SAND, District Judge.
Plaintiffs in these consolidated cases are investors in the Beacon Associates investment fund ("Beacon"), which served as a "feeder fund" to Bernard L. Madoff Securities LLC ("BMIS"). Plaintiffs bring claims against various Defendants associated with the Beacon Fund based on losses ultimately sustained as a result of Madoff's massive Ponzi scheme. All Defendants have moved to dismiss the Second Consolidated Amended Complaint ("SCAC"). For the following reasons, the motions are granted in part, denied in part.
The basic facts surrounding Madoff's historic Ponzi scheme are now well known. Madoff was a prominent and respected member of the investing community, and had served as a member of the NASDAQ stock market's Board of Governors and as the vice-chairman of the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD"). Madoff's investment company, BMIS, had operated since approximately 1960. Madoff, who was notoriously secretive, claimed he utilized a "split-strike conversion strategy" to produce consistently high rates of return on investment. The split-strike conversion strategy supposedly involved buying a basket of stocks listed on the Standard & Poor's 100 index and hedging through the use of options.
However, since at least the early nineties, Madoff did not actually engage in any trading activity. Instead, Madoff generated false paper account statements and
Many individuals and institutions that invested with Madoff did so through feeder funds such as the Beacon Fund. Investors would invest in the feeder fund, which would then invest its assets with Madoff. The Beacon Fund invested approximately 71% of its assets with Madoff. NYAG Compl. ¶ 43. Between 1995 and 2008, Beacon invested approximately $164 million with Madoff and withdrew approximately $26 million, leaving a net investment of approximately $138 million. Id. In November 2008, just prior to the revelation of Madoff's fraud, the reported value of the Beacon Fund's Madoff account was approximately $358 million. Id.
After Madoff's fraud became public, the Beacon Fund's managing members decided to liquidate the Beacon Fund and distribute its remaining assets. The fund's liquidation forms the subject matter of another action before this Court and Magistrate Judge Peck. See Beacon Assocs. Mgmt. Corp. v. Beacon Assocs. LLC I, No. 09 Civ. 6910(AJP), 725 F.Supp.2d 451, 2010 WL 2947076 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2010); Rounds v. Beacon Assocs. Mgmt. Corp., No. 09 Civ. 6910(LBS), 2009 WL 4857622 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 16, 2009).
In 1983, Defendants Lawrence Simon and Howard Wohl formed Ivy Asset Management, LLC ("Ivy"). Ivy is a registered investment advisor, and provides three categories
In the late 1980s, Simon met John P. Jeanneret in a restaurant in upstate New York. Jeanneret offered asset management and investment consulting services to upstate New York union pension and welfare funds as president and owner of J.P. Jeanneret Associates, Inc. ("JPJA"), alongside director Paul L. Perry. In 1990, Ivy introduced Jeanneret to Madoff. In 1991, Ivy and JPJA entered into a advisory agreement under which JPJA would pay Ivy 50% of any fees it earned by placing investors with Madoff or other Ivy-recommended investment managers. If the number of JPJA clients invested with Ivy-recommended managers dropped below two, Ivy would instead be entitled to receive 60% of the investment management fees. In 1992, JPJA founded the Income Plus Investment Fund ("Income Plus") as a vehicle through which pension funds could invest with Madoff.
In 1991 or 1992, Ivy was introduced to Joel Danziger, Esq., and Harris Markhoff, Esq. Danziger and Markhoff practiced law together at the firm Danziger & Markhoff, LLP, and also managed two investment partnerships. Simon encouraged Danziger and Markhoff to found and manage an investment fund, with Ivy acting as the managers' investment consultant. Danziger and Markhoff formed Andover Associates Management Corporation ("AAMC"), which they owned and of which they were the principals, to serve as general partner for the investment fund. Prior to the formation of the fund, AAMC entered into a consulting agreement with Ivy under which AAMC would pay Ivy 50% of any fees it earned, and Ivy would evaluate and recommend investment managers. In 1993, Danziger and Markhoff founded Andover Associates, LP ("Andover"), with AAMC serving as the general partner. Andover invested with several managers recommended by Ivy, including Madoff.
This arrangement served as the blueprint for Danziger and Markhoff's second feeder fund, Beacon Associates, LLC ("Beacon"),
Participation in the Beacon Fund was offered to investors through confidential Offering Memoranda ("OMs"). Offering Memoranda were released in 2000 and 2004, and were substantially identical. The minimum capital contribution was generally $500,000. The OMs represented that BAMC retained sole discretion to invest and reallocate Beacon assets, and would do so after consultation with Ivy. BAMC was responsible for selecting investment managers with which to invest (such as BMIS), and for "monitoring the Managers' performance and their adherence to their stated investment strategies and objectives." Rosenfeld Decl. Ex. C ("2004 OM"), at 10. BAMC represented that it would "factor[] in" analyses of risk control, speed of recovery from drawdowns, experience, organizational infrastructure, and correlation with traditional investments such as stocks and bonds into its "continuing evaluation of Managers." 2004 OM, at 10.
The OMs described Ivy, which was acquired by the Bank of New York Company, Inc. ("BONY") in 2000, as a "global leader in alternative investment fund-of-funds portfolio management" with "approximately $12 billion of assets under management." Id. at 27. It further stated that Ivy's "staff of approximately 125 includes 25 research analysts and other senior investment professionals who devote 100% of their time to researching, reviewing, monitoring and analyzing current and prospective alternative investment managers, 21 Certified Public Accountants, 13 CFA Charterholders, and 8 CFA candidates." Id.
Both iterations of the OMs contained extensive cautionary language about the risks of investing with Beacon. The OMs explained that the investments would not be diversified, and the 2000 OM explained that a "substantial majority" of the fund's assets would be placed with a single manager employing a "Split-Conversion Hedged Option Transaction strategy." SCAC ¶ 185. The "manager" referred to was Madoff. The 2004 OM did not refer to this "manager," but instead notified investors that a "significant portion of the Company's assets are allocated to a strategy adopted by the Managing Member involving a portfolio of Large Cap Stocks hedged with options (`Large Cap Strategy')." 2004 OM, at 1. The OM cautioned that "[t]he evaluation and due diligence process may vary among Managers and will be dependent on each Manager's individual disclosure practice." Id. at 11. It also warned that, "[a]lthough the Managing Member endeavors to verify the integrity of its Managers and broker it utilizes, there is always the risk that they could mishandle or convert the securities or assets under their control." Id. at 22. Generalized cautionary language was repeated throughout the OM, such as "[a]n investment in the Company involves a high degree of risk," "many of the Company's investments are inherently speculative," and "the Company does not control its Managers, their choice of investments, or other investment decisions[,] which are totally within the control of the selected
Madoff ceased accepting additional investments from JPJA's Income Plus fund sometime in 1999. Simon suggested to Jeanneret that he could circumvent Madoff's limitation on additional investments by investing client assets in the Beacon Fund. Thereafter, JPJA executed amendments to Discretionary Investment Management Agreements ("DIMAs") with union pension fund clients. The DIMAs incorporated the terms of the 2004 Beacon II OM and explicitly anticipated the investment of client funds in the Beacon Fund. The DIMAs certified that JPJA was a fiduciary to the client and would comply with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. The DIMAs provided that JPJA would "perform its duties . . . with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence, under the circumstances then prevailing, . . . and shall diversify the investment account assets so as to avoid the risk of losses." SCAC ¶ 278. The DIMAs also described the use of options as hedges to limit risk in the underlying investments, supposedly an essential part of Madoff's proprietary investment strategy.
The Ivy defendants were aware of rumors calling into question Madoff's bona fides since the early 1990s. In 1991, Simon allegedly told a prospective investor that "Madoff could be a Ponzi scheme" and that "they did not know how much [Madoff] was running." NYAG Compl. ¶ 50.
In 1997, Ivy became suspicious that the number of Standard & Poor's 100 Index options ("OEX options") traded on a given day at the Chicago Board of Options ("CBOE") was insufficient to support Madoff's stated investment strategy based on Ivy's estimate of the amount of money Madoff had under management. Wohl wrote in an internal Ivy memorandum in 1997 that "We should explore this further!" NYAG Compl. ¶ 52. An Ivy employee wrote in 1997 of further suspicions, noting that "understanding Madoff is like finding Pluto . . . you can't really see it . . . you do it through inference, its effect on other objects." NYAG Compl. ¶ 56. Later that year, an internal Ivy memorandum noted that Madoff's records of option trades were inconsistent with the number of option trades and their prices as reported by Bloomberg. The memo stated, "This is a clear example of our inability to make sense of Madoff's strategy, and one where his trades for our accounts are inconsistent with the independent information that is available to us." NYAG Compl. ¶ 57.
Simon asked Madoff about these irregularities on a return flight from a meeting with investors in 1997. Madoff explained that it was "rare" for him to trade options in excess of the volume reported on the CBOE, and that he traded small amounts of OEX options on foreign exchanges. Madoff provided a second explanation later that year or the next, claiming that he also sometimes traded options on domestic exchanges other than the CBOE. Around this time period, Ivy was also concerned that Madoff might be using client money to fund his separate market-making business, that there was no independent verification of Madoff's trades because of his practice of "self-clearing," and that Madoff used a small accounting firm without an established reputation.
These concerns led Ivy to limit its proprietary investment in Madoff to 3% of the fund's value, whereas the general rule was
On August 8, 1997, Ivy wrote to Jeanneret, "As you know, we have not been able to assure ourselves as to how Bernie is able to successfully trade as much money as we believe he manages." SCAC ¶ 282. In August 1998, Ivy sent letters to Danziger and Jeanneret stating that Ivy's only concern about Madoff was his continued ability to manage such a large pool of assets successfully. Ivy wrote that Madoff's "[p]erformance continues to be extremely strong. . . . We continue to question their ability to manage what must be an enormous pool of capital with such consistently outstanding results. They will not quantify the total amount that they manage, but we estimate it to be at least $3 billion. . . . As a result, we recommend a below median allocation." NYAG Compl. ¶ 68.
On December 15, 1998, Ivy met with Madoff again, and Madoff provided a third explanation of his option trading practices. He claimed that up to 50% of his option trading was done off-exchange, with counter-parties he identified only as major banks and institutions. Wohl testified that Madoff's explanation concerned him because he had never heard of OEX options being traded off-exchange in large volumes.
The day after the meeting with Madoff, Wohl proposed that Ivy withdraw all of its proprietary funds from Madoff. He wrote that investment with Madoff "remains a matter of faith based on great performance—this doesn't justify any investment, let alone 3%." NYAG Compl. ¶ 75. Simon responded,
NYAG Compl. ¶ 76. $300 million represented approximately 15% of Ivy's total assets under management (which was calculated to include assets held by advisory clients such as BAMC and JPJA). $1.6 million in fees represented approximately 16% of Ivy's annual revenue.
In response to these concerns, Fred P. Sloan, then Ivy's Chief of Investment Management, suggested a "middle of the road approach" in which Ivy would "terminate all [Madoff] investments for the [proprietary] Ivy Funds," then "write to the advisory clients telling them we have done so and the reasons why . . . [t]hen leave the rest up to them." NYAG Compl. ¶ 76. Sloan reasoned that "we will of course still have liability as an investment advisor, particularly for the ERISA entities, but we will have insulated ourselves from liability as GP of our funds. . . . I image that our letters to clients would serve to at least partially exculpate Ivy should the worst happen." Id. Sloan explained that "[f]ull withdrawals from the Ivy funds would send a very clear message to the clients regarding Ivy's concerns about this investment."
On December 30, 1998, two weeks after the e-mail exchange, Simon and Wohl met with Jeanneret and another Ivy client. The client wanted to increase greatly its Madoff investment, but Simon recommended a smaller increase, citing Madoff's age, the inability to replicate his results, and the small size of his accounting firm. The client asked if it should completely withdraw from Madoff instead, but Simon only recommended limiting total investment with Madoff. Jeanneret's notes from this meeting reflect that Ivy's due diligence "shows no problem for Madoff," that Ivy "tend[s] not to have more than 5-7% with any one mgr," and that "Madoff['s] accountant is ok but small." NYAG Compl. ¶ 87.
On January 12, 1999, Ivy sent a letter to the client and Jeanneret to "clarify and expand" on what had been discussed in the meeting. NYAG Compl. ¶ 88. The letter stated that "[w]e have no reason to believe that the Madoff account is anything other than what Ivy's experience has shown and what the record demonstrates." Id. It continued, "due to a lack of external corroborative evidence, we cannot `close the loop' in a manner that gives us total comfort," and restated Ivy's concern regarding Madoff's lack of a separate custodian for the securities he traded and Ivy's practice of "limiting investments (generally between 8% and 15%, depending on the circumstances) to any manager in Ivy's roster." Id. In January and July of 1999, Ivy sent letters to Danziger and Jeanneret that said, "As we have stated many times, while we have no reason to believe there is anything improper in the Madoff operation, we continue to question their ability to manage what must be an enormous pool of capital with such consistently outstanding results." Id.
In internal notes memorializing a September 1999 meeting with a prospective business partner, a non-advisory client, Ivy noted that he "appeared to be taken aback by the suggestion that the explanation of how [Madoff] works could be that something improper is being done." NYAG Compl. ¶ 100. When Ivy met with Jeanneret in April 2000, internal Ivy notes record that Jeanneret asked, "is [Madoff] essentially legitimate?," to which Defendant Adam L. Geiger, Ivy's Director of Research, responded, "essentially legitimate." Id. ¶ 102. Geiger went on to explain that Ivy had not been able to "fully close the loop on him and therefore Madoff is limited to no more than 4% in the Ivy funds." Id.
In the fall of 2000, Ivy completely withdrew its proprietary investments from Madoff. Ivy was about to be acquired by BONY, a transaction in which Simon and Wohl would make approximately $100 million each. SCAC ¶ 92. Simon testified that he told Danziger that Madoff had demanded the withdrawal; he further elaborated to Jeanneret that Madoff's reason for the demand was that he believed BONY's acquisition of Ivy would create a potential conflict of interest. However, Simon's son, Sean Simon, wrote to a prospective client on August 20, 2001 that "Ivy had chosen not to invest with Madoff in its proprietary funds but had exposure through Beacon and one customized account." NYAG Compl. ¶ 105. Sean Simon reiterated this in 2008 when he told BONY
In January 2001, Simon advised a client with a small investment in BMIS to divest completely, which the client did. In August 2001, an internal Ivy memorandum noted that Wohl told a client that Ivy had withdrawn its proprietary funds from Madoff, and the client responded that, "if it's not good enough for [Ivy], then it should be out of [client]." NYAG Compl. ¶ 108. Another internal memorandum from September 2001 reflected that Simon told a client, "we have exposure remaining through mandate of individual clients but no current investment within our proprietary funds. Madoff provided a good example of some red flags raised by research and overall process of Ivy in regards to risk/reward." Id. at 109.
In March 2001, Wohl suggested to Simon that Ivy exclude a large pension fund client that was heavily invested in Madoff from Ivy's responsibility; Simon responded, "You may be spending too much time in the sun! If we give up Madoff, [Jeanneret] has opportunity to move in." NYAG Compl. ¶ 117. Simon wrote in June 2001 that this client's assets with Madoff "helped to contribute towards building Ivy's [assets under management] and credibility, despite our real concerns about [Madoff]." Id. ¶ 118. Simon concluded, "legal question: Now that [BONY] owns Ivy, who has the ultimate liability? ?" Id. ¶ 119.
Ivy again sent letters to Danziger and Jeanneret in February of 2001, listing the growth in Madoff's assets under management as Ivy's only concern. Letters sent in August of 2001 and 2002 also noted that Ivy was "unable to perform [its] usual and customary due diligence due to limitations set by Madoff." Id. ¶ 112. Simon testified that Madoff had not prohibited Ivy from making due diligence visits, but that Ivy had decided to stop making due diligence visits after Ivy withdrew its proprietary investment because it decided that Ivy was no longer welcome.
On June 29, 2001, Wohl wrote that "Madoff can personally bankrupt the Jewish community if he is not `real.'" Id. ¶ 113. On April 1, 2002, Wohl responded to a subordinate's attempt to analyze Madoff's consistent success by writing, "Ah, Madoff. You omitted one other possibility— he's a fraud!" Id. An internal Ivy memorandum from January 14, 2002 reflects that Ivy told a client that, due to "qualitative issues" with Madoff, "no matter how successful he continue[s] to be, we are [not] satisfied as a fiduciary to invest client assets" with him. Id. ¶ 114. When Wohl was asked by a subordinate whether Ivy would be interested in investing with Madoff, Wohl responded "NO." Id. ¶ 115. Around this time, Ivy wrote to another advisory client with money invested in Madoff that "we have not recommended allocations to [Madoff]." Id. ¶ 116. In a January 2003 email discussing potential managers to recommend to a client, Wohl wrote, "Madoff (NOT!)." Id. ¶ 115.
In 2002, 2003, and 2004, Ivy again sent letters to Danziger and Jeanneret listing Madoff's growing assets under management as Ivy's only concern. Ivy sent no further written reports to Danziger and Jeanneret after 2004. In 2005 and 2007, Ivy assessed its ten largest business risks, and Madoff was included both times.
On January 1, 2006, BAMC and Ivy executed a new advisory contract, which was not disclosed to Plaintiffs. This contract explicitly excluded Madoff from the managers Ivy agreed to research, monitor, meet with, and evaluate. In the contract, Madoff was down-graded to a "Non-Recommended Manager." SCAC ¶ 249. The contract stated that "[BAMC] has expressly
Pursuant to the Beacon OMs, Plaintiffs received quarterly unaudited account statements and yearly audited statements. For example, one of the unaudited quarterly statements issued just prior to the revelation of Madoff's fraud in 2008 stated that Beacon's Madoff account was "approximately 75% in U.S. Treasury securities for most of September, thereby largely insulating [the Fund] from the chaotic market losses over the past month." Id. ¶ 268.
Friedberg was engaged to perform audits of the Beacon Fund financial statements. These audits were to be performed in accordance with Generally Accepted Auditing Standards ("GAAS"), established by the Accounting Standards Board ("ASB") of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants ("AICPA"). GAAS required Friedburg to "obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether caused by error or fraud." Id. ¶ 370. If an independent third party was the "custodian of a material amount of the audited entity's assets," GAAS also required the auditor to consider whether the third party's response to a request for confirmation would provide "meaningful and appropriate audit evidence." Id. ¶ 375.
Plaintiffs allege numerous red flags which they claim should have prompted further inquiry by Friedburg. First, there was no published SAS 70 audit report available for BMIS. A SAS 70 audit report is a widely recognized auditing standard developed by the AICPA and represents that a service organization such as an investment adviser has been the subject of an in-depth audit of their control objectives and control activities. Second, the vast majority of the Beacon Fund was invested in BMIS, increasing risk. Third, Madoff's accounting firm, Friehling & Horowitz, had been telling the AICPA that it did not perform audits for fifteen years, despite serving as Madoff's auditor. Fourth, Madoff ran his own "back office," which entailed that BMIS calculated its own net asset values and prepared its own account statements.
BAMC's engagement letter with Friedberg states that BAMC had "made available to [Friedberg] all financial records and related data." Id. ¶ 391. In addition, Friedberg's May 8, 2008 audit report states that Friedberg "examin[ed], on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements." Id.
In each audit report, Friedberg expressed its unqualified opinion that the Beacon Fund's financial statements "present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of [the fund] . . . and the results of its operations and changes in net assets for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America." Id. ¶ 403.
Plaintiffs allege that many publicly available facts suggested that Madoff was a fraud, and that many private investors decided Madoff was suspicious after examining the publicly available data. The alleged red flags include: Madoff's intense secretiveness; investors' inability to replicate Madoff's results using his claimed strategy; the low correlation of Madoff's performance to the market, despite the
The SEC and FINRA failed to catch Madoff's fraud. In the SEC's investigation of its failure to catch Madoff, it noted that "numerous private entities conducted basic due diligence of Madoff's operations and, without regulatory authority to compel information, came to the conclusion that an investment with Madoff was unwise." Id. ¶ 413. As early as 2002, Rogerscasey, a domestic registered investment adviser, warned clients away from Madoff feeder funds. In 2005, Harry Markopolos submitted a complaint to the SEC alleging that Madoff was a fraud. Hedge fund adviser Acorn Partners doubted Madoff's bona fides. Many European hedge funds avoided Madoff because he did not pass their due diligence. In 2007, investment manager Akasia advised clients not to invest with Madoff after becoming suspicious of him. In July 2008, Albourne Partners, a London due diligence firm, advised a client to liquidate a $10 million investment in a Madoff feeder fund.
On December 11, 2008, Madoff was arrested by federal authorities for operating a multi-billion dollar Ponzi scheme. Plaintiffs allege that immediately after the Madoff fraud was disclosed, on or about December 16, 2008, Perry conceded to several Trustees of Plaintiff pension funds that he had tried to replicate Madoff's results multiple times, but the calculations and analysis never supported Madoff's reported results.
On March 12, 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to securities fraud and related offenses arising out of his Ponzi scheme. On March 18, 2009, the United States Attorney's Office indicted BMIS's accountant, David Friehling of Friehling & Horowitz, CPAs, P.C., on charges of securities fraud, filing false audit reports, and related offenses. On August 11, 2009, BMIS's Chief Financial Officer, Frank DiPascali, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit securities fraud and related offenses. On November 13, 2009, the United States Attorney's Office charged two computer programmers with aiding Madoff's scheme by developing software to generate false trading data.
On May 11, 2010, the Attorney General of the State of New York ("NY AG") filed a civil complaint against Ivy, Simon, and Wohl in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, alleging that the Ivy Defendants committed fraud and related offenses. Plaintiffs' SCAC is "based in part" on the allegations contained in the N.Y. AG's complaint.
On a motion to dismiss, a court reviewing a complaint will consider all material factual allegations as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Lee v. Bankers Trust Co., 166 F.3d 540, 543 (2d Cir.1999). "To survive dismissal, the plaintiff must provide the grounds upon which his claim rests through factual allegations sufficient to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." ATSI Commc'ns Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 93 (2d Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Ultimately, the plaintiff must allege "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 547, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). "[A] simple declaration that defendant's conduct violated the ultimate legal standard at issue . . . does not suffice." Gregory v. Daly, 243 F.3d 687, 692 (2d Cir.2001).
Allegations of fraud must meet the heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b), which requires that the plaintiff "state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud." Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). The complaint must "(1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent." Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1128 (2d Cir.1994). "[W]hile Rule 9(b) permits scienter to be demonstrated by inference, this must not be mistaken for license to base claims of fraud on speculation and conclusory allegations. An ample factual basis must be supplied to support the charges." O'Brien v. Nat'l Prop. Analysts Partners, 936 F.2d 674, 676 (2d Cir.1991) (internal citations omitted).
On a motion to dismiss, a court is not limited to the four corners of the complaint; a court may also consider "documents attached to the complaint as an exhibit or incorporated in it by reference,. . . matters of which judicial notice may be taken, or . . . documents either in plaintiffs' possession or of which plaintiffs had knowledge and relied on in bringing suit." Brass v. Am. Film Techs., Inc., 987 F.2d 142, 150 (2d Cir.1993).
Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), prohibits conduct "involving manipulation or deception, manipulation being practices . . . that are intended to mislead investors by artificially affecting market activity, and deception being misrepresentation, or nondisclosure intended to deceive." Field v. Trump, 850 F.2d 938, 946-47 (2d Cir.1988). Section 10(b) makes it unlawful to "use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security . . . any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may proscribe." Id. The SEC rule implementing the statute, Rule 10b-5, prohibits "mak[ing] any untrue statement of a material fact or [omitting] to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading." 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5(b).
In order to state a securities fraud claim under Section 10(b), a "plaintiff must establish that `the defendant, in connection with the purchase or sale of securities, made a materially false statement or omitted a material fact, with scienter, and that the plaintiff's reliance on the defendant's action caused injury to the plaintiff.'" ECA, Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chicago v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 197 (2d Cir.2009) ("ECA")
Section 10(b) claims are subject to the heightened pleading requirements of Rule 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act ("PSLRA"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 77z-1, 78u-4. See ATSI Commc'ns, 493 F.3d at 99. Under the PSLRA, the complaint must "specify each statement alleged to have been misleading [and] the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading," and "state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind," namely, with intent "to deceive, manipulate or defraud." 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1), (2). "Therefore, `[w]hile we normally draw reasonable inferences in the non-movant's favor on a motion to dismiss,' the PSLRA `establishes a more stringent rule for inferences involving scienter' because the PSLRA requires particular allegations giving rise to a strong inference of scienter." ECA, 553 F.3d at 196 (quoting Teamsters Local 445 Freight Div. Pension Fund v. Dynex Capital Inc., 531 F.3d 190, 194 (2d Cir.2008)).
Scienter is a "mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud." Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 319, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). "[T]he facts alleged must support an inference of an intent to defraud the plaintiffs rather than some other group." ECA, 553 F.3d at 197 (quoting Kalnit v. Eichler, 264 F.3d 131, 140-41 (2d Cir.2001)).
Moreover, the PSLRA requires a plaintiff to "state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind." 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2); see also Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 170 (2d Cir.2004). "[A]n inference of scienter must be more than merely plausible or reasonable—it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent." Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314, 127 S.Ct. 2499. The Court must consider "not only inferences urged by the plaintiff, . . . but also competing inferences rationally drawn from the facts alleged. An inference of fraudulent intent may be plausible, yet less cogent than other, nonculpable explanations for the defendant's conduct." Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314, 127 S.Ct. 2499. In determining whether a plaintiff adequately pleads scienter, the Court must consider whether "all of the facts alleged, taken collectively, give rise to a strong inference of scienter, not whether any individual allegation, scrutinized in isolation, meets that standard." Id. at 323, 127 S.Ct. 2499.
Scienter can be shown by (1) demonstrating that a defendant had motive and opportunity to commit fraud, or (2) providing evidence of conscious recklessness. See South Cherry, 573 F.3d at 108-09. Conscious recklessness is a "state of mind approximating actual intent, and not merely a heightened form of negligence." South Cherry, 573 F.3d at 109 (quoting Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 312 (2d Cir.2000)). Recklessness is "at the least, . . . an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care . . . to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that the defendant must have been aware of it." Novak, 216 F.3d at 308. Thus, scienter is adequately pleaded when the "complaint sufficiently alleges that the defendants (1) benefited in a concrete and personal way from the purported fraud . . .; (2) engaged in deliberately illegal behavior . . .; (3) knew facts or had access to information suggesting that their public statements were not accurate . . .; or (4) failed to check information
Plaintiffs plead facts persuasively indicating that the Ivy Defendants "knew facts or had access to information suggesting that their public statements were not accurate." Id. "[S]ecurities fraud claims typically have sufficed to state a claim based on recklessness when they have specifically alleged defendants' knowledge of facts or access to information contradicting their public statements. Under such circumstances, defendants knew or, more importantly, should have known that they were misrepresenting material facts." Novak, 216 F.3d at 308. "Where plaintiffs contend defendants had access to contrary facts, they must specifically identify the reports or statements containing this information." Id. at 309.
Ivy's alleged knowledge of facts and information indicating that investing with Madoff was a highly risky venture strongly suggests that Ivy's public statements to BAMC and JPJA were not accurate. Plaintiffs persuasively allege that Ivy knew, inter alia, that (1) Madoff's records of option trades were inconsistent with the number of option trades and their prices as reported by Bloomberg in 1997, providing a "clear example of [an instance] where his trades for our accounts are inconsistent with the independent information that is available to us," NYAG Compl. ¶ 56; (2) Madoff provided dubious and shifting explanations of how his business operated, which led Wohl to propose complete divestment from Madoff in 1998; (3) there was a possibility that Madoff was using client money to fund his separate market-making business; (4) there was no independent verification of Madoff's trades because of his practice of "self-clearing"; and (5) Madoff used a small accounting firm without an established reputation.
Plaintiffs also persuasively allege that Ivy had grave doubts about Madoff, doubts which were candidly discussed in internal memoranda and e-mails and which led Ivy to steer other investors away from Madoff. For example, Simon advised a client to divest completely from Madoff in January 2001, and an internal Ivy memorandum from January 14, 2002 reflects that Ivy told a client that, due to "qualitative issues" with Madoff, "no matter how successful he continue[s] to be, we are [not] satisfied as a fiduciary to invest client assets" with him. Id. ¶ 114.
Despite Ivy's grave concerns over Madoff, and Wohl's explicit consideration of the possibility that Madoff might be a "fraud" in 2002, NYAG Compl. ¶ 113, BAMC and JPJA were told in letters from 2001-04 that "we have no reason to believe there is anything improper in the Madoff operation," and that the primary risk associated with investing with Madoff was the size of assets under his control. NYAG Compl. ¶ 88. This contradiction between what Ivy told BAMC and JPJA and what Ivy privately knew about Madoff supports a strong inference of scienter.
This inference is bolstered by Ivy's motive and opportunity to commit fraud. "In order to raise a strong inference of scienter through `motive and opportunity' to defraud, Plaintiffs must allege that [defendant] or its officers `benefited in some concrete and personal way from the purported fraud.'" ECA, 553 F.3d at 197 (quoting Novak, 216 F.3d at 307-08). "Motives that are common to most corporate officers, such as the desire for the corporation to appear profitable and the desire to keep stock prices high to increase officer compensation, do not constitute `motive' for purposes of this inquiry." Id.
Under Plaintiffs' theory of Ivy's motive to commit fraud, Ivy realized in the late 1990s that investing with Madoff was too risky given Ivy's many doubts. However,
This theory alleges more than a garden-variety motive for business success and personal profits. See, e.g., In re AstraZeneca Sec. Litig., 559 F.Supp.2d 453, 468 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (holding that in pleading scienter, "arguing that the motive for defrauding investors was to increase the company's profits or to increase officer compensation is not sufficient"), aff'd sub nom. State Univ. Ret. Sys. of Ill. v. AstraZeneca PLC, 334 Fed.Appx. 404 (2d Cir.2009). It alleges more than a desire to keep Ivy's AUM high and retain clients. See, e.g., Stephenson v. Citco Grp. Ltd., 700 F.Supp.2d 599, 620-21 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (economic interest in retaining clients not probative of motive to ignore Madoff's fraud). Rather, Plaintiffs' theory alleges that Ivy carefully balanced the risks and rewards of revealing the true severity of its concerns to two classes of clients: those clients for whom Ivy had already incurred potential legal liability would be sent veiled messages, while new clients would be strongly and explicitly steered away from Madoff. The Ivy defendants benefited concretely and personally from such a course of conduct by keeping Ivy's AUM high enough to be acquired by BONY while managing their legal liability. Ivy advised BAMC and JPJA to deploy their assets in the most advantageous way given that Ivy had likely already incurred legal liability, and Ivy limited its additional exposure to legal liability by providing much stronger warnings to clients who had not already invested large sums with Madoff.
With the benefit of the New York Attorney General's allegations, Plaintiffs plead facts adequately supporting this theory of Ivy's motive. Simon, Wohl, and Sloan explicitly discussed the pitfalls of sending too strong a signal of discomfort with Madoff to BAMC and JPJA in 1998. In arguing against withdrawing Ivy's proprietary investment with Madoff, Simon wrote, "[a]re we prepared to take all the chips off the table, have assets decrease by over $300 million and our overall fees reduced by $1.6 million or more, and, one wonders if we ever `escape' the legal issue of being the asset allocator and introducer, even if we terminate all Madoff related relationships?" NYAG Compl. ¶ 76. Simon would later acknowledge the crucial role that advisory client assets invested with Madoff played in Ivy's success and the lingering worries over legal liability for introducing those clients to Madoff. Simon wrote in June 2001 that a large advisory client's Madoff investment "helped to contribute towards building Ivy's [assets under management] and credibility, despite our real concerns about [Madoff]." Id. ¶ 118. Simon
In sum, Plaintiffs' allegations of contradictions between Ivy's statements to BAMC and JPJA and the facts Ivy knew, as well Plaintiffs' allegations of Ivy's motive and opportunity, raise a strong inference of scienter. This inference is "cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent." Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314, 127 S.Ct. 2499. Based on the facts alleged, Ivy's possession of intent to deceive BAMC and JPJA is at least as strong an inference as a mere uncertainty as to Madoff's bona fides on Ivy's part.
Ivy contends that even if the Court finds scienter adequately pled, Ivy did not make any statement or omission to upon which Plaintiffs relied. Ivy argues that essentially all of its communications were made only to BAMC and JPJA, and that Ivy's direct statements to Plaintiffs were limited to periodic performance reports on the Madoff investments. These performance reports were printed on Ivy letterhead, but stated that "[t]he information presented is based on estimates provided by the individual hedge funds the Portfolio invests with as of or prior to the date of this report and is preliminary, unaudited and subject to change." Hart Supp. Decl. Ex. F. Furthermore, Ivy points to the fact that its consulting agreements with BAMC and JPJA explicitly provided that Ivy was exclusively retained to advise the managing member of the respective funds, and would not provide advice directly to the funds or the funds' investors. The BAMC-Ivy agreement also stated that third parties were not intended beneficiaries of the contract, and the Beacon OMs informed plaintiffs of this fact. Additionally, Ivy maintains that it had no role in drafting the Beacon OMs and JPJA DIMAs, and that no statement was attributed to Ivy in the Beacon OMs and the JPJA DIMAs.
This lack of direct communication between Ivy and Plaintiffs poses difficulties for pleading reliance in light of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit's recent decision in Pacific Inv. Mgmt. Co. v. Mayer Brown LLP, 603 F.3d 144 (2d Cir.2010) ("PIMCO"). The PIMCO court held that "a secondary actor can be held liable in a private damages action brought pursuant to Rule 10b-5 only for false statements attributed to the secondary actor at the
Plaintiffs argue that even if no statements in the Beacon OMs and JPJA DIMAs were explicitly attributed to Ivy, BAMC was acting as Plaintiffs' agent, and misrepresentations made to an agent are deemed to made to the principal. Plaintiffs cite some authority for this proposition,
Ivy's primary defense to a fraud on the agent theory is to argue that the alleged misrepresentations it made to BAMC and JPJA were not made in connection with the purchase or sale of securities. Ivy argues that the only securities ever purchased directly by Plaintiffs were their ownership interests in the Beacon Fund, and BAMC could not be acting as Plaintiffs' agent in that transaction because Plaintiffs had not yet invested in the fund.
Under Section 10(b), actionable fraud must be "in connection with the purchase or sale of any security." 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). The "in connection with" factor must be construed "not technically and restrictively, but flexibly to effectuate its remedial purpose." SEC v. Zandford, 535 U.S. 813, 820-21, 122 S.Ct. 1899, 153 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002). "The Supreme Court has defined the scope of `in connection with' very broadly to encompass a `fraudulent scheme in which the securities transactions and breaches of fiduciary duty coincide.'" Levinson v. PSCC Servs., Inc., No. 09 Civ. 269(PCD), 2009 WL 5184363, at *6 (D.Conn. Dec. 23, 2009) (quoting Zandford, 535 U.S. at 825, 122 S.Ct. 1899); see also Ling v. Deutsche Bank, AG, No. 04 Civ. 4566(HB), 2005 WL 1244689, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 26, 2005) ("[T]he requirement is satisfied when the securities transactions and breaches complained of coincide and are not independent events.").
The Court finds the reasoning in Levinson persuasive. Ivy's alleged misrepresentations related to its appraisal of Madoff, who was alleged to be making securities trades with Plaintiffs' money on a regular basis. Ivy was also responsible for reporting the results of Madoff's purported securities transaction to Plaintiffs. Moreover, pursuant to the Beacon OMs, Ivy was to be consulted each time BAMC made a decision to allocate or reallocate Plaintiffs' funds with different managers. Lastly, and most importantly, Ivy's alleged misrepresentations placed upon Ivy a continuing duty to update or correct past statements when they became known to be misleading. See In re NovaGold Resources Inc. Secs. Litig., 629 F.Supp.2d 272, 301 (S.D.N.Y.2009) ("The duty to correct applies to statements that are false at the time they are made, and it arises `when [the defendant] learned that its prior statement . . . was untrue.' In contrast, the more limited duty to update applies to `a statement made misleading by intervening events, even if the statement was true when made.'" (quoting Lattanzio, 476 F.3d at 154; Overton v. Todman and Co., 478 F.3d 479, 487 (2d Cir.2007))); see also In re Time Warner Inc. Secs. Litig., 9 F.3d 259, 267 (2d Cir.1993) (holding that duty to update prior statements arises when those statements "have become misleading as the result of intervening events"), cited in Illinois State Bd. of Inv. v. Authentidate Holding Corp., 369 Fed.Appx. 260, 263 (2d Cir.2010) (table decision). Accordingly, even if Ivy had rarely spoken about Madoff, Ivy was under a continuing duty to disclose its true concerns so as to render prior statements of opinion not misleading during the time period Madoff was making trades with Plaintiffs' money. This satisfies section 10(b)'s "in connection with the purchase or sale of any security" requirement. 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b).
Accordingly, Plaintiffs state a viable claim for securities fraud against Ivy under section 10(b).
In addition to 10(b) claims against Ivy, Plaintiffs bring claims against Simon and Wohl for primary violations of section 10(b). Ivy's arguments against individual liability for Simon and Wohl rest entirely on arguments rejected in the course of finding Ivy liable under section 10(b). Moreover, Simon and Wohl are alleged to have made many of the alleged misrepresentations underlying the claims against Ivy and to have played the leading roles in the allegedly fraudulent course of conduct. Accordingly, Plaintiffs state viable individual claims against Simon and Wohl under section 10(b).
Ivy does not contest that section 20(a) claims against Simon and Wohl are adequately pleaded so long as an underlying 10(b) violation by Ivy survives the motion to dismiss. Ivy's Supp. Mem. Resp. SCAC, at 41 n. 38. While Ivy maintains that Plaintiffs have not sufficiently alleged Geiger's and Sloan's control over Ivy, Plaintiffs have alleged that Geiger and Sloan were high-level executives at Ivy with discretion over the investment advice, oversight, and administrative services that Ivy provided to clients generally. These allegations of control suffice to survive a motion to dismiss. See Anwar v. Fairfield Greenwich Ltd., No. 09 Civ. 0118(VM), 728 F.Supp.2d 372, 413-14, 2010 WL 3341636, at *27 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 18, 2010) (control adequately pleaded against "high-level player[s]" who participated in feeder fund's decision-making). Additionally, Plaintiffs show Geiger's and Sloan's culpable participation by identifying specific statements attributed to them bearing directly on Ivy's misrepresentations. For instance, Sloan suggested a strategy in 1998 to "insulate[][Ivy] from liability as GP of our funds" while maintaining advisory clients' investments with Madoff. NYAG Compl. ¶ 76 Geiger represented to Jeanneret in 2000 that Madoff was "essentially legitimate."
However, Plaintiffs fail to plead that BONY was sufficiently culpable or involved in the underlying securities fraud violation. Plaintiffs assert that BONY required Ivy to withdraw its proprietary investment with Madoff, but this is contradicted by Ivy's statements that either (a) Madoff requested that Ivy divest, or (b) Ivy decided to divest before it was acquired by BONY. Plaintiffs also assert that Ivy formed a risk assessment committee "under the aegis of BONY," and ranked Madoff as one of Ivy's largest risks. These unspecific allegations fail to meet the heightened pleading standard for the third prong; an inference of culpable participation is not "at least as compelling as" the opposing inference that BONY was not privy to Ivy's specific doubts about Madoff. Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314, 127 S.Ct. 2499. The section 20(a) claims against BONY are dismissed.
Plaintiffs point to language in the Beacon OMs concerning the due diligence that BAMC had and would perform on investment managers as the Beacon Defendants' offending material misstatements. In the OMs, BAMC promised to "monitor[] the Managers' performance and their adherence to their stated investment strategies and objectives." 2004 OM at 10. However, the OMs also advised Plaintiffs that "[t]he evaluation and due diligence process may vary among Managers and will be dependent on each Manager's individual disclosure practice." Id. at 11.
The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has held that when a business promises to conduct due diligence, but is incompetent or mismanaged and fails to uphold its promise, an aggrieved investor's remedy lies in a breach of contract action rather than a federal securities fraud action. See Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1176 (2d Cir.1993) ("The failure to carry out a promise made in connection with a securities transaction is normally a breach of contract."). However, authority indicates that a securities fraud claim lies when a defendant knows it cannot perform due diligence or does not intend to complete its promise. See id. ("[The failure to carry out a promise] does not constitute fraud unless, when the promise was made, the defendant secretly intended not to perform or knew that he could not perform."); Luce v. Edelstein, 802 F.2d 49, 55 (2d Cir.1986) ("[M]aking a specific promise to perform a particular act in the future while secretly intending not to perform that act may violate Section 10(b) where the promise is part of the consideration
Having made representations to Plaintiffs regarding the due diligence BAMC did perform and would perform, BAMC was under a duty to update or correct those statements if they were misleading ab initio or if they became misleading due to intervening events. See NovaGold, 629 F.Supp.2d at 301 ("The duty to correct applies to statements that are false at the time they are made, and it arises `when [the defendant] learned that its prior statement. . . was untrue.' In contrast, the more limited duty to update applies to `a statement made misleading by intervening events, even if the statement was true when made.'" (internal citation omitted)).
Plaintiffs were advised that due diligence would vary according to the investment manager's disclosure practices. 2004 OM at 11. Thus, when Ivy sent BAMC veiled and muted messages regarding the extent and quality of due diligence it was able to perform on Madoff, these tepid warnings did not render the Beacon Defendants' representations regarding due diligence misleading. See, e.g., NYAG Compl. ¶ 112 (2001 Ivy letter to Danziger stating that Ivy was "unable to perform [its] usual and customary due diligence due to limitations set by Madoff"). However, the Beacon OMs' cautionary language could not reasonably be read to suggest that absolutely no due diligence would be performed on the investment manager who controlled not less than 70% of the Beacon Fund's assets. Accordingly, the Beacon OMs' due diligence language became misleading
The most compelling inference from the facts alleged is that the Beacon Defendants were not in a position to perform adequate due diligence on Madoff, given that Ivy had greater access to Madoff and was nonetheless itself restricted by Madoff. Additionally, it appears that the Beacon Defendants depended on Ivy to perform essentially all due diligence on Madoff, as evidenced by, inter alia, letters Ivy sent BAMC discussing Madoff due diligence. See, e.g., NYAG Compl. ¶ 112 (2001 Ivy letter to Danziger stating Ivy was "unable to perform [its] usual and customary due diligence due to limitations set by Madoff"). The Beacon Defendants' duty to disclose thus arose when they learned that Ivy was no longer performing due diligence on Madoff. The earliest specific fact alleged indicating that Ivy had ceased due diligence on Madoff is the 2006 amended advisory agreement. While Jeanneret had received more explicit letters from Ivy since 2001 that noted Ivy's "inability to perform due diligence due to limitations set by Madoff," SCAC ¶ 227 (emphasis added), Plaintiffs do not allege that Danziger had received any equally explicit statement prior to the 2006 amended advisory agreement.
Plaintiffs are entitled to the Affiliated Ute presumption of reliance on this omission; the fact that BAMC signed a contract under which it released Ivy from performing any due diligence on the investment manager who controlled over 70% of the Beacon Fund's monies is plainly material. See Affiliated Ute, 406 U.S. at 153-54, 92 S.Ct. 1456 (explaining that facts are material if "a reasonable investor might have considered them important in the making of [a] decision"). Furthermore, as with Ivy, the Beacon Defendants' duty to correct and/or update coincided with Madoff's sales of securities. See Levinson, 2009 WL 5184363, at *7.
Loss causation is established if Plaintiffs allege "that the subject of the fraudulent statement or omission was the cause of the actual loss suffered." Lentell v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 396 F.3d 161, 173 (2d Cir.) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 935, 126 S.Ct. 421, 163 L.Ed.2d 321 (2005). Plaintiffs can prove loss causation by showing "that the loss was foreseeable and caused by the materialization of the risk concealed by the fraudulent statement." In re Omnicom Grp., Inc. Secs. Litig., 597 F.3d 501, 513 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting ATSI Commc'ns, 493 F.3d at 107). "A misrepresentation is `the proximate cause of an investment loss if the risk that caused the loss was within the zone of risk concealed by the misrepresentations.'" Omnicom, 597 F.3d at 513 (quoting Lentell, 396 F.3d at 173) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, losses from Madoff's misappropriation were within the zone of risk concealed by the non-disclosure of the fact that the activities of the investment manager controlling over 70% of the Beacon Fund's assets were not subject to any due diligence.
The failure of the Beacon Defendants to disclose the fact that Ivy would not be performing due diligence on Madoff to Plaintiffs, even as the Beacon Defendants signed an agreement explicitly exculpating Ivy from such responsibilities, presents "strong circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness." ECA, 553 F.3d at 198. The agreement states that BAMC "expressly requested that Ivy not monitor or evaluate or meet with any representatives of Madoff including Bernard L. Madoff," and BAMC's failure to disclose this agreement to Plaintiffs
However, the Court notes that Plaintiffs' theory that BAMC should have discovered that Madoff was operating a Ponzi scheme based on various "red flags" is unavailing. According to the Plaintiffs' own allegations, Ivy provided BAMC with muted signals regarding the risks of investing with Madoff, and never disclosed its true doubts or the facts upon which those doubts were based to BAMC. Furthermore, there is no allegation that BAMC was actually aware of the publicly available red flags. As other courts to consider similar red flag allegations in the aftermath of the Madoff affair have found, "[P]laintiffs do not allege that Markopolos ever discussed his assessment that Madoff was operating a Ponzi scheme with [Defendants] or published it in the press, [P]laintiffs do not assert that the [Defendants] knew that Madoff's returns could not be replicated by others, and [P]laintiffs do not claim that investors who elected not to deal with Madoff informed the [Defendants] of their decisions." In re Tremont Secs. Law, State Law and Ins. Litig., 703 F.Supp.2d 362, 371 (S.D.N.Y.2010); see also S.E.C. v. Cohmad Sec. Corp., No. 09 Civ. 5680(LLS), 2010 WL 363844, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2010) (rejecting scienter allegations because "the complaint supports the reasonable inference that Madoff fooled the defendants as he did individual investors, financial institutions, and regulators"). Rather, Plaintiffs' red flag theory is essentially that rejected by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in South Cherry: had BAMC investigated Madoff, it would have uncovered that he was a fraud. See 573 F.3d at 112 (rejecting scienter allegations when the "[c]omplaint alleged that `[i]f' [defendant] had asked various questions earlier, it would have further questioned the Bayou Accredited financial records or recognized the need to ask further questions"); see also infra pp. 415-17 (discussing similar claims against the Friedburg defendants).
Accordingly, Plaintiffs plead a viable securities fraud claim against BAMC based on the failure to disclose that no due diligence was being performed on Madoff by Ivy in 2006. Furthermore, Plaintiffs unquestionably plead Section 20(a) control person liability against Danziger and Markhoff under the standards discussed above. Danziger and Markhoff are adequately alleged to be culpable in the primary violation and to control the Beacon Fund as its principals.
The above 10b-5 analysis for the Beacon Defendants applies almost identically to the Jeanneret Defendants. Pursuant to the DIMAs JPJA entered with pension funds, JPJA promised to "supervise and direct the investment of the assets of the Fund in accordance with" the Plan's investment policy and applicable standards of care. Cook Decl. Ex. C ("1990 DIMA"), at 4. JPJA knew that it was unable to supervise clients' Madoff investment in 2007 at the latest, when it also signed an amended contract with Ivy explicitly excusing
The knowledge that Ivy had stopped performing due diligence, coupled with the fact that Defendant Perry admitted that JPJA was unable to replicate Madoff's results on its own, rendered JPJA's prior promise to supervise clients' investments materially misleading. See Affiliated Ute, 406 U.S. at 153-54, 92 S.Ct. 1456. This knowledge created a duty to update and/or correct prior representations regarding due diligence, see NovaGold, 629 F.Supp.2d at 301. Plaintiffs are entitled to a presumption of reliance on JPJA's failure to disclose, see Affiliated Ute, 406 U.S. at 153-54, 92 S.Ct. 1456, which coincided with Madoff's purported securities trades. See Levinson, 2009 WL 5184363, at *7. Losses from Madoff's fraud were within the zone of risk concealed by the failure to disclose that no due diligence was performed on Madoff. See Omnicom, 597 F.3d at 513. Furthermore, a finding of scienter is at least as plausible as any competing inference because JPJA entered into a secret agreement with Ivy in 2007 releasing Ivy from any responsibility of monitoring Madoff.
Plaintiffs adequately plead control and culpable participation by Jeanneret to state a claim under section 20(a), as he signed the 2007 consulting agreement. However, Plaintiffs' section 20(a) claims against Perry are dismissed because Plaintiffs have not alleged that Perry had a role in the decisions to excuse Ivy from due diligence obligations and not to inform Plaintiffs of this fact. Perry's admission of JPJA's inability to replicate Madoff's results does not suggest that Perry played a role in these decisions.
"The standard for pleading auditor scienter is demanding." In re Scottish Re Group Sec. Litig., 524 F.Supp.2d 370, 385 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). "For recklessness on the part of a non-fiduciary accountant to satisfy securities fraud scienter, such recklessness must be conduct that . . . approximate[s] an actual intent to aid in the fraud being perpetrated by the audited company." Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 98 (2d Cir.2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). Pleading auditor scienter in conformity with the PSLRA is satisfied by alleging that "the accounting practices were so deficient that the audit amounted to no audit at all, or an egregious refusal to see the obvious, or investigate the doubtful, or that the accounting
Plaintiffs allege that Friedburg violated GAAP and GAAS by failing to corroborate the Madoff account statements. "Allegations of GAAP and GAAS violations alone are insufficient" to plead scienter. Whalen v. Hibernia Foods PLC, No. 04 Civ. 3182(HB), 2005 WL 1799370, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2005). However, "[a]llegations of [an auditor ignoring] `red flags,' when coupled with allegations of GAAP and GAAS violations, are sufficient to support a strong inference of scienter." In re AOL Time Warner, Inc. Sec. & "ERISA" Litig., 381 F.Supp.2d 192, 240 (S.D.N.Y.2004). But "the auditor must have actually been aware of the red flags. . . . [O]nly those red flags that [the auditor] is alleged to have known of, or that are so obvious that [the auditor] must have known of them, can support an inference of intent." Stephenson, 700 F.Supp.2d at 623. "[M]erely alleging that the auditor had access to the information by which it could have discovered the fraud is not sufficient." In re IMAX Secs. Litig., 587 F.Supp.2d at 484.
Plaintiffs allege a litany of red flags, but fail to allege sufficiently that Friedburg ever became aware of them. Rather, Plaintiffs' reasoning is redolent of that rejected in South Cherry—had Friedburg conducted a thorough investigation, Friedburg would have become aware of various red flags. See SCAC ¶ 396 ("[A]ttempts [to investigate Madoff as required by GAAS] would have revealed serious questions about Madoff and his trading results." (emphasis added)); id. ¶ 398 ("[H]ad an auditor sought to confirm [Madoff's trading with his putative counterparties], the fraud would have been immediately revealed . . . ." (emphasis added)); id. ¶ 399 ("Any meaningful attempt at seeking corroboration of the existence of assets and occurrence of trades independent of BMIS would have uncovered the fraud. Because Friedberg issued unqualified audit opinions on the Beacon Fund's financial statements, it is clear that Friedberg did not attempt to obtain this independent corroboration." (emphasis added)). Such allegations do not support a strong inference that Friedburg was aware of red flags and acted with scienter.
We also join the courts that have found the alleged red flags to be either not so obvious that an auditor must have known of them or not strong enough to support an inference of scienter. See Stephenson, 700 F.Supp.2d at 623-24 (finding following
The securities fraud claims against Friedburg are dismissed.
Plaintiffs raise a number of claims under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., against the Beacon, Ivy, BONY, and Jeanneret Defendants. Counts against all four groups of Defendants include breach of the fiduciary duty of prudence (Count VIII), failure to comply with documents and instruments governing the plan (Counts IX-X), misrepresentation, failure to disclose, and concealment of breach of fiduciary duty (Count XI), and co-fiduciary liability (Count XII). Plaintiffs also assert a claim for disgorgement of profits against the Ivy and BONY Defendants (Count XIII).
ERISA's primary purpose is to "protect beneficiaries of employee benefit plans." Slupinski v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., 554 F.3d 38, 47 (2d Cir.2009) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1001(b)). ERISA holds plan fiduciaries to the "[p]rudent man standard of care" in exercise of their duties. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a). ERISA measures prudence "according to the objective `prudent person' standard developed in the common law of trusts." Katsaros v. Cody, 744 F.2d 270, 279 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1072, 105 S.Ct. 565, 83 L.Ed.2d 506 (1984). Trustees' fiduciary obligations to the participants and beneficiaries of an ERISA plan have been described as "the highest known to the law." Chao v. Merino, 452 F.3d 174, 182 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting Donovan v. Bierwirth, 680 F.2d 263, 272 n. 8
Specifically, ERISA lists four duties required of fiduciaries. Fiduciaries are to (1) act "solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries," and for the purpose of benefiting participants and defraying reasonable administration expenses; (2) discharge their duties "with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing"; (3) diversify investments "so as to minimize the risk of large losses"; and (4) act "in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan" so long as they are consistent with ERISA itself. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(A)-(D).
Plaintiffs assert four claims against the Jeanneret and Beacon Defendants: breach of the duty of prudence and loyalty (Count VIII), failure to comply with documents and instruments governing the plan (Counts IX and X), prohibited transaction (Count X), and co-fiduciary liability (Count XII).
ERISA requires fiduciaries to discharge their duties "with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims." 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B). When assessing the Defendants' decisions, the Court must focus on facts as they existed at the time of the challenged transaction. Henry v. Champlain Enters., Inc., 445 F.3d 610, 618 (2d Cir.2006). Hindsight cannot form the basis of an ERISA claim. Id.; Katsaros v. Cody, 744 F.2d at 279 (fiduciary conduct must be viewed "from the perspective of the time of the [challenged] decision rather than from the vantage point of hindsight"). However, where a "fiduciary was aware of a risk to the fund, he may be held liable for failing to investigate fully the means of protecting the fund from that risk." Chao v. Merino, 452 F.3d 174, 182 (2d Cir.2006) (finding defendant's "silence and failure to take any action to protect the fund fell far short of the duties she assumed as a fiduciary and led to the loss the Fund experienced" when associate later embezzled funds); see
The Jeanneret Defendants do not dispute their status as ERISA fiduciaries with respect to the investment of employee benefit plan assets. Rather, they assert that Plaintiffs fail to allege more than speculative facts that give rise to ERISA claims. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (plaintiff seeking to survive motion to dismiss must allege facts that "raise a right to relief above a speculative level"). Giving the Plaintiffs' factual allegations the "careful and holistic evaluation" they deserve, Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 588 F.3d 585, 598 (8th Cir.2009) (noting ERISA plaintiffs often "lack the inside information necessary to make out their claims in detail unless and until discovery commences"), the Court finds that Plaintiffs plead sufficient facts to "allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).
As the Jeanneret Defendants acknowledge, Plaintiffs' breach of the fiduciary duty of prudence arguments essentially mirror those raised in the 10b-5 claims. They allege that the Jeanneret Defendants were aware that Ivy had ceased performing due diligence on Madoff, which presented a potential material risk to the Beacon Fund, but failed to act on that knowledge. Accordingly, Plaintiffs plead a viable claim for breach of the duty of prudence under ERISA. The Jeanneret Defendants' motion to dismiss Count VIII is denied.
This same reasoning supports denial of the Beacon Defendants' motion to dismiss Count VIII. Like the Jeanneret Defendants, the Beacon Defendants do not dispute their status as fiduciaries, which gives rise to a duty to "employ[] the appropriate methods to investigate the merits of the investment and to structure the investment." Henry v. Champlain Enters., Inc., 445 F.3d at 618. As held supra, Plaintiffs adequately allege Beacon became aware that no due diligence would be performed on Madoff, but did nothing to address the risk that this presented. Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts to make it plausible that Defendants breached their duty of prudence under ERISA. The Beacon Defendants' motion to dismiss Count VIII is denied.
Plaintiffs next allege the Jeanneret and Beacon Defendants violated ERISA § 1104(a)(1)(D), which requires fiduciaries to act in accordance with plan documents. Specifically, they allege Defendants received management fees based in part on assets and returns that turned out to be fictional. Plaintiffs assert that, because the DIMAs and OMs governing the plans required investment management fees to be calculated as a percentage of actual assets under management, the miscalculation violated the agreements. We disagree.
Section 1104(a) requires Defendants to act according to the "[p]rudent man standard of care" in complying with plan documents. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a). "The plain meaning of this provision is that if the terms of the plan documents and instruments are consistent with ERISA, a plan trustee has a fiduciary duty to adhere to those terms." Cement and Concrete Workers Dist. Council Pension Fund v. Ulico Cas. Co., 387 F.Supp.2d 175, 185 (E.D.N.Y.2005). According to the Supreme Court, the section is intended to limit discretion by providing fiduciaries
Claims under this section typically involve noncompliance with guidelines and procedures set out in the documents. See, e.g., L.I. Head Start Child Dev. Servs., Inc. v. Econ. Opportunity Com'n of Nassau Cnty., Inc., 634 F.Supp.2d 290, 313 (E.D.N.Y.2009) (finding defendant breached section 1104(a)(1)(D) when it failed to terminate coverage for member that did not make premium payments as required by documents); Dardaganis v. Grace Capital, Inc., 664 F.Supp. 105, 108 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), aff'd in part and vacated in part, 889 F.2d 1237, 1242-43 (2d Cir.1989) (failure of investment manager to adhere to plan guidelines limiting stock investments to no more than 50% of total assets was held to violate section 404(a)(1)(D) and to subject manager to liability for losses on stocks purchased after 50% limit had been reached). It does not generally apply to areas where fiduciaries are given discretion, so long as the actions comply with the letter of the documents. Laborers Nat'l Pension Fund v. Northern Trust Quantitative Advisors, Inc., 173 F.3d 313 (5th Cir.1999) (finding investment manager had not violated section 404(a)(1)(D) or plan guidelines by investing in derivatives); Ganton Tech., Inc. v. Nat'l Indus. Grp. Pension Plan, 76 F.3d 462, 466 (2d Cir. 1996) ("When plan documents give the trustees the discretion to interpret plan terms, we will not substitute our judgment for theirs unless the trustees' interpretation is arbitrary and capricious.").
These cases differ significantly from the type of claim Plaintiffs advance. Given the asset figures reported to the Jeanneret and Beacon Defendants, their calculation of fees appears entirely consistent with the manner described in the Plan documents. In providing the terms by which fees were to be calculated, the DIMAs and OMs presumably anticipated that Defendants would use the figures reported to them to calculate fees. Plaintiffs do not really contend that Defendants' actions violated these procedures, but that Defendants knew or should have known the figures were false and used them anyway. This is a repackaging of their prior allegations of failure to discover the Madoff Ponzi scheme, and is unrelated to the terms stated on the face of the plan documents. As such, these claims are better addressed under the breach of the duty of prudence (above) and as prohibited transactions (below). The claims under section 1104(a)(1)(D) are dismissed.
In the alternative, Plaintiffs allege the receipt and retention of fees based on the miscalculated assets constituted a prohibited transaction under ERISA § 1106(a). Section 1106(a)(1)(D) prohibits a fiduciary from "caus[ing] the plan to engage in a transaction, if he knows or should know that such transaction constitutes a direct or indirect . . . transfer to, or use by or for the benefit of a party in interest, of any assets of the plan."
Plaintiffs allege the investment management fees paid were unreasonable to the extent they were based on assets misappropriated by Madoff. They allege the Jeanneret and Beacon Defendants knew or should have known, based on a series of publicly available red flags, that these calculations were based on false data, and they thus engaged in an improper transfer of plan assets. This would require finding that the red flags were sufficiently obvious that the Defendants should have known Madoff was a fraud, and that the figures reported were false. The Court has already considered and rejected this argument in the context of the Beacon and Friedburg 10b-5 claims. Because Plaintiffs do not allege sufficient factual evidence of the Defendants' knowledge, the claims in Count X are dismissed.
Plaintiffs also allege the Beacon Defendants violated their duty to act in accordance with plan documents by investing Beacon Fund assets with Madoff (Count IX). Plaintiffs claim Beacon failed to comply with plan documents when they invested the Beacon Fund's assets with Madoff, "even though they knew or should have known that, neither Madoff nor BAMC ever employed the split-strike conversion strategy or the `Managing Members Large Cap Strategy' described in the Offering Memoranda." SCAC ¶ 513. The Beacon Defendants respond that the OMs are not plan documents or instruments within the meaning of ERISA, and, even if they were, Defendants complied with their terms. Whether or not the OMs are plan documents, Plaintiffs fail to allege adequately that investing Beacon monies with Madoff was a breach of fiduciary duty. The claim that Beacon should have known Madoff was lying about his strategy is essentially a repackaging of Plaintiffs' already rejected red flag theory. The claims against Beacon in Count IX are dismissed.
Finally, Plaintiffs allege co-fiduciary liability under 29 U.S.C. § 1105(a). The section reads:
29 U.S.C. § 1105(a). As to the Beacon Defendants, Plaintiffs first allege they knowingly participated in the improper charging and retention of inappropriately calculated fees by Defendant Ivy in violation of section 1105(a)(1). Because the Court has held that the calculation of fees was not a breach of fiduciary duty, the claim under § 1105(a)(1) is dismissed.
Next, Plaintiffs allege the Beacon, Ivy, and BONY Defendants violated section 1105(a)(2) by "their failures to comply with their own fiduciary responsibilities, [which] enabled one or more other fiduciaries to commit a fiduciary breach." SCAC ¶ 540. By agreeing to halt the performance of due diligence on Madoff, Plaintiffs allege Beacon and Ivy each facilitated the other's fiduciary breach. Because the Court has allowed the aforementioned theories of breach to go forward, it is premature to dismiss the enabling claims at this time, and the motion to do so is denied. Because the Court has dismissed Plaintiffs breach of fiduciary duty claims against BONY, see infra pp. 428-29, the enabling claim is also dismissed.
As to the Jeanneret Defendants, Plaintiffs allege Defendants violated section 1105(a)(2) by channeling Plaintiffs' investments into the Beacon Fund without conducting meaningful oversight. Plaintiffs allege this enabled breaches committed by the Ivy, Beacon, and BONY Defendants. That Ivy's breaches were enabled by Jeanneret's lack of oversight is sufficiently plausible to counsel against dismissal at this time, and the motion to do so is denied. As to Beacon, the only breach plausibly committed is a similar failure to conduct due diligence. Plaintiffs do not allege a connection between the Jeanneret and Beacon breaches that would suggest one facilitated the other. Nor do they suggest that, had the Jeanneret Defendants conducted due diligence, Beacon would have done so as well. Because Plaintiffs fail to allege facts supporting a reasonable inference that the breach by Jeanneret Defendants enabled that of the Beacon Defendants, the claim is dismissed. The claims against Jeanneret with regard to BONY fail for the same reasons stated above.
Finally, Plaintiffs allege the Jeanneret Defendants violated section 1105(a)(3) because they were aware of the "Beacon Defendants' failure to comply with the investment strategy they purported to follow" in the OMs and the Beacon Defendants' decision to invest in Madoff, despite knowledge that he did not comply with the required strategy. SCAC ¶ 542. The Court has held that neither act was a breach of the Beacon Defendants' fiduciary duties under ERISA. Thus, Plaintiffs' section 1105(a)(3) claim is dismissed.
Ivy's principal argument against ERISA liability is that it is not an ERISA fiduciary. "To determine whether a person or entity is a fiduciary under ERISA, courts employ a functional test that focuses on the nature of the functions performed rather than on the title held." Zang v. Paychex, Inc., No. 08 Civ. 6046, 728 F.Supp.2d 261, 269, 2010 WL 3021909, at *8 (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2010). Under the relevant provision of ERISA, "[A] person is a fiduciary with respect to a plan to the extent . . . he renders investment advice for a fee or other compensation, direct or
29 C.F.R. § 2510.3-21(c)(1). Ivy protests that the services it provided do not fall under this definition because (i) it provided advice about investment advisors rather than individual investments; (ii) it provided advice to BAMC rather than to the ERISA plans that invested in the Beacon Fund; (iii) Ivy's advice to BAMC was not "individualized"; (iv) Ivy's advice to BAMC was not for a fee; and (v) Ivy's advice to BAMC was not the primary basis for its decision to invest in Madoff.
As to the fact that Ivy advised BAMC about investment advisors rather than individual investments, the Department of Labor (DOL) has interpreted this arrangement to fall under the definition of "investment advice" provided by the statute and regulations. See 74 Fed.Reg. 3822, 3824 (Jan. 21, 2009) ("It has long been the view of the Department that the act of making individualized recommendations of particular investment managers to plan fiduciaries may constitute the provision of investment advice within the meaning of section 3(21)(A).").
Ivy argues that the DOL's interpretation bears only on section 408(g)(1) of ERISA, which governs investment advice given directly to plan participants and beneficiaries and is not at issue in the instant case. However, this argument is incorrect because the January 21, 2009 rule states the DOL's longstanding interpretation of the relevant section of ERISA, section 3(21)(A), and merely applies this interpretation to section 408(g)(1). See 74 Fed. Reg. 3822, 3824 ("The fiduciary nature of [advice regarding selection of investment managers] does not, in the Department's view, change merely because the advice is being given to a plan participant or beneficiary."). Ivy next argues that no deference is due to this statement from the January 21, 2009 rule because it appears in the preamble to a rule, citing Saunders v. City of New York, 594 F.Supp.2d 346, 355 (S.D.N.Y.2008). Saunders discussed deference under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984), rather than Skidmore deference, which is at issue here. While a regulatory preamble might not be entitled to dispositive force under Chevron, the Court finds the DOL's longstanding position persuasive because it rests on a "body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance."
In opposing the first consolidated amended complaint, Ivy raised the argument that under the "plain language" of 29 C.F.R. § 2510.3-21(c)(1), Ivy was not a fiduciary because it did not provide advice "to the plan[s]" that invested in the Beacon Fund. Id. This argument was not raised again in either of Ivy's two submissions post-dating the SCAC, and is unpersuasive in light of the language of 29 C.F.R. § 2510.3-21(c)(1). As found above, Ivy made "recommendations as to the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling securities or other property," and such advice was rendered pursuant to an agreement "between such person and the plan or a fiduciary with respect to the plan. . . ." Id. Namely, Ivy's advice was rendered pursuant to agreements with BAMC and JPJA, and no party contends that BAMC and JPJA were not ERISA fiduciaries.
Ivy's advice was not of the character of a stockbroker recommending a particular security to its customers at large; rather, Ivy made recommendations about fund diversification and allocations between various investments on an on-going basis. Moreover, an investment advisor need not review the entire allocation of a plan's assets to provide individualized investment advice. For example, an advisor may render "advice as to one type of investment and profess[] to understand [a plan's] needs in that area." Thomas, Head & Greisen Emps. Trust v. Buster, 24 F.3d 1114, 1118 (9th Cir.1994) (emphasis added). Pursuant to the Beacon OMs, Ivy provided advice to funds regarding managers not generally available to the public. 2004 OM, at 10-11. Furthermore, the length of Ivy's relationship with BAMC and JPJA, as well as the frequency of their communications about investment allocations, counsel in favor of finding Ivy's advice to be individualized. See id. ("The relationship of the parties, which developed over the course of nine years, coupled with the evidence of regular meetings between [the advisor] and the [plan] Trustees to discuss investment strategy, provided [the advisor] with sufficient information about the Trust to enable him to render individualized investment advice."). Indeed, it was Ivy that suggested to Jeanneret that he invest fund assets in Beacon to circumvent Madoff's limitations on accepting additional investments from Jeanneret's Income Plus fund. Drawing all inferences in favor of the non-moving party, these allegations are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss, and the motion to do so is denied. See Lee, 166 F.3d at 543.
Ivy next argues that it did not provide investment advice for a fee because, pursuant to the 1995 consulting agreement, Ivy was paid only for "administrative services" relating to the Beacon Fund's Madoff accounts. However, the Court must "employ a functional test that focuses on the nature of the functions performed" in determining ERISA fiduciary status, rather than focus myopically on contractual language isolated from the totality of the alleged facts. Zang, 728 F.Supp.2d at 269, 2010 WL 3021909, at *8. First, the 1995 consulting agreement, under which Ivy was paid fees, states the agreement was made because BAMC "desire[d] to compensate IVY for its introduction to Madoff, [and] to avail [itself] of the experience and assistance of IVY." 1995 BAMC-Ivy Agreement, at 2. Second, Plaintiffs allege Ivy provided ongoing investment advice to Danziger regarding Beacon's Madoff allocations took place over a multi-year period. Third, the Beacon OM explains that Ivy is an investment advisor, touts Ivy's credibility as an investment advisor, and provides that Ivy would be consulted as to all allocations of Beacon funds. Fourth, any possibility that Ivy was being compensated only for ministerial services is belied by a November 28,
Rosenthal Decl. Ex. D, pt. III ("November 28, 2005 Letter Agreement"), at 5. These alleged facts are sufficient under the required functional analysis.
Similar arguments underlie Ivy's objection that its advice did not "serve as a primary basis for investment decisions with respect to plan assets." 29 C.F.R. § 2510.3-21(c)(1). Ivy's claim that it performed "purely `ministerial' functions for a benefit plan" is unavailing in light of the above noted considerations. Zang, 728 F.Supp.2d at 269, 2010 WL 3021909, at *8. Moreover, "the regulation does not require that a [fiduciary's] advice be `the' primary basis for investment decisions," Ellis, 484 F.Supp.2d at 709, but merely "a" primary basis. Plaintiffs persuasively allege that Ivy's advice as to Madoff was a primary basis for investment decisions. Ivy introduced BAMC to Madoff, Ivy provided advice about allocating funds to and from Madoff, the Beacon OM provides that all allocation decisions would be made after consulting with Ivy, and there is no indication that BAMC or the Beacon Fund received substantial investment advice from any other party. While BAMC might have disregarded some of Ivy's muted advice to pursue a "below median allocation" to Madoff despite his "extremely strong" performance, NYAG Compl. ¶ 68, there can be no doubt that Ivy's advice provided a primary basis for the Beacon Fund's investment decisions relating to Madoff.
Accordingly, Plaintiffs successfully plead Ivy's fiduciary status under ERISA.
The duties of prudence and care require an ERISA fiduciary to act "solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries," and to discharge their duties "with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing." 29 U.S.C. §§ 1104(a)(1)(A)-(D). The allegations against Ivy, which have been outlined in detail above, show that Ivy had grave doubts about Madoff, but failed to communicate them to BAMC and JPJA. Indeed, an internal Ivy memorandum from 2002 stated that Ivy was not "satisfied as a fiduciary to invest client assets" with Madoff. NYAG Compl. ¶ 114.
Ivy responds by repeating the argument that it was under no duty to provide investment advice, which the Court has rejected in finding Ivy's ERISA fiduciary status adequately pled. Ivy also argues that a fiduciary need only exercise care prudently and with diligence "under the circumstances then prevailing," 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B), and that a fiduciary's actions are not to be judged "from the vantage point of hindsight." Chao v. Merino, 452 F.3d at 182 (quoting Katsaros v. Cody, 744 F.2d at 279). However, the Court need not evaluate the issue from the "vantage point of hindsight" because Ivy itself said in 2002 that it was not "satisfied as a fiduciary to invest client assets" with Madoff. Id.; NYAG Compl. ¶ 114. And while a fiduciary need not "disclose its internal deliberations," Flanigan v. Gen. Elec., 242 F.3d 78, 85 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Mullins v. Pfizer, Inc., 23 F.3d 663, 669 (2d Cir.1994)), Ivy's failure to disclose that it was not "satisfied as a fiduciary to invest client assets" with Madoff violated its fiduciary duty to disclose. See Glaziers & Glassworkers Union Local No. 252 Annuity Fund v. Newbridge Sec., Inc., 93 F.3d 1171, 1182 (3d Cir.1996) (defining duty to disclose as "what a reasonable fiduciary, exercising care, skill, prudence and diligence, would believe to be in the best interest of the beneficiary to disclose" (internal quotation marks omitted)). Ivy's understated recommendation of a reduced Madoff allocation did not satisfy its duty to disclose under these circumstances.
Plaintiffs also sufficiently allege that Ivy breached its duty of loyalty for the same reasons that Plaintiffs adequately plead motive under the 10b-5 claims, discussed above. Plaintiffs allege that Ivy decided not to disclose the full extent of its doubts about Madoff to BAMC and JPJA because it believed that it would not reduce its legal liability by doing so, and it wished to keep its AUM high. Simon wrote in 1998, "one wonders if we ever `escape' the legal issue of being the asset allocator and introducer, even if we terminate all Madoff related relationships?" NYAG Compl. ¶ 76. Simon wrote in June 2001 that a client with a large Madoff investment "helped to contribute towards building Ivy's [assets under management] and credibility, despite our real concerns about [Madoff]." Id. ¶ 118. Simon concluded, "legal question: Now that [BONY] owns Ivy, who has the ultimate liability??" Id. ¶ 119. These allegations suffice to show that Ivy's conflict of interest "impeded [its] prudent decision-making with respect to the Plan." In re Polaroid ERISA Litig., 362 F.Supp.2d 461, 479 (S.D.N.Y. 2005).
However, Plaintiffs' claims against Ivy for failure to comply with plan documents and for engaging in a prohibited transaction fail for the same reasons as those claims fail against the Jeanneret and Beacon defendants. These claims are a repackaging of Plaintiffs' theory that Ivy knew Madoff was operating a Ponzi scheme. Even though Ivy certainly knew more than the Beacon or Jeanneret Defendants, the totality of the allegations do not suggest this level of knowledge of Madoff's wrongdoing on Ivy's part. Ivy appears to have been uncertain as to exactly how Madoff operated, and it was this uncertainty, rather than knowledge of Madoff's Ponzi scheme, that led it to discuss serious doubts about Madoff, withdraw its proprietary funds from Madoff, and counsel some advisory clients to avoid Madoff. For instance, Wohl summarized Ivy's Madoff doubts in 1998 by saying that investment with Madoff "remains a matter of faith based on great performance—this doesn't justify any investment, let alone 3%." NYAG Compl. ¶ 75. The isolated allegation
"An individual cannot be held liable for corporate ERISA violations solely by virtue of his role as officer, shareholder, or manager." NYSA-ILA Med. & Clinical Servs. Fund v. Catucci, 60 F.Supp.2d 194, 206 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (internal quotation marks citation omitted). "Under special circumstances, however, the imposition of personal liability for a corporation's ERISA obligations may be warranted." Trs. of the Bldg. Serv. 32B-J Pension, Health and Annuity Funds v. Hudson Serv. Corp., 871 F.Supp. 631, 638 (S.D.N.Y.1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). "These `special circumstances' include: (1) knowingly participating in a fiduciary's breach of ERISA trust obligations; (2) conspiring to divert ERISA funds for personal benefit; (3) intermingling personal and corporate assets; (4) engaging in fraudulent conduct; or (5) where the individual is in fact the corporation or the corporation's alter ego." Id. (citation omitted). Specific allegations relating to fraud or knowing participation in breach are pleaded as to Simon, Wohl, Geiger, and Sloan. The motion to dismiss these claims is denied. However, Plaintiffs' conclusory assertions and descriptions of job titles do not suffice to state a claim for individual fiduciary liability as to the other individual Ivy defendants, and these claims are dismissed.
Plaintiffs' claims against BONY and the individual BONY defendants are conclusory, and fail to state a claim for fiduciary status. Plaintiffs plead no specific facts indicating that BONY or the individual BONY defendants were involved in or knew of any of the alleged wrongdoing on the part of Ivy; their allegations are mainly based on job descriptions culled from BONY's website, without any specific allegations that the individuals were connected with misconduct. Plaintiffs' allegations regarding the Ivy "risk committee" formed "under the aegis of BONY" are far too vague to support a connection between these defendants and Ivy's alleged violations. See Dardaganis v. Grace Capital, Inc., 889 F.2d 1237, 1242 (2d Cir.1989) (holding that corporate officers, directors, and partners "are liable as fiduciaries under section 1109 only if they personally breach a fiduciary duty"). Moreover, "[a]s a general principle, `a parent corporation. . . is not liable for the acts of its subsidiaries.'" Trs. of the Local 464A UFCW Pension Fund v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., No. 09 Civ. 668(WJM), 2009 WL 2152074, at *3 (D.N.J. July 14, 2009) (dismissing ERISA claims against a corporate parent, holding that "[a]bsent a showing sufficient to pierce the corporate veil, there is no basis upon which to find a fiduciary relationship between [parent corporation] and Plaintiffs") (quoting United States v. Bestfoods, 524 U.S. 51, 61, 118 S.Ct. 1876, 141 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998)). Plaintiffs' ERISA claims against BONY and the individual BONY defendants are dismissed.
Plaintiffs assert multiple state common law claims against Defendants, including common law fraud (Count XIV), aiding and abetting common law fraud (Count XV), breach of fiduciary duty (Counts XVI and XXIV), aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty (Counts XXI, XXII, XXIX, and
Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs' direct common law claims for fraud (Count XIV), aiding and abetting common law fraud (Count XV), breach of fiduciary duty (Count XVI), breach of contract (Count XVII), negligent misrepresentation (Count XVIII), gross negligence (Count XIX), unjust enrichment (Count XX), and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty (Counts XXI and XXII) as barred by SLUSA.
SLUSA preemption has essentially four components: (1) the suit must be a "covered class action";
It is undisputed that the class action here is "covered"
A "covered security" includes any security that is listed or authorized for listing on the New York Stock Exchange or another national exchange, as well as securities issued by investment companies registered with the SEC. See 15 U.S.C. § 77r(b). Defendants do not rebut Plaintiffs' assertion that LLC interests are not covered securities under the act. Instead, they assert that the misrepresentations alleged are "in connection with" a different set of covered securities—those purportedly purchased and sold by Madoff.
The "in connection with" requirement is given broad construction. In Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Dabit, the Supreme Court held that "it is enough that the fraud alleged `coincide' with a securities transaction—whether by the plaintiff or by someone else." 547 U.S. 71, 85-86, 126 S.Ct. 1503, 164 L.Ed.2d 179 (2006) (noting "presumption that Congress envisioned a broad construction follows not only from ordinary principles of statutory construction but also from the particular concerns that culminated in SLUSA's enactment").
There is "no question that Madoff's Ponzi scheme was `in connection with' the purchase and sale of securities." Levinson, 2009 WL 5184363, at *9. Madoff told investors that he would purchase and sell securities in the Standard & Poor's 100 Index, and he used prices from the public markets on the trade documentation he sent to customers. Barron, 2010 WL 882890, at *5. That the trades never took place does not preclude finding a connection. See id.; see also Schnorr v. Schubert, No. 05 Civ. 303, 2005 WL 2019878, at *5 (W.D.Okla. Aug. 18, 2005) (preempting claims under SLUSA where defendant engaged in Ponzi scheme by promising to invest putative class's money in nationally listed and traded securities but never actually executed any trades). At issue here is whether Defendants' misrepresentations, which had the effect of facilitating Madoff's fraud, were made "in connection with" the purchase and sale of securities.
Other courts to consider this issue in the context of the Madoff affair found that Defendant's misrepresentations did so coincide. In a well-reasoned decision, the District Court for Connecticut considered the "nature of the parties' relationship, and whether it necessarily involved the purchase and sale of securities." Levinson, 2009 WL 5184363, at *11 (citing Rowinski v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc., 398 F.3d 294, 302 (3d Cir.2005)). In the case at bar, Plaintiffs allege misrepresentations in the OMs regarding "the investment strategies and objectives of the Beacon Fund." Although the shares of the Beacon Fund are not covered securities, the objective of the fund was to manage Plaintiffs' investment using a strategy that inevitably included the purchase and sale of covered securities. Furthermore, Plaintiffs allege false and misleading statements and omissions regarding "Defendants' due diligence and monitoring of Madoff and BMIS," including "the performance and feasibility of Madoff's purported trading strategy" utilizing indisputably covered securities. These allegations are sufficient to meet SLUSA's broad requirement of a misrepresentation or omission in connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security. See Dommert v. Raymond James Fin. Servs., Inc., No. 06 Civ. 102, 2007 WL 1018234, at *11 (E.D.Tex. Mar. 29, 2007) (finding in connection requirement met where purpose of investment agreements was to "utilize [the plaintiff's] assets and
Plaintiffs request leave to replead their state law claims to avoid SLUSA preemption. While leave to replead should be "freely given when justice so requires," Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a), it may be denied if repleading would be futile. Acito v. IMCERA Grp., Inc., 47 F.3d 47, 55 (2d Cir. 1995). Here, Plaintiffs' state law claims are based on the same underlying transactions alleged under a theory of securities fraud, which the Court has allowed to proceed. Because it would inevitably rest on the same or similar allegations as contained in the SCAC, repleading would be futile, and Plaintiffs' request is denied.
Defendants contend that the majority of Plaintiffs' remaining state law claims are preempted by New York's Martin Act. See N.Y. Gen. Bus. L. § 352 et seq. These claims include breach of fiduciary duty (Counts XVI and XXIV), aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty (Counts XXI, XXII, XXIX, and XXX), negligent misrepresentation (Counts XVIII and XXVI), gross negligence (Counts XIX and XXVII), unjust enrichment (Counts XX and XXVIII), and breach of contract (Counts XVII and XXV).
The Martin Act prohibits:
N.Y. Gen. Bus. L. § 352-c(1). The Act gives the New York Attorney General the exclusive authority to enforce its provisions and grants him investigatory, regulatory, and remedial powers aimed at preventing and prosecuting fraudulent securities practices. See N.Y. Gen. Bus. L. § 353; Kerusa Co. LLC v. W10Z/515 Real Estate Ltd. P'ship, 12 N.Y.3d 236, 879 N.Y.S.2d 17, 906 N.E.2d 1049, 1054 (2009); Kralik v. 239 E. 79th St. Owners Corp., 5 N.Y.3d 54, 58-59, 799 N.Y.S.2d 433, 832 N.E.2d 707 (N.Y.2005); CPC Intl. v. McKesson Corp., 70 N.Y.2d 268, 277, 519 N.Y.S.2d 804, 514 N.E.2d 116 (N.Y.1987). It is well settled that there is no private right of action under the Martin Act. McKesson, 70 N.Y.2d at 276-77, 519 N.Y.S.2d 804, 514 N.E.2d 116. However, there has been some disagreement as to whether the Martin Act also preempts common law claims falling within its purview.
The New York Court of Appeals has not explicitly addressed preemption of nonfraud common law claims that fall within the scope of the Martin Act. However, the overwhelming majority of courts to consider the issue have found that such claims are preempted. See Stephenson, 700 F.Supp.2d at 613-16 (discussing history of preemption); In re Bayou Hedge Fund Litig., 534 F.Supp.2d 405, 421 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) ("The vast majority of state and federal courts have found that causes of action related to a plaintiff's securities
The question of preemption has been raised and decided in multiple cases arising in the fallout of the Madoff affair. These suits were brought by investors seeking relief from investment funds, their managers, and auditors for losses suffered when Madoff's Ponzi scheme collapsed. As in the case at bar, many plaintiffs claimed there were "red flags" raised by Madoff's transactions that should have prompted further investigation by defendants and warnings to investors. In all but one of these Madoff-related cases, Anwar v. Fairfield Greenwich Ltd., No. 09 Civ. 0118(VM), 728 F.Supp.2d 354, 2010 WL 3022848 (S.D.N.Y. July 29, 2009), the courts dismissed the common law claims as preempted by the Martin Act. See Stephenson, 700 F.Supp.2d at 613-16 (dismissing breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, gross negligence, and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty claims as preempted) (Holwell, J.); Barron, 2010 WL 882890, at *6 (dismissing claims of breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, gross negligence, and unjust enrichment) (Griesa, J.); In re Tremont, 703 F.Supp.2d at 373 (dismissing breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation, and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty claims as preempted) (Griesa, J.); Meridian Horizon Fund LP v. Tremont Grp. Holdings, Inc., No. 09 Civ. 3708(TPG), ___ F.Supp.2d ___, ___, 2010 WL 1257567, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2010) (dismissing common law claims for negligence as preempted) (Griesa, J.).
The recent Anwar decision argued that axioms of statutory interpretation, legislative history, and sound policy speak against preemption. Anwar, 728 F.Supp.2d at 357-59, 367-68, 2010 WL 3022848, at *3-4, *12. The New York Attorney General made similar arguments in amicus briefs submitted in two cases currently pending in New York's First Department. See Brief for the Attorney General of the State of New York as Amicus Curiae, CMMF, LLC v. J.P. Morgan Inv. Mgmt., Inc., No. 601924/09 (N.Y.App. Div.2010) (arguing Martin Act does not preempt independent common law causes of action in area of investment securities); Brief for the Attorney General of the State of New York as Amicus Curiae, Assured Guaranty (UK) Ltd. v. J.P. Morgan Inv. Mgmt., Inc., No. 603755/08, 28 Misc.3d 1215(A) (N.Y.App.Div.2010) (same).
Opinions of the Attorney General on issues of state law are "entitled to careful consideration by courts, and quite generally regarded as highly persuasive." Harris County Comm'rs Court v. Moore, 420 U.S. 77, 87, 95 S.Ct. 870, 43 L.Ed.2d 32 (1975) (quoting Jones v. Williams, 121 Tex. 94, 45 S.W.2d 130, 131 (1931)). But they are not dispositive. Id.; see also Cedar Shake & Shingle Bureau v. City of
Although the N.Y. AG's brief sheds light on potential uncertainty in this area of law, the weight of opposing authority, including Second Circuit Court of Appeals precedent, compels this Court to reaffirm its recognition of Martin Act preemption.
The Martin Act preempts common law securities claims sounding in fraud or deception that do not require pleading or proof of intent, and that are based on conduct that is "within or from" New York. Barron, 2010 WL 882890, at *5 (citing Owens v. Gaffken & Barriger Fund, LLC, No. 08 Civ. 8484(PKC), 2009 WL 3073338, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 21, 2009)). Here, Plaintiffs' common law claims arise from their ownership of limited partnership interests in the Beacon Fund. Because limited partnership interests are considered securities for the purposes of the Martin Act, these claims meet the first prong. N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 352(1); Barron, 2010 WL 882890, at *5; Mayer v. Oil Field Sys. Corp., 721 F.2d 59, 65 (2d Cir.1983).
To satisfy the Martin Act's geographic prong, the acts must be "within or from" New York, meaning that a substantial portion of the events giving rise to the claim must have occurred in New York. N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 352-c(1); See Barron, 2010 WL 882890, at *5 (citing Sedona Corp. v. Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., No. 03 Civ. 3120(LTS)(THK), 2005 WL 1902780, at *22 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2005)); Heller v. Goldin Restructuring Fund, L.P., 590 F.Supp.2d 603, 611 n. 9 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). The nexus with New York in the instant case is clear. As Plaintiffs note in
Finally, Plaintiffs' claims sound in fraud or deception and do not require pleading or proof of intent. "A claim sounds in fraud when, although not an essential element of the claim, the plaintiff alleges fraud as an integral part of the conduct giving rise to the claim." Xpedior Creditor Trust v. Credit Suisse First Boston (USA) Inc., 341 F.Supp.2d 258, 269 (S.D.N.Y.2004). Each claim arises from alleged misrepresentations and omissions by the Defendants with respect to their performance of due diligence and other supervisory services. The claims are rooted in the same actions from which the securities law fraud claims arise, but do not require proof of scienter. They are therefore exactly of the kind routinely dismissed as preempted. See Stephenson, 700 F.Supp.2d at 613-14 (distinguishing breach of fiduciary duty and negligent misrepresentation claims from common law fraud and finding they "mimic" claims under the Martin Act); see also In re Bayou, 534 F.Supp.2d at 421 (dismissing breach of fiduciary duty claim against investment advisor for allegedly conducting inadequate due diligence before recommending investment in hedge fund that turned out to be Ponzi scheme); Owens v. Gaffken & Barriger Fund, LLC, No. 08 Civ. 8414(PKC), 2009 WL 3073338, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 21, 2009) (dismissing unjust enrichment and conversion claims arising out of plaintiff's investment where "[a]ccording to the complaint, the Fund's investment strategy was not in accord with the plaintiff's expectations, and the Fund's losses have led to the plaintiff's initial investment being unreturned").
Because Plaintiffs' common law claims of breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation, gross negligence, and unjust enrichment fall within the purview of the Martin Act, they are dismissed.
Plaintiffs' breach of contract claims share the same fate. Although breach of contract claims have been brought alongside other common law claims in many of the aforementioned Martin Act cases, the courts have not analyzed the claims for preemption.
The question is whether the Plaintiffs' particular breach of contract claim is within the purview of the Martin Act, meaning a securities claim "within or from" New York sounding in fraud or deception that does not require pleading or proof of intent. A breach of contract claim may sound in fraud where, "when the promise is made, the defendant secretly intended not to perform or knew that he could not perform." Gurary v. Winehouse, 190 F.3d 37, 44 (2d Cir.1999) (quoting Mills, 12 F.3d at 1176); see also Felton v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 429 F.Supp.2d 684, 693 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (holding common law breach of contract claim sounded in fraud where it was also "a quintessential example of a fraudulent omission of a material fact under the federal securities laws").
Here, Plaintiffs' breach of contract claims stem from the representations in the Beacon Fund's Operating Agreement and OMs, as well as in the agreement between Beacon and Ivy, that oblige the Defendants to perform due diligence and monitor the fund's investments. Plaintiffs allege Defendants knew or should have known the statements were false at the time they were made, and that Defendants "intended to deceive Plaintiffs and other members of the Investor Class by making such statements and representations." SCAC ¶ 549. Plaintiffs also allege Defendants knew or should have known they could not perform, as "no control or supervision was possible due to Madoff's policy of nondisclosure." Id. at ¶ 551. Plaintiffs' allegations demonstrate that fraud is an inextricable part of the claims as alleged in the SCAC. As such, they are dismissed.
Two derivative claims against Defendant Friedburg remain: malpractice (Count XXXI) and breach of contract (Count XXXII).
While federal claims remain as to other Defendants, and supplemental jurisdiction
Thus, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, and these claims are dismissed without prejudice.
For the reasons set forth herein, the Court rules as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Complaint Defendant Count Holding Location ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Securities Law Claims ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Section 10(b) Ivy I Dismissal Denied pp. 21-33 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Simon & Wohl I Dismissal Denied p. 33 ------------------------------------------------------------------- BAMC II Dismissal Denied pp. 35-41 ------------------------------------------------------------------- JPJA III Dismissal Denied pp. 41-42 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedberg IV Dismissal Granted pp. 42-45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Section 20(a) Danziger & Markhoff V Dismissal Denied p. 41 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret VI Dismissal Denied p. 42 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Perry VI Dismissal Granted p. 42 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Simon, Wohl, Geiger & Sloan VII Dismissal Denied pp. 34-35 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Indiv. Ivy Defendants VII Dismissal Granted pp. 34-35 ------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY VII Dismissal Granted p. 35 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IAA Rescission JPJA XXIII Dismissal Denied p. 42 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ERISA Claims ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERISA Breach of Duty of Prudence Beacon Defendants VIII Dismissal Denied p. 49 ------------------------------------------------------------------- and Loyalty Ivy VIII Dismissal Denied pp. 62-64 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Simon, Wohl, Geiger VIII Dismissal Denied p. 65 & Sloan ------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Indiv. Ivy VIII Dismissal Granted p. 65 Defendants
------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY Defendants VIII Dismissal Granted pp. 65-66 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants VIII Dismissal Denied pp. 47-49 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERISA Failure to Comply with Plan Beacon Defendants IX, X Dismissal Granted pp. 49-53 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Documents Ivy IX, X Dismissal Granted pp. 62-64 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Simon, Wohl, Geiger IX, X Dismissal Granted p. 65 & Sloan ------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Indiv. Ivy IX, X Dismissal Granted p. 65 Defendants ------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY Defendants IX, X Dismissal Granted pp. 65-66 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants IX, X Dismissal Granted pp. 49-52 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERISA Duty to Disclose Ivy XI Dismissal Denied pp. 62-64 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Simon, Wohl, Geiger & Sloan XI Dismissal Denied p. 65 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Indiv. Ivy Defendants XI Dismissal Granted p. 65 ------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY Defendants XI Dismissal Granted pp. 65-66 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Beacon Defendants XI Dismissal Denied p. 47 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XI Dismissal Denied p. 47 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERISA Co-fiduciary Liability Beacon Defendants XII Dismissal Denied pp. 53-55 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivy XII Dismissal Denied pp. 53-55 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Simon, Wohl, Geiger & Sloan XII Dismissal Denied p. 65 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Indiv. Ivy Defendants XII Dismissal Granted p. 65 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XII Dismissal Denied pp. 53-55 ------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY XII Dismissal Granted pp. 53-55 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERISA Disgorgement of Profits Ivy XIII Dismissal Denied p. 62 ------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY Defendants XIII Dismissal Granted pp. 65-66 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Direct State Law Claims ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Common Law Fraud Ivy 10b-5 Defendants XIV Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Beacon Defendants XIV Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XIV Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedburg XIV Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aiding & Abetting Common Law Ivy XV Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fraud BONY XV Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Breach of Fiduciary Duty Ivy 10b-5 Defendants XVI Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Beacon Defendants XVI Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XVI Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedburg XVI Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Breach of Contract Beacon Defendants XVII Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XVII Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Negligent Misrepresentation Beacon Defendants XVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivy Defendants XVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70
------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedburg XVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gross Negligence Beacon Defendants XIX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivy Defendants XIX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XIX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Unjust Enrichment Beacon Defendants XX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivy Defendants XX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeanneret Defendants XX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedburg XX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY XX Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aiding & Abetting Breach of Ivy XXI Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fiduciary Duty BONY XXI Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedburg XXII Dismissal Granted pp. 66-70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Derivative State Law Claims ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Breach of Fiduciary Duty Beacon Defendants XXIV Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivy XXIV Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedburg XXIV Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Breach of Contract Ivy XXV Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Friedburg XXXII Dismissal Granted pp. 78-80 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Negligent Misrepresentation Ivy XXVI Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedburg XXVI Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Beacon Defendants XXVI Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gross Negligence Ivy XXVII Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Beacon Defendants XXVII Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Unjust Enrichment Ivy XXVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedbury XXVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Beacon Defendants XXVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- BONY XXVIII Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aiding & Abetting Breach of Ivy XXIX Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fiduciary Duty BONY XXIX Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Friedbury XXX Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Malpractice Friedburg XXXI Dismissal Granted pp. 70-78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SO ORDERED.
Claims related to the Beacon Fund are also pending before this Court in Newman v. Family Management Corp., 08 Civ. 11215(LBS), 2008 WL 5425299 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 23, 2008). Newman is brought by investors in the FM Low Volatility Fund, a "sub-feeder fund" that invested in Beacon. Also before this Court is Wolf Living Trust v. FM Multi-Strategy Investment Fund, L.P., 09 Civ. 1540, 2010 WL 4457322 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2009), brought by investors in a related sub-feeder fund that also invested in Beacon. Defendants in both Newman and Wolf Living Trust have moved to dismiss, and those motions are now fully submitted.
Investors in another sub-feeder fund that was invested in Beacon, First Frontier, L.P., bring claims against many of the defendants in the instant action in Saltz v. First Frontier, L.P., 10 Civ. 964 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2010). The Defendants in Saltz have moved to dismiss the complaint.
On August 9, 2010, Defendant Ivy moved for an order to show cause why this Court should not stay discovery pursuant to the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act ("SLUSA"), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(3)(D) in Hecht v. Andover Associates Management Corp., 006110/2009 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. Apr. 1, 2009), pending this Court's resolution of the motions to dismiss in this action and Newman. Hecht involves many of the same Defendants as this action and Newman. See infra, note 5. We temporarily enjoined discovery in Hecht until the matter was fully briefed and we rendered a decision on the order to show cause.
To the extent that Plaintiffs include the concealment charge in Count XI in order to meet this standard, the Court finds they have sufficiently pleaded fraud or concealment to obtain the extended limitations period. However, Plaintiffs do not sufficiently plead an independent claim for concealment against the Jeanneret and Beacon Defendants in Count XI.
