "substantial risk" they posed to ING's reported financial health, including its capital adequacy.79 Plaintiffs, however, have failed to allege any basis for concluding that ING had a duty to disclose this information.80

An omission is actionable under the Securities Act only if (1) required by an affirmative disclosure obligation or (2) necessary to avoid rendering other representations misleading.81 Once an offering participant speaks about a particular topic, however, its statements must be "complete and accurate."82 In order for a disclosure duty to attach on this basis, the complaint must allege some way in which the representations made in the offering materials are inaccurate or incomplete.83 Securities Act Sections 11 and 12 do not require an offering participant to disclose information "merely because a reasonable investor would very much like to know" it.84

Plaintiffs here claim that ING had an obligation to disclose the details of its Alt-A and subprime RMBS assets, including information about the specific types of loans underlying the securities and the geographic areas in which they were originated, in order to render its (1) reported financial metrics and (2) statements that ING "considered its subprime [and] Alt-A . . . exposure to be of limited size and of relatively high quality" and that they had a "limited impact" on the Company, not misleading.85 The CAC, however, fails to allege that these statements were incomplete or inaccurate at the time they were made. Plaintiffs therefore have failed to show that additional disclosures were required.

First, there are no allegations that any of ING's reported financial metrics were false at the time of the September 2007 Offering. There are no allegations, for instance, that ING's shareholders' equity, total income, and net profit were not, respectively, € 38.166 billion, € 37.676 billion, and € 4.594 billion as the Sept 2007 Offering Materials stated.86

Second, there are no factual allegations that ING, at the time of the September 2007 Offering, did not consider its Alt-A and subprime exposure to be of "limited size,"87 relative to ING's total assets, clearly the asserted reference point,88 or that they were not 0.24 percent (subprime) and 2.0 percent (Alt-A) of ING's total assets.89

Third, there are no allegations that ING's RMBS, as of September 2007, had had anything other than a "limited impact" on the company in amounts specifically disclosed in the September 2007 Offering Materials.90

What is left then is the allegation that ING's statement that it considered its assets to be of "relatively high quality" was inaccurate or incomplete in September 2007 because it did not disclose the types of loans in the pools underlying ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS or the places and years in which they were originated. The CAC's insufficiently alleges that this statement is inaccurate or incomplete.

Allegations of industry-wide or market-wide troubles alone ordinarily are insufficient to state a claim based on the securities or assets held by a defendant.91 Here, none of the CAC's allegations concern ING's assets. The CAC describes the creation of the "housing bubble,"92 the types of mortgage loans issued during 2006 and 2007, and their delinquency and default rates "at the end of 2007" or later.93 It describes also the proportions of the pools underlying ING's RMBS that each of the allegedly "risky" types of loans constituted.94 It finally describes, in general terms, the market-wide increase in default rates on the mortgages underlying RMBS, the resulting "substantial distress" in the market for Alt-A and subprime RMBS, the downgrading of credit ratings attached to some tranches of RMBS, and the fact that other banks at different times beginning in October 2007 revealed losses on their mortgage-related assets.95

In many cases, these allegations post-date the statements in the offering materials alleged to be misleadingly incomplete.96 In most cases, they describe conditions related to the individual mortgage loans, not the securities structured around them.97 None describe ING's assets — the allegations concern the market generally,98 other securities,99 or the actions of other institutions.100 Perhaps most importantly, the only allegations that concern Alt-A and subprime RMBS — the categories of assets ING owned — before September 2007 discuss the performance of tranches that were lower-rated, and therefore riskier and more prone to loss, than those that ING held.101

Such allegations are, at best, consistent with a theory that ING's assets were "extremely risk" or not of "relatively high quality" in September 2007 and therefore not of "relatively high quality."102 But absent some factual allegations suggesting that ING's assets had been impacted by the general market conditions at the time the allegedly misleading statements were made, the CAC "stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility"103 that the September 2007 Offering Materials were misleading in a way that required additional disclosure. It therefore fails to state a claim on this basis.104

Plaintiffs next allege that ING was obligated to disclose the allegedly omitted information by Item 503(c) of Regulation S-K ("Item 503").105 Item 503 requires issuers to discuss "the most significant factors that make the offering speculative or risky."106 But, as noted, the CAC fails to allege, in anything other than conclusory terms, that any of ING's Alt-A or subprime RMBS were "speculative or risky" at the time of the September 2007 Offering. Accordingly, it has failed to allege that Item 503 obligated ING to disclose more than it did.

Plaintiffs next argue that International Accounting Standard ("IAS") Nos. 30 and 32 required ING to disclose the allegedly omitted information. IAS 30 requires disclosure of significant concentrations of "assets, liabilities, and off balance sheet items."107 IAS 32 requires disclosure of "significant concentrations of credit risk."108 This claim fails for at least three reasons.

First, ING disclosed its Alt-A and subprime RMBS.109 Plaintiffs have pointed to no authority requiring more detailed disclosures about the specific types of loans in the pools underlying the RMBS and the years and places in which they were issued.

Second, the CAC fails to allege that ING's holdings of Alt-A and subprime RMBS were a "significant concentration of its assets, liabilities and off balance sheet items." At the time of the September 2007 Offering, ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS respectively constituted two percent and 0.24 percent of its total assets.110 Plaintiffs have pointed to no authority indicating that IAS 30 requires disclosure of such comparatively minor holdings.

Third, for the reasons noted above, the CAC fails to allege any facts indicating that ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS were a significant concentration of credit risk at the time of the September 2007 Offering.111 In consequence, the CAC fails to allege that IAS 30 or 32 obligated ING to disclose the allegedly omitted information.

Plaintiffs rely on three cases to support their position that these accounting principles required disclosure of the allegedly omitted information.112 None helps their cause. None involved IAS 30 or IAS 32. More importantly, in each case, unlike here, the complaint alleged facts tending to demonstrate that the defendant had violated the relevant accounting principles.

The court in In re RAIT Fin. Trust Sec. Litig.,113 found that plaintiffs had stated a claim by alleging that the defendant, RAIT, had violated Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") No. 115, which required RAIT to take "other-than-temporary, asset impairment charges" to certain securities.114 The court found that the plaintiffs had alleged facts supporting the conclusion that RAIT knew about "other-than-temporary impairments" that it would have had to take on those securities had it complied with the proper accounting policies, including RAIT insiders' knowledge that the securities' issuers were likely to default.115

Plaintiffs in In re New Century116 alleged that New Century, a mortgage loan originator, was reducing the value of its Allowance for Loan Losses, a reserve to cover losses on mortgage loans it held for investment in violation of GAAP, even as the number of delinquent loans that New Century held on its books was increasing.117 In holding that plaintiffs had stated a claim, the court found that the complaint contained factual allegations about the "declining loan performance, an increase in defaults, and a concomitant rise in repurchase claims that were baldly disregarded" by New Century.118

Finally, the Court in In re Washington Mutual, Inc. Sec., Derivative & ERISA Litig.,119 found that Washington Mutual ("WaMu") failed to take adequate reserves in violation of GAAP because its reserve calculation failed to account for other improper practices regarding its mortgage loan origination practice like inflated appraisals, deficient underwriting, and ineffective internal controls established by factual allegations in the complaint.120

Here, the CAC fails to make any factual allegations that tend to show that ING violated the applicable accounting policies. It therefore fails to state a claim on this basis.

B. FICO and LTV statements

The September 2007 Offering Materials stated that "ING's Alt-A portfolio has an average FICO score of 721 and an LTV of 70%."121 The CAC alleges that these statements were false and misleading because the FICO scores and LTV ratios associated with the loans underlying ING's RMBS were determined at the time the loans were underwritten, but had deteriorated with the collapse of the housing market.122 They allege also that the statements were misleading because they presented the FICO and LTV scores as existing at the time of the offering when, in fact, they were determined at the time the loan first was underwritten.123 These claims are insufficient.

Plaintiffs have alleged no facts indicating that the FICO scores and LTV ratios stated in the September 2007 Offering Materials were false. They have alleged only that "a FICO score for a loan taken in 2005 was not necessarily the same homeowner's FICO score in 2007 or 2008," that "many Alt-A borrowers were counting on ever-increasing real estate values when they purchased their homes," that "in many situations Alt-A borrowers took additional lines of credit out or second mortgages on their homes, creating a total effective LTV ratio of 100%," and that "as housing prices throughout the United States plummeted during 2006, 2007 and 2008, LTV ratios quickly became out-dated and . . . significantly understated the risk of default."124 But as these allegations say nothing about the LTV ratios and FICO scores of any of the loans underlying ING's RMBS, they fail to state a sufficient claim for relief.

ING's statement that its "Alt-A portfolio has an average FICO score of 721 and an LTV of 70%" presents a closer question.125 Defendants appear to concede that the FICO scores and LTV ratios were not determined on the date that the statements were made, but instead, spoke as of the dates the loans were made.126 The distinction between historic and present ratios and scores in this case is immaterial, however, as plaintiffs have failed to allege any facts indicating that the FICO scores and LTV ratios for the loans underlying ING's RMBS had changed from the date they first were underwritten. Consequently, the CAC fails to state a claim for relief on this basis.

C. Credit rating statements

With respect to ratings, the September 2007 Offering Materials stated that

The CAC alleges that these statements "did not accurately reflect the risk of default"128 and therefore were false and misleading because (1) the ratings were determined by out-of-date models based on out-of-date assumptions129 that used inaccurate data,130 and (2) the ratings agencies relaxed their ratings criteria to get more business and were subject to conflicts of interest.131 They allege also that defendants' reliance on these ratings was "highly unreasonable" because they had "access to the necessary information to verify these ratings" and "made no effort to ensure that the ratings accurately reflected the risk" of default.132

As this Court previously has stated, ratings are opinions.133 Any given rating reflects the judgment of the particular rating agency that certain facts, when fed into a particular model based on a particular set of assumptions, support issuing a particular rating for a particular security.134 That opinion can be false or misleading only if the opinion-giver — here the rating agency — did not truly believe it to be the case at the time it was issued.135 There are no such allegations in the CAC.

As the CAC has failed to allege that the ratings assigned to ING's RMBS were false or misleading, it has failed also to allege that ING's statements regarding them were false or misleading.136

V. JUNE 2008 OFFERING

Plaintiffs allege that ING's June 2008 Offering Materials were false and misleading because they (1) understated impairments on its Alt-A and subprime RMBS and understated also its required loan loss reserves, (2) omitted details about the "risky nature" of its Alt-A and subprime RMBS, including the particular types of mortgages in the pools underlying them, the places and years in which those loans were originated, and their effect on the company's financial condition, (3) omitted to disclose ING's holdings of financial institution debt securities, (4) referred to LTV ratios, FICO scores, and credit ratings, and (5) violated a series of accounting principles.

A. Impairments and loan loss reserves

In the fall of 2008, ING announced a € 409 million impairment charge related to its Alt-A and subprime RMBS,137 a € 416 million impairment charge on its debt securities, including securities related to certain unnamed Icelandic banks and WaMu, and approximately € 400 million in loan loss reserve increases.138 The CAC alleges that ING, based on market conditions,139 should have taken these impairment charges and increased its loan loss reserves no later than March 31, 2008 and that the June 2008 Offering Materials were materially misleading because it failed to do so.140 The sole basis for their allegation that ING should have taken larger impairment charges earlier than it did is that they were required to do so by IAS No. 39. The sole basis for the allegation that ING should have increased its loan loss reserves is the allegation that it was necessary in light of the allegedly unreported impairments.141

Assuming without deciding that the CAC sufficiently alleges that IAS 39 required ING to take the impairments and loan loss reserves before the June 2008 Offering Materials were published, the CAC fails to allege how failing to do so was material. A statement or omission is material if there is a "substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the `total mix' of information made available."142 Both quantitative and qualitative factors must be considered.143 As materiality is a mixed question of law and fact, a complaint may be dismissed on materiality grounds only if the alleged misstatements and omissions "are so obviously unimportant to a reasonable investor that reasonable minds could not differ on the question of their importance."144

Defendants claim that the allegedly omitted impairments with respect to the Alt-A and subprime RMBS, the financial institution debt securities, and the omitted loan loss reserves, were quantitatively and qualitatively immaterial.

The quantitative aspect clearly favors defendants. The allegedly omitted impairments with respect to the Alt-A and subprime RMBS and the financial institution debt securities were, respectively, € 409 million and € 416 million.145 At the time plaintiffs allege that these impairments should have been recognized, March 31, 2008, the value of ING's total assets exceeded € 1,303 billion.146 Accordingly, each alleged impairment constituted just over 0.03 percent of ING's total assets. The loan loss reserves allegedly were understated by € 400 million,147 an amount representing also just over 0.03 percent of ING's total assets. Even aggregating all three numbers, as plaintiffs do in the CAC, the allegedly omitted impairments and understatements represented 0.09 percent of ING's net assets. These amounts were not quantitatively material.148

Plaintiffs assert that the materiality of the impairments and loan loss reserve should be considered in the context of ING's total equity, not its total assets.149 But even on that view, the impairments and understatements each constituted approximately one percent of ING's total equity, or, in the aggregate, 2.9 percent, also quantitatively immaterial.150

The quantitative immateriality of the alleged impairments and understatements alone would not be grounds for dismissal if relevant qualitative factors would permit a finding of materiality. The qualitative factors "are intended to allow for a finding of materiality if the quantitative size of the misstatement is small, but the effect of the misstatement is large."151 Plaintiffs' sole argument in this regard is that the impairments and understatements were qualitatively material because, in October and November 2008, they "forced ING to seek and receive a bail out by the Dutch Government to remain adequately capitalized and functioning."152 There are at least two problems with this argument.

First, the CAC connects only the Alt-A and subprime RMBS impairments to ING's need to obtain a bailout from the Dutch government.153 There are no allegations that the unrecorded impairments with respect to the financial institution debt securities and the understated loan loss reserves "forced" ING to need a Dutch government bailout.154 Accordingly, even assuming the CAC's allegations could sufficiently make out qualitative materiality, they could do so only with respect to the Alt-A and subprime RMBS impairment.

Second, the fact, assumed here to be true, that ING was "forced" to accept a government bailout in October and November 2008 because of allegedly unreported impairments and understatements does not say anything about whether the same thing would have been the case in March or June 2008, particularly in light of the "distinctively unique financial crisis"155 that was particularly turbulent in the later period.156 There are no factual allegations that ING would have been "forced" to accept a bailout from the Dutch government had the impairments and understatements been recorded at the end of March 2008 or at the time of the June 2008 Offering.

Consequently, the CAC fails to allege facts sufficient to support an inference that the allegedly undisclosed impairments or loan loss reserves were material.

B. Alleged Omissions

1. Omissions relating to allegedly "risky nature" of Alt-A and subprime RMBS

Plaintiffs next argue that ING was obliged to disclose the details about its Alt-A and subprime RMBS, including the particular types of loans in the pools underlying the securities, as well as the places and years in which they were issued, because the June 2008 Offering Materials (1) described the assets as "near prime and of high-quality," (2) noted that ING was "well-insulated from the worst effects of the market turmoil," and (3) had "risk management fully integrated at all levels."157 As with the September 2007 Offering Materials, they argue that these statements "obligated [defendants] to speak fully and truthfully about [ING's] RMBS exposure.158

Defendants first contend that, like the September 2007 Offering Materials, the CAC fails to allege ING's assets were "extremely risky" so that disclosures about, for example, the types of loans underlying them and the states in which the loans were originated were required.159 The CAC's allegations with respect to the June 2008 Offering Materials, however, sufficiently allege a connection between the general market conditions and ING's assets to plausibly suggest that they were risky.

In addition to the market-wide allegations described above,160 the CAC specifically alleges specific problems in ING's RMBS portfolio prior to the June 2008 Offering including:

These allegations sufficiently link the troubles in the market — at large to ING's portfolio to support a plausible inference, that ING's assets in June 2008 were "extremely risky," and could impact the company's finances. The fact that ING held these allegedly risky assets may have rendered misleading its statements that its assets were "near prime and of high quality" and that it was "well insulated" from the worst of the market if those risks were material.

Defendants next argue that the allegedly omitted information was immaterial in light of the extensive information the June 2008 Offering Materials disclosed about ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS.165 As noted, an omission is material only if it "would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the total mix of information made available."166 This "necessarily depends on all relevant circumstances of a particular case."167 In consequence, a complaint may not be dismissed for immateriality unless the alleged omissions "are so obviously unimportant that reasonable minds could not differ on the question of their importance."168

The June 2008 Offering Materials contained numerous disclosures about ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS assets. ING's 2007 20-F disclosed the size of ING's holdings,169 and the negative revaluations taken on them,170 the fact that the credit ratings on more than € 10 million of them had been downgraded by the credit rating agencies.171 It warned also that "there can be no assurances that we will not experience further negative impacts to our shareholders equity or profit and loss accounts from such assets in future periods."172 ING's May 15, 2008 6-K disclosed additional details about the company's exposure to Alt-A and subprime RMBS, reporting € 33 million in impairments on ING's subprime RMBS and € 17 million on its Alt-A RMBS, as well as declines in the fair value of its RMBS portfolio.173 It disclosed also, in a separate appendix called "Direct Impact of Credit and Liquidity Crisis," that ING had taken negative revaluations of € 528 million and € 4.2 billion on its subprime and Alt-A assets, respectively.174

The question whether these disclosures rendered the alleged omissions immaterial is a close call. They were extensive and described in some detail the risks that ING's subprime and Alt-A RMBS posed to the company's financial health. But they were undercut to some extent by ING's statements that it had suffered "limited direct impact" from the credit and liquidity crisis and that the further negative impacts to shareholder equity might occur as a result of "uncertainties concerning valuations," as opposed to from the inherently risky nature of the securities it held.175 In all the circumstances, the Court cannot conclude as a matter of law that no reasonable investor would have found additional disclosures about the nature of ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS immaterial as a matter of law. Accordingly, the CAC states a claim on this basis for which relief might be granted.176

2. Omissions related to financial institution debt securities

Plaintiffs allege that the June 2008 Offering Materials were false and misleading because they failed to disclose "the actual risks associated with ING's investments in Icelandic Banks and WaMu debt securities."177 The CAC, however, fails to allege facts that would permit a conclusion that these disclosures were material. It is devoid of any allegations about the extent of ING's exposure to Icelandic bank or WaMu debt securities or how they affected ING's financial position. The closest it comes are allegations that ING failed to take € 413 million in impairments on these assets that allegedly should have taken. But, as noted above, this allegation is immaterial. Accordingly, the CAC fails to state a claim on this basis.

3. LTV, FICO, and rating statements

The June 2008 Offering Materials stated that "on average, the ING Direct Alt-A RMBS portfolio is near prime and of high-quality with a loan-to-value ratio of 71%, an average FICO [s]core of 723 and more than 99% of the portfolio is rated AAA."178 Plaintiffs allege that using the LTV ratios and FICO scores of the loans to support the assertion that ING's RMBS were "high quality" was false and misleading because those metrics were based on historic information provided by the borrowers at the time the mortgages were issued but were presented as statements of current fact.179 These statements are insufficient to state a claim for the reasons noted above. Plaintiffs have failed to allege that any LTV ratios or FICO scores in the loans underlying ING's RMBS had changed from the time the loans were originated. The statements with respect to the RMBS credit ratings fail also to state a claim for the reasons discussed above.

4. Other alleged IFRS violations

The CAC alleges also that ING violated several other accounting principles, including IAS numbers 1, 7, 10, and 34.180 These allegations are insufficient to state a claim because, among other reasons, they fail to allege in anything other than a conclusory manner how the alleged violations of these standards would have been material.181

VI. SECTION 15 CLAIMS

The CAC alleges that the Individual Defendants and SING are liable under Section 15 as ING's controlling persons. As the CAC alleges a primary violation of the Securities Act only with respect to the omissions regarding the risky nature of ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS in the June 2008 Offering Materials, it alleges a Section 15 claim only to that extent as well.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion to dismiss [DI 76] is granted except that it is denied with respect to the claims based on the allegedly omitted information regarding the "risky nature" of ING's Alt-A and subprime RMBS in the June 2008 Offering Materials and the Section 15 claims based thereon.

SO ORDERED.