PAUL A. ENGELMAYER, District Judge.
Plaintiff Francine Lioi, a former employee in New York City's Department of Health and Mental Hygiene ("DOHMH"), brings several claims of employment discrimination pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. ("Title VII"), New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law §§ 290, et seq. ("NYSHRL"), and New York City Human Rights Law, N.Y. City Admin. Code §§ 8-101, et seq. ("NYCHRL"). Lioi alleges that she was discriminated against on the basis of her gender, and that she was subjected to a hostile work environment and retaliation. Defendant DOHMH is Lioi's former employer. Defendants Martin Evans and David Haddow are DOHMH employees who served in supervisory positions during Lioi's term of employment.
Defendants deny each of Lioi's claims, and now move for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a). For the reasons that follow, the Court grants defendants' motion as to Lioi's Title VII claims and declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Lioi's NYSHRL and NYCHRL claims.
Lioi was employed as an Associate Staff Analyst ("ASA") in DOHMH's Public Health Laboratory ("PHL") from December 2005 until April 2009, when she was terminated. PHL provides a variety of clinical and laboratory testing services for the DOHMH and is comprised of several departments. While employed at PHL, Lioi worked in the Laboratory Information Management System Department ("LIMS Department"), a unit within PHL that provides technical and systems support to the departments that perform actual specimen testing. Def. 56.1 ¶ 11; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 11. The Laboratory Information Management System ("LIMS") "is the `clinical [computer] system that is used to record all the specimens that are processed in the lab and [the end] results.'" Def. 56.1 ¶ 11; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 11 (quoting Lioi Dep. 59).
John Somma is the former Director of PHL, and served as Lioi's direct supervisor from the time of her hire until about
On February 18, 2005, DOHMH posted a job vacancy notice for an ASA position at PHL. Def. 56.1 ¶ 13; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 13. The vacancy notice contained the following job description for the ASA position:
Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. G.
On or about July 7, 2005, Lioi submitted a pre-employment application to DOHMH, indicating that she was seeking a position as a "LIS Specialist." See id. Ex. D. Lioi was interviewed along with five other candidates for the ASA position—three candidates were male, and three, including Lioi, were female. Def. 56.1 ¶ 17; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 17; see also Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. H. Lioi was ultimately selected by Somma to fill the vacant ASA position. Def. 56.1 ¶ 17; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 17.
Lioi began her employment with DOHMH on December 5, 2005. Def. 56.1 ¶ 20; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 20. At her deposition, Lioi testified that during the interview process she was not made aware that she was being interviewed for the ASA position. Lioi Dep. 43. Rather, Lioi testified that the first time she became aware that she was being considered for an ASA position was when she went to fill out the employment paperwork on the date of her hire. Id. at 44. Lioi testified that she initially refused to sign the employment paperwork indicating that she was being hired as an ASA, stating that she "would not have taken a job if [she] had known it was an [ASA] position." Id. at 44-45. Nevertheless, Lioi signed the employment paperwork and confirmed her appointment as a provisional ASA with a starting salary of $65,000 per year. See Lioi Dep. 46; Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. I.
Lioi alleges that in January 2007, she was offered an opportunity to transfer to a position as a Computer Systems Manager in the Division of Informatics and Information Technology ("DIIT"), which paid a higher salary. However, she alleges, that transfer was blocked by Somma due to her gender. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 22-23.
Lioi testified that this transfer opportunity was the result of a series of meetings she had with Hadi Makki, a former Assistant Commissioner of DIIT. Lioi Dep. 76.
Lioi testified that sometime after the alleged blocked transfer, in January or February 2007, she confronted Somma about the transfer to DIIT. Id. at 112. According to Lioi, in response to her questions about the transfer, Somma responded by saying, "[t]his is an old boy's school." Id. at 112.
Lioi testified that she had a second verbal exchange with Somma a few weeks after Somma's "old boy's school" comment, in which she again questioned him about the transfer and her pay. Id. at 113. In response to these questions, Somma allegedly responded by saying, "[t]his is a man's world. Stop rocking the boat." Id. at 113-114.
In or around January 2008, Evans replaced Somma as Lioi's direct supervisor. Def. 56.1 ¶ 36; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 36. Somma left his position as the Director of PHL and began working in DOHMH's Department of TB Control. Def. 56.1 ¶ 37; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 37. Lioi asserts that although Somma was "allowed to transfer" to the Department of TB Control, she "was not afforded similar privileges and opportunities." Am. Compl. ¶ 25. At her deposition, Lioi testified that she does not know whether Somma had to apply for the position at the Department of TB Control along with other applicants. Lioi Dep. 100.
In December 2007, around the same time Evans replaced Somma, the Assistant Commissioner of PHL, Dr. Sara Beatrice, sought approval to grant Lioi a pay raise, from $65,000 to $75,000 per year. Def. 56.1 ¶ 35; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 35. In early January 2008, that request was approved, and the raise was subsequently communicated to Lioi. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. K. Despite the offered raise, on January 8, 2008, Lioi sent an email to Beatrice, Peter Bachman (then Vice President of PHL), and Somma, to decline the raise. Id. Ex. M. In declining the raise, Lioi stated that even with a salary increase up to $80,000, she "would still be the lowest paid person in the department." Id. Lioi testified that, in making this comment, she was comparing her salary to the salaries of Jack Deutsch and Hang Lam. Lioi Dep. 87. Deutsch was the Director of PHL's Lead Department and had been working at PHL and the LIMS Department since before Lioi's employment with PHL. Def. 56.1 ¶ 40; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 40. Lam was a Computer Specialist and had also been working at both PHL and the LIMS Department since before Lioi's employment there. Def. 56.1 ¶ 40; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 40.
Lioi testified that in or about January 2008, she met with a DOHMH Equal Employment Office ("EEO") representative because she was "concerned about the hostile work environment [she] was working in at the time," and to discuss her dissatisfaction with her current pay and job title. Lioi Dep. 136-137. Lioi testified that at this meeting the EEO representative advised her that she should seek assistance from the New York Human Rights Office or the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). Lioi did not file a complaint following this meeting; the
Lioi alleges that, sometime after receiving complaint forms from the EEOC and placing them in her locker, Peter Mura, a DIIT Computer Systems Manager who worked at PHL, broke into her locker and removed these forms. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 28-29; Lioi Dep. 117. Mura testified that he never broke into Lioi's locker. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. N; Zabell Decl. Ex. P (Deposition of Peter Mura) ("Mura Dep.") at 8-9.
Lioi alleges that she "was repeatedly overlooked for promotions within her [d]epartment, while less experienced, less qualified males were hired at increased salaries and more significant titles." Am. Compl. ¶ 24. At her deposition, Lioi identified Altaf Shaikh and Kevin Ward as the "less experienced, less qualified males" that she was referring to. Lioi Dep. 96.
Altaf Shaikh was hired by DIIT in March 2008 as a Computer Systems Manager with a starting salary of $75,000. Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. O (Deposition of Altaf Shaikh) ("Shaikh Dep.") at 14. Shaikh's salary was paid by DIIT and not PHL. Def. 56.1 ¶ 55; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 55. Upon beginning his employment, Skaikh was assigned to work at PHL. Shaikh Dep. 13-14. Towards the beginning of Skaikh's time at PHL, Lioi was asked by Evans to assist in training Shaikh on the microbiology component of LIMS. Lioi Dep. 104-105; see also Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. L; Zabell Decl. Ex. L (Deposition of Martin Evans) ("Evans Dep.") at 22-23.
With respect to Kevin Ward, Lioi testified that she was unsure how long he had been working at PHL, or what his official title was. Lioi Dep. 56, 96-97. Lioi testified that at some point there was a vacancy posting for a LIS manager position for which she was qualified, and that she had intended to apply for it, but that she was advised by a co-worker, at the direction of Somma, not to apply. Id. at 98-99. Apparently, the co-worker advised Lioi that the position was "created" by Somma for Ward. Id. at 99. Lioi never spoke to Somma directly about the LIS manager position. Id.
Lioi alleges that in or about April 2008, she complained to Evans and Haddow, the latter of whom was serving in the capacity as Director of Administration and Human Resources, "about the escalating discriminatory treatment and harassment to which she was subjected." Am. Compl. ¶ 30. Lioi alleges that no action was taken in response to this complaint. Id. Evans testified that Lioi had complained to him about her pay at some point during her time under his supervision, and that he had attempted to remedy to situation. Evans Dep. 25-26. Haddow similarly testified that Lioi had gone to him on several occasions with complaints about her pay and job title. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. P; Zabell Decl. Ex. M (Deposition of David Haddow) ("Haddow Dep.") at 19-21.
On May 13, 2008, Lioi sent an email to Evans asking if Evans would, as her supervisor, provide her with a letter of recommendation for a graduate scholarship. Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. Q. Evans assented to the request and on May 15, 2008, Evans provided a letter of recommendation, supporting Lioi for the scholarship. Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. R. Evans testified that he had also "recommended" Lioi on a separate occasion, in connection with an attempt to obtain a pay raise for Lioi. Evans Dep. 17.
Lioi alleges that in or about September 2008, she "reported to David Haddow and Martin Evans that the computer she was assigned ha[d] been breached by DIIT employee
In addition to the alleged gender-related comments made by Somma in 2007, Lioi alleges that she was referred to as "a man." Am. Compl. ¶ 20. Specifically, Lioi testified that on a "couple" of occasions in or around October or November 2008, Evans would use the word "man" in front of a group of employees, and then "[h]e would look over in my direction and he would stand there and address the group. Whenever he said it, he would look in my direction and just smirk at me and I would just shrug it off." Lioi Dep. 114-116. Lioi testified that the comments allegedly made to her by Somma in 2007, and the "couple of times" Evans allegedly referred to her as a "man," were the only discriminatory comments she could recall. Id. at 116.
Between October 24 and 29, 2008, a number of emails were exchanged between Lioi, her co-workers, and supervisors. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. T. In one email, Lioi wrote to a number of her co-workers:
Id. at 0695-96.
After one of Lioi's co-workers responded to Lioi's email, and a subsequent "reply all" by Lioi, Evans replied to all, stating that "[e]mails like this have no place in a professional workplace and this needs to end immediately." Id. Lioi then forwarded the chain of emails to co-worker Hang Lam, stating: "Like I said, Joe has turned into a major jerk since you've been gone! With you gone, I guess they feel like they can attack me since they have [E]van's support." Id. Evans testified that "[Lioi] became very divisive, and being very competent, she thought everybody else was incompetent. She vocalized that, and that upset people; to have somebody who is very good, denigrate you in that manner, so that caused issues and divisiveness in the unit." Evans Dep. 53.
Lioi testified that in or around October or November 2008, she was "instructed" by Evans to work with Hang Lam, a co-worker who was out on medical leave. Lioi Dep. 152. Evans testified that there was an issue with "one of the reports that we needed," and that, because Lam would have been the point person on this report, Evans asked Lioi to work with Lam on it. Evans Dep. 37-38. Once the issue arose with accessing Lam's part of the system, Evans further testified, "[Lioi] was good
On October 29, 2008, Lioi sent an email from her work email address to Lam's personal Yahoo email account. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. U. The subject line of the email was "FW: today's STD list" and contained two file attachments. Id. The City asserts that these two attachments contained several pages of data which included "patient specific identifiers for specimens requested to be tested by several STD [sexually transmitted disease] clinics throughout the City of New York." Def. 56.1 ¶ 72. Lioi disputes that the email in question contained any patient-specific identifiers. Pl. 56.1 ¶ 72. When asked if she did in fact send this email, Lioi testified:
Lioi Dep. 150.
On October 30, 2008, Lioi sent a series of emails from her work email account to Lam's Yahoo address. The first email stated, inter alia, that ". . . [y]esterday bald head called and spoke with the evil dumb one, Alf[.]" Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. V. Lioi testified that "bald head" was a reference to Peter Mura, and that "evil dumb one" was a reference to Altaf Shaikh. Lioi Dep. 156.
A couple of minutes later, Lioi sent a second email to Lam, entitled "FW: Today's List." Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. W. This email contained one attachment, which also contained several pages of data, including, the City asserts, more patient specific identifiers for specimens to be tested by STD clinics. Def. 56.1 ¶ 74. Lioi also disputes that this email contained any patient-specific identifiers. Pl. 56.1 ¶ 74. For her part, Lioi argues that "she was never instructed not to work on patient files by Mr. Evans," and further, that she kept Evans and Beatrice "apprised of the status of her work with Mr. Lam." Pl. 56.1 ¶ 75. However, Lioi admits that Evans never told her that it was okay to send confidential patient information to Lam's personal Yahoo account. Lioi Dep. 153.
On December 6, 2006, Lioi had signed PHL's Employee Confidentiality Statement. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. X. The confidentiality statement provides, in relevant part:
Id. (emphasis added). Below the confidentiality statement, there was an Employee Confidentiality Agreement, which Lioi signed. Id.
DOHMH also had an Acceptable Use Policy ("the Policy") in place, effective as of March 2007, which outlined the acceptable uses of DOHMH office and technology resources. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. Y; see also Def. 56.1 ¶ 78; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 78. Section VI of the Policy "provides guidelines regarding the appropriate and inappropriate use of Agency email, and also defines rules for the protection of confidential data distributed via e-mail." See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. Y at 0743. Section VI(B), "Webmail," provides, "Disciplinary action may taken if it is found that: . . . An employee is sending confidential or sensitive Agency data to any webmail or personal e-mail account." Id.
The Policy defines "confidential data" as:
Id. at 0740-41.
The Policy also makes clear that employees do not have a right of privacy while using DOHMH technology resources, "whether for business or personal purposes, at any time, including accessing the Internet or using e-mail." Id. at 0744. Finally, Section IX of the Policy provides for enforcement tools and sanctions to carry out the policy. Id. at 0745. For example, Section IX states: "Unauthorized use of the Agency's office and technology resources may result in . . . disciplinary or other adverse personnel actions, up to and including dismissal[.]" Id.
On November 20, 2008, Lioi was interviewed by Stephan Zander, the Deputy Inspector General of the DOHMH. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. Z.
On December 9, 2008, Lioi filed gender discrimination complaints against Evans and Haddow with DOHMH's EEO. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. CC-DD. In a letter dated December 31, 2008, Haddow responded to the allegations in Lioi's complaint, calling the allegations "not only baseless but . . . false[.]" Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. EE. On February 27, 2009, Evans responded to the allegations by letter, and similarly categorized Lioi's claims as false. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. FF.
On or about January 15, 2009, Lioi was served with a Notice and Statement of Charges. Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. GG. The Notice charged Lioi with three separate violations of the Standards of Conduct Rules, including violations of the department's Confidentiality Agreement and the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA"). Id. The Notice informed Lioi that per the grievance procedures set forth in her union's contract with the City, there would be an informal conference held on January 29, 2009. Id. Michael Aragon was the Informal Conference Leader. Id. On January 29, 2009, the conference was held, and on February 10, 2009, Aragon informed Lioi, by letter, that after reviewing the evidence presented at the conference, he was recommending that she be terminated by DOHMH. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. HH.
In a letter dated April 3, 2009, Lioi was notified by Brenda McIntyre, Assistant Commissioner of DOHMH's Bureau of Human Resources, that she was terminated effective as of that date. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. KK.
On August 31, 2009, Lioi filed a complaint with the EEOC alleging that she was (a) discriminated against on the basis of her sex and race, and (b) the subject of retaliation. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. LL. On March 30, 2010, Lioi filed a formal charge of discrimination against DOHMH PHL with the New York State Division of Human Rights. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. NN. On May 11, 2010, the EEOC notified DOHMH that Lioi had filed a charge of employment discrimination against them, and that no action was required of DOHMH at that time. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. OO. On June 10, 2010, EEOC notified Lioi that it had determined that "it is highly unlikely that subsequent investigation or investment of further resources would result in a finding under the Federal laws that we enforce." See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Ex. QQ. EEOC provided Lioi with a Notice of Right to Sue. Id.
On August 30, 2010, Lioi filed the Complaint in this case. Dkt. 1. On April 13, 2011, Lioi filed an Amended Complaint. Dkt. 10. On July 12, 2012, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. Dkt. 20-23. On July 26, 2012, Lioi filed her opposition to the motion. Dkt. 24-27. On August 2, 2012, defendants filed a reply. Dkt. 28. On November 28, 2012, the Court heard oral argument on the motion.
To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the movant must "show[] that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). The movant bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a question of material fact. In making this determination, the Court must view all facts "in the light most favorable" to the non-moving party. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Holcomb v. Iona Coll., 521 F.3d 130, 132 (2d Cir.2008). To survive a summary judgment motion, the opposing party must establish a genuine issue of fact by "citing to particular parts of materials in the record." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1); see also Wright v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 266 (2d Cir.2009). "A party may not rely on mere speculation or conjecture as to the true nature of the facts to overcome a motion for summary judgment." Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 166 (2d Cir.2010) (citation omitted). Only disputes over "facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law" will preclude a grant of summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In determining whether there are genuine issues of material fact, the Court is "required to resolve
Lioi brings claims under Title VII for gender discrimination, hostile work environment, and unlawful retaliation, as well as claims under New York State and New York City Human Rights Laws.
When there is no direct evidence of discrimination, discrimination claims under Title VII are guided by the burden-shifting analysis set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Under this analysis, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination. To do so, Lioi must show "(1) that she was within the protected [class], (2) that she was qualified for the position, (3) that she experienced adverse employment action, and (4) that such action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination." See Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 107 (2d Cir.2010). "This burden is not a heavy one." Id. However, a plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case based on "purely conclusory allegations of discrimination, absent any concrete particulars." Meiri v. Dacon, 759 F.2d 989, 998 (2d Cir.1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 829, 106 S.Ct. 91, 88 L.Ed.2d 74 (1985).
If the plaintiff can demonstrate a prima facie case, "the burden of production shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, clear, specific and non-discriminatory reason" for having undertaken the adverse action. Holt v. KMI-Continental, Inc., 95 F.3d 123, 129 (2d Cir.1996). "[I]f the defendant satisfies this burden of production, the plaintiff has the ultimate burden to prove that the employer's reason was merely a pretext for discrimination." Id. A plaintiff is not "required to prove the prohibited motivation was the sole or even the principal factor in the decision, or that the employer's proffered reasons played no role in the employment decision." Finn v. N.Y. State Office of Mental Health-Rockland Psychiatric Ctr., No. 08 Civ. 5142, 2011 WL 4639827, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 6, 2011) (citing Holtz v. Rockefeller & Co., 258 F.3d 62, 78 (2d Cir.2001)). Instead, the plaintiff "must show that those were not the only reasons and that plaintiff's protected status contributed to the employer's decision." Id.
The City concedes that Lioi is a member of a protected class and that she was qualified for her position as an ASA. Thus, to
An adverse employment action is a "materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment." Sanders v. N.Y. City Human Res. Admin., 361 F.3d 749, 755 (2d Cir.2004) (citation omitted). "To be materially adverse, a change in working conditions must be more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities." Mathirampuzha v. Potter, 548 F.3d 70, 78 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Sanders, 361 F.3d at 755). "Examples of such a change include termination of employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material responsibilities, or other indices unique to a particular situation." Id.
Lioi argues that she was the target of numerous adverse employment actions, including (1) working under an inferior job title with an inferior salary; (2) the blocked transfer to DIIT; (3) her suspension; and (4) her termination. Pl. Br. 7-9.
First, Lioi asserts that during her entire tenure at PHL, she worked under a less distinguished job title, and at a lower salary, than similarly situated male co-workers. Even assuming that this constitutes an adverse employment action—which the City disputes, see Def. Br. 2—Lioi has failed to establish the fourth element of a prima facie case of discrimination. To established an inference of discrimination based on a showing of disparate treatment, Lioi "must show that she was similarly situated in all material respects to the individuals with whom she seeks to compare herself." Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 39 (2d Cir.2000) (citation omitted). What constitutes "all material respects" varies from case to case, but "must be judged based on [] whether the plaintiff and those [s]he maintains were similarly situated were subject to the same workplace standards." Id. at 40. "[W]here a plaintiff seeks to establish the minimal prima facie case by making reference to the disparate treatment of other employees, those employees must have a situation sufficiently similar to plaintiff's to support at least a minimal inference that the difference of treatment may be attributable to discrimination." McGuinness v. Lincoln Hall, 263 F.3d 49, 54 (2d Cir. 2001).
Here, none of the co-workers that Lioi points to were similarly situated in all material respects. Lioi testified that she received a smaller salary than those of Jack Deutsch and Hang Lam. Lioi Dep. 87. But neither Deutsch nor Lam was similarly situated. Deutsch was the Director of PHL's Lead Department and had been working at PHL prior to Lioi's employment there. Lam was a Computer Specialist, rather than an Associate Staff Analyst, and had also been working at PHL for longer than Lioi.
Lioi also compares herself to Altaf Shaikh and Kevin Ward, Lioi Dep. 96, but neither of these individuals is a proper
Second, Lioi alleges that she suffered an adverse employment action when Somma blocked her transfer to DIIT in January 2007. This allegation, even if true, is untimely. For a Title VII claim to be timely, "a claimant [must] file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of the alleged unlawful employment action or, if the claimant has already filed the charge with a state or local equal employment agency, within 300 days of the alleged discriminatory action." Van Zant v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 80 F.3d 708, 712 (2d Cir.1996); see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e). Lioi filed an Intake Questionnaire with the EEOC on August 31, 2009. Thus, events occurring before November 4, 2008 are time-barred, as Lioi conceded at oral argument. Tr. 37. Discrete discriminatory acts, such as a denial of transfer, "are not actionable if time barred, even when they are related to acts alleged in timely filed charges." Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002). Therefore, even if there were evidence, which there is not, that the denial of transfer was somehow related to Lioi's gender, it would be, at most, "background evidence in support of a timely claim." Petrosino v. Bell Atl., 385 F.3d 210, 220 (2d.Cir.2004) (quoting Nat'l R.R., 536 U.S. at 113, 122 S.Ct. 2061).
The third alleged adverse employment action is Lioi's suspension. Although a suspension is undoubtedly an adverse action, Lioi cannot point to circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination. Lioi was suspended in November 2008 after she sent the emails containing patient identifiers to Lam's personal email account. Lam was also suspended. As counsel for Lioi conceded at oral argument, that both Lioi and her male co-worker were suspended for the same incident significantly undermines Lioi's claim that the suspension was tied to gender. Tr. 19 ("The Court: The fact that Mr. Lam was suspended tells you at least that the suspension component here wasn't about gender. Right? Mr. Zabell: Yes."). And to the extent Lioi argues that the gender-related comments made by Somma and Evans give rise to an inference of discrimination as to her suspension, that argument also fails, for reasons discussed infra.
Finally, Lioi suffered an adverse employment action when she was terminated. Once again, however, she cannot establish an inference of discrimination. Because Lioi was terminated, whereas Lam was only suspended, Lioi argues that the incremental difference between these two punishments is disparate treatment that gives rise to an inference of discrimination. But Lioi, the active sender of the violative email, and Lam, its passive recipient, are, plainly, not similarly situated in all material respects. See Graham, 230 F.3d at 39.
Henry v. Wyeth Pharms., Inc., 616 F.3d 134, 149 (2d Cir.2010).
The first pair of discriminatory comments was made by John Somma in early 2007. They were clearly gender-related. Lioi Dep. 112 ("This is an old boy's school."); id. at 113-14 ("This is a man's world. Stop rocking the boat."). At the time, Somma was Lioi's direct supervisor. However, Somma left PHL in December 2007—almost a full year before Lioi was suspended, and more than a year before her termination. Further, there is no evidence that Somma had anything to do with the decision to terminate Lioi, nor that his comments were in any way related to the decision-making process.
The other allegedly discriminatory comments were made by Martin Evans, who, on a couple of occasions in October or November 2008, would use the word "man" in front of a group of employees and then look in Lioi's direction and smirk. Lioi Dep. 114-116. The content of these remarks is barely gender-related, and there is no evidence that they were made in a context that was at all related to the decision-making process that resulted in Lioi's suspension or termination. Although Evans was Lioi's supervisor when he made the comments and at the time of her termination, there is no evidence that he played any role in the decision to terminate Lioi.
Assuming, arguendo, that Lioi could make out a prima facie case of gender discrimination with regard to her suspension or termination, the burden would shift to the City to show a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its actions.
In response, Lioi makes two primary arguments. First, Lioi argues that the contained in the emails simply did not contain patient-specific identifiers, and thus do not fall with the meaning of "confidential data" defined by the Acceptable Use Policy. The emails in question each contain lengthy attachments with daily lists of specimens to be tested by STD clinics. See Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Exs. U, W. Although the lists do not contain information that would identify a particular patient as readily as names or Social Security numbers, they do contain a 10-digit external ID number for each entry. Although counsel for the City was unable at oral argument to articulate precisely how these numbers could be used to identify individuals, see Tr. 6-10, that failing is not fatal to its motion: Lioi's argument is essentially that the City misapplied its policy, but "courts have consistently held that they may not second-guess an employer's non-discriminatory business decisions, regardless of their wisdom, unless there is actual evidence that they were motivated by discrimination." Peters v. Mount Sinai Hosp., No. 08 Civ. 7250 (CM), 2010 WL 1372686, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2010) (citing Montana v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan
Lioi also argues that, whether or not her emails violated the letter of the policy, she had permission from Evans, her supervisor, to send them. However, although Evans did ask Lioi to work with Lam while Lam was on leave, see Lioi Dep. 152, Evans Dep. 37, Lioi herself testified that Evans never gave her permission to send confidential patient information to Lam's personal account, see Lioi Dep. 153. At argument, counsel for Lioi argued that Evans, in asking Lioi to work with Lam, must have understood that Lam could not do his job from home without the confidential information Lioi sent him, and, thus, Evans implicitly authorized Lioi's actions. Tr. 16-17. However, as counsel conceded, there is no evidence to support that argument. Id. at 17 ("The Court: [Y]ou need to show that the supervisor . . . tacitly approved it being sent. . . . Does the record show that? Mr. Zabell: No.").
Therefore, the City has met its burden of demonstrating a neutral, non-discriminatory justification for Lioi's termination. This shifts the burden back to Lioi to prove that the City's decision to terminate her based on the violation of the confidentiality policy was merely a pretext for gender discrimination. As stated above, Lioi has offered no evidence that her termination was the product of discrimination. Accordingly, summary judgment is merited in the City's favor on Lioi's Title VII gender discrimination claim.
In order to prevail on a hostile work environment claim under Title VII, Lioi must establish two elements. She must prove (1) "that the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [her] employment and create an abusive working environment," and (2) "that a specific basis exists for imputing the conduct that created the hostile work environment to the employer." Perry v. Ethan Allen, Inc., 115 F.3d 143, 149 (2d Cir.1997) (citation omitted). Title VII "does not set forth `a general civility code for the American workplace.'" Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006) (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998)). Rather, "[t]he plaintiff must show that the workplace was so severely permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that the terms and conditions of her employment were thereby altered." Alfano v. Costello, 294 F.3d 365, 373-74 (2d Cir.2002) (citing Leibovitz v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 252 F.3d 179, 188 (2d Cir.2001)).
This test has both objective and subjective elements:
Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993). As a general rule, incidents must be more than "episodic; they must be sufficiently continuous and concerted in order to be deemed pervasive." Perry, 115 F.3d at 149 (citation omitted); see also Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998) (noting that "we have made it clear that conduct must be extreme to amount to a change in the terms and conditions of employment"). But see Quinn v. Green Tree Credit Corp., 159 F.3d 759, 768 (2d Cir. 1998) ("[E]ven a single episode of harassment, if severe enough, can establish a hostile work environment.").
In analyzing a hostile work environment claim, the Court is "required to look to the record as a whole and assess the totality of the circumstances, considering a variety of factors, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance." Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 102 (2d Cir.2010) (citation omitted).
In the Amended Complaint and her brief in opposition to this motion, Lioi bases her hostile work environment claim on: (1) gender-based comments made by Somma and Evans; (2) Mura's alleged breach of her work locker and computer; and (3) her suspension and termination.
As a threshold matter, the City argues that Lioi's hostile work environment claim is time-barred, because each of the alleged comments and incidents that Lioi points to falls outside of the statutory period, which the parties agree began on November 4, 2008. See supra pp. 584-85; Tr. 37. However, under the "continuing violation" exception to Title VII, "[a] claim of hostile work environment is timely so long as one act contributing to the claim occurred within the statutory period; if it did, `the entire time period of the hostile environment may be considered by a court for purposes of determining liability.'" Patterson v. Cnty. of Oneida, 375 F.3d 206, 220 (2d Cir.2004) (quoting Nat'l R.R., 536 U.S. at 117, 122 S.Ct. 2061).
Somma made the alleged gender-based comments to Lioi in early 2007. Lioi Dep. 112-114. Mura's alleged breach of Lioi's locker occurred in early 2008. Id. at 117, 122 S.Ct. 2061. Mura's alleged breach of Lioi's computer occurred in May, June, or July 2008, id. at 134, 122 S.Ct. 2061, and Lioi alleges that she reported this breach to her supervisors in September 2008, Am. Compl. ¶ 31. Each of these dates falls outside the statutory period. Thus, they do not support Lioi's hostile work environment claim unless there is a timely act that is part of the same unlawful employment practice.
Lioi's suspension and termination both occurred after November 4, 2008, and thus are within the statutory period. However, "the mere fact that an employee was dismissed within the statutory period cannot be used `to pull in [a] time-barred discriminatory act.'" Patterson, 375 F.3d at 220 (quoting Nat'l R.R., 536 U.S. at 113, 122 S.Ct. 2061). Therefore, Lioi must do more than point to her suspension or termination; she must "proffer[] [some] evidence" to show that her suspension or termination "was in furtherance of the alleged practice of [] harassment." Id. She has not done so.
The only discriminatory acts that arguably fall within the statutory period are the instances in which Evans referred to Lioi as a man. See Lioi Dep. 114-16.
Lioi's hostile work environment claim consists primarily of the discriminatory comments made by Somma and Evans. Specifically, Somma told Lioi that "this is an old boy's school," Lioi Dep. 112, and, on another occasion, "[t]his is a man's world. Stop rocking the boat." Id. at 113-14. Lioi testified that each of these comments was made to her only once. Id. at 112-14. As for Evans, Lioi also testified that, on a couple of occasions, Evans would use the word "man" in front of a group employees, look in Lioi's direction, and smirk. Id. at 114-16.
These comments fall far short of the frequency or severity required for a claim of hostile work environment. Indeed, courts in this circuit have granted summary judgment to employers despite conduct far more severe than that alleged here. See, e.g., Dayes v. Pace Univ., No. 98 Civ. 3675, 2000 WL 307382, at *1, *4-5, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3698, at *2-3, *11-12 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2000), aff'd, 2 Fed. Appx. 204 (2d Cir.2001) (granting summary judgment to defendant where plaintiff was subject to six sexual comments, multiple requests for dates, was screamed at by a supervisor, and was touched on the back); Lucas v. S. Nassau Cmty. Hosp., 54 F.Supp.2d 141, 147-48 (E.D.N.Y.1998) (denying NYSHRL hostile work environment claim where supervisor brushed against plaintiff three times, touched plaintiff three times, briefly touched plaintiff's back or shoulders five to seven other times, asked about the color of plaintiff's underwear, said plaintiff wanted to "go to bed" with her, and said "fuck you" to plaintiff on two occasions); Ricard v. Kraft Gen. Foods, Inc., No. 92 Civ. 2256, 1993 WL 385129, at *3-4, 1993 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21062, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 1993), aff'd, 17 F.3d 1426 (2d Cir.1994) (four sexually-oriented incidents insufficient to withstand summary judgment). Further, the frequency of the incidents alleged by Lioi is more properly categorized as "episodic," rather than the type of conduct that is "sufficiently continuous and concerted in order to be deemed pervasive." Perry, 115 F.3d at 149 (citation omitted).
Lioi also asserts that the alleged breaches of her work locker and computer workstation by Mura are evidence that she was subjected to a hostile work environment. But Mura's alleged actions lack any connection to Lioi's gender:
Alfano, 294 F.3d at 377. Actions that are gender-neutral on their face can be considered in assessing the totality of circumstances, but only if there is "some circumstantial or other basis for inferring that [such] incidents . . . were in fact discriminatory." Id. at 378. Lioi proffers no evidence that the incidents related to her work locker or computer had anything to do with her gender. To the contrary, when Lioi was asked why she believed it was Mura who had been attempting to access her computer, Lioi testified that it was "[b]ecause [Mura] was constantly trying to get [work-related] information from me." Lioi Dep. 132. Accordingly, these allegations do not support Lioi's hostile work environment claim.
Finally, to the extent Lioi alleges that her suspension and termination establish a hostile work environment, this allegation misapprehends the nature of a hostile work environment claim. As one court in this district has explained:
Magadia v. Napolitano, No. 06 Civ. 14386 (CM), 2009 WL 510739, at *17 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2009); see also Nat'l R.R., 536 U.S. at 115, 122 S.Ct. 2061 ("Hostile environment claims are different in kind from discrete acts. Their very nature involves repeat conduct."). Lioi's suspension and termination, although relevant to her discrimination and retaliation claims, do not support her claim of a hostile work environment where, as here, she has failed to show how these events were in any way related to an ongoing practice of harassment. See Patterson, 375 F.3d at 220.
Accordingly, for the reasons stated, even assuming that each of the allegedly discriminatory acts were not time-barred and viewing them in totality, Lioi has failed to adduce evidence sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to find that she was subjected to a hostile work environment. Accordingly, summary judgment is granted in the City's favor on this claim, too.
Under Title VII, it is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an employee because that employee "has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). In adjudicating retaliation claims, courts follow the familiar burden-shifting approach of McDonnell Douglas Corp. See Jute v. Hamilton Sundstrand Corp., 420 F.3d 166, 173 (2d Cir.2005). To prove a prima facie case of retaliation, Lioi must establish: "(1) that she participated in an activity protected by Title VII, (2) that her participation was known to her employer, (3) that her employer thereafter subjected her to a materially adverse employment action, and (4) that there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action." Kaytor v. Elec. Boat Corp., 609 F.3d 537, 552 (2d Cir.2010). The burden of proof at the prima facie stage has been characterized as "de minimis." Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 166 (2d Cir.2010).
If this initial burden is met, "a presumption of retaliation arises," and the
However, the employer is entitled to judgment as a matter of law "if the record conclusively reveal[s] [a] nondiscriminatory reason for the employer's decision, or if the plaintiff create[s] only a weak issue of fact [as to pretext] and there [i]s abundant and uncontroverted independent evidence that no discrimination ha[s] occurred." Reeves, 530 U.S. at 148, 120 S.Ct. 2097; see also Richardson v. Comm'n on Human Rights & Opportunities, 532 F.3d 114, 125-26 (2d Cir.2008) (concluding that "overwhelming evidence" of legitimate reason for dismissal warranted judgment as a matter of law).
Here, Lioi's retaliation claims are based on her suspension, in November 2008, and her termination, in April 2009. She alleges that those acts were taken in retaliation for either her January 2008 visit to the DOHMH EEO, or her December 2008 complaint against her supervisors, Evans and Haddow. Defendants do not dispute that Lioi's suspension and termination were adverse employment actions, nor that Lioi's actions were protected activities. Thus, to establish a prima facie case, Lioi must show that her employers knew of her participation in the protected activity, and that there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action.
First, to the extent Lioi's retaliation claim is based on her November 2008 suspension, that claim must fail. Even assuming that defendants knew of Lioi's January 2008 visit to the DOHMH EEO, Lioi has not established a causal connection between that visit and her suspension. A causal connection can be established in two manners: "(1) indirectly, by showing that the protected activity was followed closely by discriminatory treatment; or (2) directly, through evidence of retaliatory animus directed against the plaintiff by the defendant." Thomas v. iStar Fin., Inc., 508 F.Supp.2d 252, 257 (S.D.N.Y.2007).
Here, the temporal nexus—10 months—is insufficient to establish a causal connection. See, e.g., Chukwueze v. NYCERS, 891 F.Supp.2d 443, 456-58 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (three—to six-month gap insufficient to establish causal connection); Sank v. City Univ. of N.Y., No. 10 Civ. 4975 (RWS), 2011 WL 5120668, at *10-12 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 28, 2011) (10-month gap insufficient); see also Murray v. Visiting Nurse Servs. of N.Y., 528 F.Supp.2d 257, 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) ("[T]he Second Circuit has not drawn a bright line to define the outer
Second, Lioi asserts that she was terminated in April 2009 in retaliation for the complaints of discrimination that she made against Evans and Haddow in December 2008. There is clear evidence that Evans and Haddow knew of the protected activity, see Minnah-Donkoh Decl. Exs. EE-FF, and this is sufficient to establish the second element of Lioi's prima facie case. See Risco v. McHugh, 868 F.Supp.2d 75, 112 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (general corporate knowledge sufficient to satisfy second element of prima facie case of retaliation, regardless of whether individual decision-maker knew of complaint); see also Gordon v. N.Y.C. Bd. of Educ., 232 F.3d 111, 116 (2d Cir.2000) ("Neither this nor any other circuit has ever held that, to satisfy the knowledge requirement, anything more is necessary than general corporate knowledge that the plaintiff has engaged in a protected activity.").
However, Lioi still cannot establish a causal connection between her termination and her December 2008 complaints (nor, for that matter, her January 2008 visit to the DOHMH EEO). Although the temporal nexus between her termination and the December 2008 complaints—five months—is closer, it still falls outside the range of proximity from which courts in this District infer a causal connection. See Murray, 528 F.Supp.2d at 275. More significantly, however, when Lioi filed her complaints in December 2008, the disciplinary process regarding her breach of the confidentiality policy was already under way. Indeed, at the time of her complaints, Lioi had already been suspended as a result of her actions. "Where timing is the only basis for a claim of retaliation, and gradual adverse job actions began well before the plaintiff had ever engaged in any protected activity, an inference of retaliation does not arise." Slattery v. Swiss Reinsurance Am. Corp., 248 F.3d 87, 95 (2d Cir.2001); see also Mayling Tu v. OppenheimerFunds, Inc., No. 10 Civ. 4971 (PKC), 2012 WL 516837, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2012) (collecting cases where adverse job actions prior to protected activity negate inference of retaliation).
Although Lioi concedes as much, she argues that retaliatory animus is evidenced by the fact that she was given a more severe punishment than Lam, and that the disparity between her termination and Lam's mere suspension gives rise to an issue of material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment. Pl. Br. 24. That argument is without merit. First, Lioi's argument fails to acknowledge that having been the sender of an email that contained confidential information placed her in a substantially different position than Lam, as the mere recipient of the same. Second, the complaints were filed against Evans and Haddow, but neither was involved with the decision to terminate Lioi. See Evans Dep. 34; Haddow Dep. 81. Just as discriminatory "remarks made by someone other than the person who made the decision adversely affecting the plaintiff may have little tendency to show that the decision-maker was motivated by [] discriminatory sentiment," Tomassi v. Insignia Fin. Group, Inc., 478 F.3d 111, 115 (2d Cir.2007), the fact that certain non-decision-makers may have a motive to retaliate has little tendency to show that the actual
In any event, even assuming that Lioi could establish a prima facie case, the burden would then shift to defendants to show a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse action. As the Court has already concluded, defendants have done so, and Lioi cannot demonstrate pretext. See supra Part IV(A)(2). Accordingly, summary judgment must be granted in the City's favor on this claim, also.
Lioi also brings claims for gender discrimination and retaliation under state and city human rights laws. "[C]laims brought under New York State's Human Rights Law are analytically identical to claims brought under Title VII." Rojas v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, 660 F.3d 98, 107 n. 10 (2d Cir.2011) (citation omitted). By contrast, the applicable standard under the NYCHRL is materially different from the Title VII standard. See Fincher v. Depository Trust and Clearing Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 723 (2d Cir.2010) ("New York State courts and district courts in this Circuit have concluded. . . that the retaliation inquiry under the [NY]CHRL is `broader' than its federal counterpart.").
Because Lioi's claims under Title VII have been dismissed, the Court must decide whether to retain jurisdiction over the remaining claims. Federal district courts have supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims "that are so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution." 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). As the Supreme Court stated in discussing Section 1367's predecessor judicial doctrine of pendent jurisdiction, this is traditionally "a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff's right." United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966). Section 1367(c) "confirms the discretionary nature of supplemental jurisdiction by enumerating the circumstances in which district courts can refuse its exercise." City of Chicago v. Int'l Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 173, 118 S.Ct. 523, 139 L.Ed.2d 525 (1997). Of particular relevance here, a district court "may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction" if it "has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction." 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).
Once a district court's discretion is triggered under Section 1367(c)(3), the Court balances the traditional "values of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity" in deciding whether to exercise jurisdiction. Carnegie—Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350, 108 S.Ct. 614, 98 L.Ed.2d 720 (1988). Both the Second Circuit and the Supreme Court have held that, as a general rule, "when the federal claims are dismissed the `state claims should be dismissed as well.'" In re Merrill Lynch Ltd. P'ships Litig., 154 F.3d 56, 61 (2d Cir.1998) (quoting United Mine Workers, 383 U.S. at 726, 86 S.Ct. 1130). Although the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction is discretionary, in the ordinary case the balance of factors "will point toward declining jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims." Id. at 61 (citing Cohill, 484 U.S. at 350 n. 7, 108 S.Ct. 614).
Although this Court has in appropriate cases exercised its discretion to retain supplemental jurisdiction over both NYSHRL and NYCHRL claims, see Moccio v. Cornell Univ., 889 F.Supp.2d 539, 591-92 (S.D.N.Y.2012), or only NYCHRL claims, see Mendez-Nouel v. Gucci Am., Inc., No. 10 Civ. 3388 (PAE), 2012 WL 5451189, at *16-17 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 8, 2012),
For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion is granted as to Lioi's claims under Title VII. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment in defendants' favor as to those claims. Because the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Lioi's NYSHRL and NYCHRL claims, they are dismissed without prejudice. The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate the motion at docket number 20, and to close this case.
SO ORDERED.
Lioi's Title VII claims against Evans and Haddow, however, must be dismissed. In the Second Circuit, Title VII does not impose liability on individuals. See Lore v. City of Syracuse, 670 F.3d 127, 169 (2d Cir.2012). Although Lioi invites this Court to reconsider that binding precedent, that is a matter for the Court of Appeals.
