MICHAEL H. DOLINGER, United States Magistrate Judge.
The Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") brought this civil enforcement action against defendants Joshua Constantin, Brian Solomon, and Windham Securities, Inc.,
Following expiration of the discovery period, the SEC has moved for summary judgment. Defendants have not opposed.
In summarizing the record on plaintiff's motion, we rely on those facts stated in the SEC's Rule 56.1 statement insofar as they are supported by some proffered evidence. To the extent that the SEC has providing competent evidence, those facts are deemed not to be in dispute, since defendants have offered no contradiction.
In late 2005, Constantin Resource Group, Inc., a company wholly-owned and controlled by Joshua Constantin ("Constantin") (see Kamar Decl. Ex. 1 at 21), acquired Windham Securities, Inc. ("Windham"), a small, SEC-registered broker-dealer based in Long Island, New York. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 5, 22, 46; Kamar Decl. Ex. 1 at 26, Ex. 3 at 14-15, Ex. 14 at 6).
Windham is an introducing broker whose trades and client accounts were managed by two clearing brokers, Penson Clearing Services and, for a period during 2008, LEK Securities Inc. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 65-66, 69; Kamar Decl. Ex. 14 at 6). As a "nickel broker-dealer,"
From 2005 through 2009, Constantin served as Windham's chief executive officer ("CEO"), managing director, and registered representative. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 6). Brian Solomon joined Windham in November 2006, as the "fixed income director," and in July 2007 became a registered representative of the company. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 4 at 57-58; Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 33). Between July 2007 and approximately January 2009, Windham's staff was essentially comprised of Constantin and Solomon, plus an outside compliance officer.
Constantin oversaw general office operations, wrote all of Windham's agreements, and managed all of the company's business through its associated clearing firms. (Id. at Ex. 4 pp. 137-38). He also was responsible for supervising Solomon, and overseeing and approving all of the transactions and accounts for Solomon's clients. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 40; Kamar Decl. Ex. 4 at 133, 137). Solomon's job responsibilities included "bring[ing] clients to Windham, open[ing] accounts, do[ing] trades and transactions ... mostly trying to raise money and find the specific type of investments for clients." (Kamar Decl. Ex. 4 at 90). Solomon targeted clients who were "individual investors ... of a high net worth." (Id.). His job title at the small company apparently was not fixed and varied as needed, depending on his interactions with clients. (See id. at
The image of Windham that Constantin and Solomon promoted to their clients was very different from the true nature of the company. In practice, Constantin worked out of a small office in Long Island, New York,
On numerous occasions, Solomon lied to clients about his involvement in foreign markets, indicating, for example, that he was leaving on a business trip to Hong Kong (Kamar Decl. Ex. 46), and that he "often work[ed] the European open" (id. at Ex. 70), when in fact neither was true. (Id. at Ex. 2 p. 74, Ex. 4 p. 153; see also id. at Ex. 6 p. 17 (client testified that Solomon had boasted that his experience "went back to his workings in Europe, where he had done [investment deals] before.")).
Although Constantin and Solomon had both dropped out of college and neither had received degrees (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 1, 2, 13; Kamar Decl. Ex. 6 at 13, Ex. 18 at 6, Ex. 19), they each suggested to their clients and potential investors that they had graduated with degrees from well-respected schools. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 4 at 190-91 (discussing Solomon's attendance at Dartmouth College), Ex. 15 (claiming Constantin "has an undergraduate degree in Economics from Fordham University where he also did his graduate work")).
Solomon frequently misrepresented Windham's investment experience and prior performance to potential investors. For example, he advised one client that he had previously worked with small companies and had "brought them to market." (Id. at Ex. 6 p. 17). He wrote to another client,
As an example of our track record, please review the following IPO's that over the past year we have participated
(Id. at Ex. 70). Solomon then proceeded in the same email to list six company stocks in a chart comparing the companies' stock prices at the time of public offering and as of the date of Solomon's email. (Id.). In fact, no one at Windham had participated in any of those syndicates or, for that matter, had ever successfully taken a private company public. (See id. at Ex. 1 pp. 190, 192, 195, Ex. 4 p. 24). Solomon also told clients that Windham had "a floor of traders in New York" (id. at Ex. 7 p. 234), when, in fact, at the time the company did not. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 221-22).
Constantin and Solomon promised, and otherwise encouraged clients to believe, that they could expect unreasonably large and rapid returns on their investments through Windham. (Compare Kamar Decl. Ex. 34 (Solomon suggests to client that Windham could deliver a 400% to 500% return on investment) and Ex. 35 (Solomon writes to a potential client "Investments do not wait, and we need to meet certain deadline [sic] to maintain our 500% [return] goal ... If we do not hear any response from you by Tuesday, we will withdraw, close your account and be unavailable to you in the future.") with id. at Ex. 5 pp. 526, 532 (Solomon testifies "You know, I can't say that Windham had 500 percent historical returns."); see also id. at Ex. 72 (Solomon encourages client to expect a "fast profitable return."). Constantin reinforced Solomon's rosy projections, advising clients that they would be able to liquidate their investments many months before they actually ended up being able to do so (see, e.g., id. at Exs. 79, 80, 82), and promising very high returns. (See id. at Ex. 84 ("I expect the results of this transaction when completed to be nothing short of stellar and even taking into account the extra time the internal rate of return on this investment should be off the charts")). In one case, Constantin cited to a client, as a company's purported book value, a figure that was more than seven times the actual book value that he knew the company to have. (Compare id. at Ex. 84 p. 90 (Constantin quotes book value of "$22-$33 million") with Ex. 85 p. 1 (actual book value listed as "$3-$4.5 million")).
The SEC's complaint and motion papers highlight the stories of two Windham clients, Dr. Charles Balaban and Mr. Edward Mier-Jedrzejowicz ("Mier"), as exemplars of Windham's fraudulent investment scheme. Defendants apparently defrauded at least five additional Windham clients between 2008 and 2009. (See Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 306-19).
Dr. Charles Balaban was referred to Solomon as a potential client in May 2008. (Id. at ¶ 72). At the time, Balaban, a Canadian citizen and resident, was looking to invest $1 million of the proceeds he had received from the sale of his dental practice (id. at ¶¶ 74, 101) and informed Solomon that he was looking for an investment that would yield liquid profits in approximately one year. (Id. at ¶ 80). Solomon advised Balaban that he could earn a 200 percent annual return at Windham. (Id. at ¶ 83). Solomon also told Balaban that he had prior experience working with discounted securities (id. at ¶ 86), though Solomon later testified at his deposition that he had only ever managed to purchase discounted debt securities and had never actually succeeded in reselling them for a return on his investment. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 4 at 188-89).
On May 21, 2008, Solomon attempted to open an account for Balaban with Penson Clearing Services, but was told that Penson did "not allow accounts to have Canadian
Balaban deposited $1 million into his new Penson account on June 5, 2008. (Id. at ¶ 101). Soon thereafter, Constantin transferred $100,000.00 out of the account—$50,000.00 of which he transferred to Solomon and another $50,000.00 of which he transferred to Constantin Resource—as Windham's purported ten-percent advisory fee. (Id. at ¶¶ 102-103). Balaban later testified that he had not considered the ten-percent fee to be reasonable and, in any event, "it hadn't been discussed originally." (Kamar Decl. Ex. 6 at 31).
Constantin invested some of Balaban's remaining funds in the purchase of 200,000 shares of common stock in a company called Omega World. (Id. at Ex. 6 p. 40). As of about June 27, 2008, Balaban's Penson account reflected a cash balance of approximately $670,000.00, plus the 200,000 shares in Omega World. (Id.).
Solomon next advised Balaban of a potential investment opportunity in Leeward, a private insurance company that Windham was purportedly helping to take public through a reverse merger process.
Penson mailed Balaban's account statements to the designated address in Santa Monica, California, which, as noted, belonged to Solomon. (Id. at ¶ 130). Solomon reviewed Balaban's Penson account statements but did not forward them to Balaban or notify Balaban of their contents, including the fact that, by July 2008, Balaban's Penson account had a cash balance of less than $10,000.00 and reflected no securities holdings or purchases. (See id. at ¶¶ 131-34).
On August 11, 2008, Constantin emailed Solomon an account statement showing 200,000 shares of Omega World stock held by LEK Securities, Inc. in Balaban's name. Solomon forwarded that account statement to Balaban (id. at ¶ 136) and indicated, "You have a second position now Leeward (the N.Y. insurance company.) That stock is not showing in this account yet. As was the case with Omega World, it takes some time for the new stock to settle in the account." (Id. at ¶ 137).
In late August 2008, Balaban notified Solomon that he had not been receiving monthly account statements. (Id. at ¶ 139). Although Balaban completed a form titled "Consent to Electronic Delivery of Documents" that Solomon had provided to him, and although Solomon regularly accessed and reviewed Balaban's accounts online, Balaban was never given online access to his Penson or LEK account statements. In addition, Solomon did not forward any of Balaban's paper Penson account statements to Balaban at his Canadian address. (See id. at ¶¶ 141-143).
Instead, at Constantin's direction, Solomon created an account statement for Balaban under Windham's logo.
In late 2008, Balaban began expressing to Solomon his desire to begin cashing out his investments, but Solomon advised him
Balaban first spoke with Constantin on February 16, 2009. (Id. at ¶ 195). Over a series of subsequent conversations, Constantin advised Balaban that he was working to increase the value of Balaban's Leeward investment, which Constantin assured him could be expected to double in value. (Id. at ¶¶ 196-97). Constantin never told Balaban that his funds had been transferred to Constantin Resource and DAC, or that Balaban did not actually have any direct holdings in Leeward. (Id. at ¶ 198; Kamar Decl. Ex. 6 at 91). As of March 23, 2012, Balaban still had not recouped any of his investment in Windham. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 6 at 216).
Mr. Edward Mier first spoke with Solomon on June 2, 2008 about the possibility of making a short-term investment through Windham, to be completed by no later than the end of December 2008. (Id. at ¶¶ 201-02; Kamar Decl. Ex. 7 at 25-26). Solomon advised Mier that Windham had some investment opportunities available that could meet his needs, including an investment in Leeward, which Solomon indicated to Mier was a non-public company that would become public through a reverse merger. (Id. at ¶ 203). In their early discussions, Solomon also told Mier that, based on Windham's past performance, he could expect at least a 30 percent return on his investment within one year. (Id. at ¶ 204). Solomon subsequently encouraged Mier to consider investing in the Leeward insurance company, advising him that "in less than twelve months he would get his money back plus a 60 to 80 percent return." (Id. at ¶¶ 239-41).
Mier later remarked that he had been particularly impressed by Windham's apparent ties to Europe, which he had presumed to be significant, in light of Windham's internet presence based in France, as well as Solomon's repeated references to his involvement in the European markets. (See id. at ¶¶ 205-13). Mier also inferred from Solomon's reference to Windham's "investment banking division" and "trading floor"—neither of which actually existed—that Windham was a large company. (See Kamar Decl. Ex. 7 at 47, 234, 335-36). Solomon also advised Mier that Windham had been involved in taking at least six private companies public over the preceding year, a representation which, as noted above, was entirely false. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 214, 223-24; see supra, at 6).
On September 2, 2008, Mier wired a $250,000.00 initial investment with Windham into his Penson account. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 230). The next day, Constantin transferred $25,000.00 from Mier's account to Windham's checking account, representing Windham's ten-percent fee, of which half was then transferred to Solomon as his commission on the deal. (Id. at ¶¶ 232-33). Like Balaban, Mier reports that he had not been advised of Windham's ten-percent fee. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 7 at 68).
On September 17, 2008, Mier deposited an additional $100,000.00 into his Penson account. (Id. at ¶ 236). Constantin transferred ten percent of this amount to Windham's checking account, again as Windham's ten-percent fee. (Id. at ¶ 237). In this case, Constantin paid Solomon his five percent commission via a payment from Constantin Resource. (Id. at ¶¶ 234, 238). On September 25, 2008, Constantin transferred $89,925.00 from Mier's Penson account to the Leeward escrow account (id. at ¶ 254), and four days later transferred $160,000.00—constituting 94 percent of the funds in the Leeward escrow account— from the escrow account to Constantin Resource. (Id. at ¶ 255). Although no Leeward stock had been purchased in Mier's name, Solomon represented to Mier that he was invested in Leeward. (Id. at ¶ 256).
On December 3, 2008, Mier met Constantin and Solomon for lunch to discuss his account. (Id. at ¶ 264). At the lunch meeting, Mier reiterated that he had intended for his investment to be short-term and expressed a desire to liquidate at least $70,000.00 to $100,000.00 of his Leeward holdings. (Id. at ¶¶ 270, 272). According to Mier, Constantin and Solomon "clearly suggest[ed] that there was an opportunity to get 70 to 100 back as soon as possible" (Id. at ¶ 275), and Constantin allegedly told Mier that he would provide Mier with an additional 10,000 shares of Leeward to make up for the fact that the Leeward deal was apparently taking longer than had originally been anticipated. (See id. at ¶¶ 271, 276). Nonetheless, Mier apparently never received the $70,000.00 or the 10,000 additional Leeward shares that Constantin and Solomon had promised to him on December 3, 2008. (Id. at ¶ 280; Kamar Decl. Ex. 7 at 102-03). Mier notes that at his lunch meeting with Constantin and Solomon, Constantin also indicated that he had invested multiple millions of his own funds into the Leeward deal (see Kamar Decl. Ex. 7 at 85), which was not in fact the case. (See id. at Ex. 50).
Following Solomon's departure from Windham in January 2009, Mier began corresponding directly with Constantin about his account. (See Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 281-283). In an email dated January 28, 2009 Mier noted, "[Solomon] sold me on an investment in Sept/Oct with over 30% gain by end Nov and ability to liquidate at that time." (Kamar Decl. Ex. 79 (all-caps omitted)). Constantin reassured him that he was "confident that [Leeward] is doing well and on track for a 30-60 day IPO." (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 284). Approximately seven months later, in August 2009, Mier contacted Penson to find out the status of his account and was told it "is closed and has a zero balance." (Id. at ¶¶ 285-87).
In January 2010, Constantin wrote to Mier in an effort to reassure him about the Leeward deal. Constantin provided Mier with significantly inflated numbers for the deal's expected returns, advising Mier that the book value for Leeward was in the range of $22 million to $33 million (Kamar Decl. Ex. 84 at 90), when the true numbers that Constantin had received from Leeward
On February 23, 2010, Constantin emailed Mier a document prepared to look like a Leeward promissory note. (Id. at ¶ 299). In fact, as Kevin Coughlin, the president of Leeward, later testified in his deposition, Leeward had never issued such a document. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 3 at 39). The purported note listed Solomon as Leeward's Loan Administrator, but as Coughlin explained, Solomon had never worked for Leeward (id. at 44-48), and as Solomon testified, the signature on the note did not match his own (id. at Ex. 5 p. 501), an assertion that is plainly supported by a visual comparison of the signature on the note with Solomon's true signature on various other documents. (Compare id. at Ex. 84 p. 29 with id. at Exs. 25, 88, 89). Moreover, the address listed on the note as Leeward's address was not, in fact, Leeward's address, but rather Constantin's business address. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 303).
Besides Balaban and Mier, five other individuals invested funds with Windham for purposes of buying shares of Leeward.
On August 18, 2008, Solomon and Constantin directed LEK to transfer $55,076.34 from Mr. William Goldstein's account to the Leeward escrow account. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 90). The following day, Constantin transferred $55,000.00 from the escrow account to Constantin Resource. (Id. at Ex. 91).
Mr. Louis Esposito invested $50,000.00 on September 11, 2008 (id. at Ex. 50 p. 11), and Mr. Vincenzo Moreno invested $25,000.00 on September 16, 2008. (Id. at Ex. 50 p. 11). These funds were apparently all diverted to Constantin Resource that same month. (Id. at Ex. 50 p. 12). Mr. Piedad Zurita's March 18, 2009 investment was apparently transferred directly to Constantin's personal Citibank account the following day. (Id. at Ex. 50 p. 26).
In early 2009, Mr. James Thomas transferred a total of $20,000.00 into the Leeward escrow account, by way of two separate wire transfers. (Id. at Ex. 50 pp. 20, 23, Ex. 92, Ex. 93 p. 2). The day after each of Thomas's payments was wired into the escrow account, Constantin transferred the funds to his personal checking account. (Id. at Ex. 50 pp. 20, 23).
Around the fall of 2008, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") began investigating Windham. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 332). Subsequently, in May 2010, the SEC began its own investigation of the company. (Id. at ¶ 336).
On May 28, 2010, shortly after Constantin received an SEC subpoena, the Leeward reverse merger finally went through, resulting in the issuance of 65 million shares of the resulting corporation, Leeward Group Holdings, Inc. (Id. at ¶¶ 336-37).
Following the merger, Balaban was issued shares pursuant to a purported "consultancy agreement," although he had never served as a consultant to any of the companies involved in the merger. (See id. at ¶ 342; Kamar Decl. Ex. 3 at 87). Windham's other clients who had invested in Leeward, including Mier, each received shares of Leeward Group Holdings from another shareholder, Charles Payne. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement at ¶ 341). Notably, the amounts of stock received by each of Windham's clients did not reflect the relative values of their respective investments through Windham. (Id. at ¶¶ 343-46). In fact, several investors received
As of June 28, 2012, Leeward Group Holdings' shares were trading at less than one cent per share. (Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 349). As a result, in exchange for his investment of $660,000.00, Balaban received 3,080,000 shares of Leeward Group Holdings, valued at less than $30,800.00. In exchange for his investment of $300,000.00, Mier received 1.4 million shares of Leeward Group Holdings, valued at less than $14,000.00. Only one investor received a number of shares that came close to reflecting the value of his initial investment. (See id. at ¶ 347).
The SEC filed its complaint in this court on July 6, 2011. (Compl.). Each of defendants and relief defendants waived service (see docket nos. 4, 5, 11, 12, 13) and initially appeared represented by counsel. On October 17, 2011, all parties consented to proceed under the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). (Consent form, dated Oct. 17, 2011 (docket no. 16)). On March 8, 2012, counsel for defendant Solomon moved to withdraw, and the court granted that motion on March 19, 2012. (Endorsed Order, dated March 19, 2012 (docket no. 47)). Defendant Solomon has proceeded pro se, since that time.
As of the date of his deposition on April 20, 2012, Constantin invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. (Pl.'s Mem. at 44; Kamar Decl. Ex. 12). The discovery period closed June 18, 2012, and the SEC filed its motion for summary judgment on July 3, 2012. By endorsed order, we set the deadline for opposition to that motion as July 26, 2012. (Endorsed Order, dated July 5, 2012 (docket no. 55)). The court granted two separate extensions of the motion briefing schedule, the latest of which set the opposition deadline as September 24, 2012. (See Endorsed Orders, dated July 26, 2012 & Sept. 4, 2012 (docket nos. 56 & 57)). Nonetheless, defendants and relief defendants failed to file any opposition and, accordingly, on October 5, 2012 we deemed the motion closed to further briefing. (See Endorsed Order, dated Oct. 5, 2012 (docket no. 58)).
The SEC asserts claims against all defendants for violation of § 17(a) of the Securities Act, § 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and SEC Rule 10b-5 (Compl. 19-20), collectively known as the antifraud provisions of the securities laws. See, e.g., SEC v. Credit Bancorp, Ltd., 195 F.Supp.2d 475, 490 (S.D.N.Y.2002), recons. denied 2011 WL 5417106 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2011). The SEC also argues in the alternative that, if Constantin is not deemed primarily liable under the antifraud provisions, he should be deemed secondarily liable based on a theory of control-person liability, under § 20(a) of the Exchange Act, or a theory of aiding and abetting violations of the Exchange Act. (Compl. at 21-23). Finally, the SEC seeks equitable relief against relief defendants Constantin Resource Group, Inc. and DAC. (Id. at 23). We understand this to include, at a minimum, the disgorgement of any ill-gotten gains that the relief defendants may have received from the principal defendants' alleged fraud.
Summary judgment will be granted when "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
If the non-moving party has the burden of proof as to a particular issue, the movant may satisfy its initial burden by demonstrating the absence of evidence supporting an essential element of the nonmoving party's claim. See, e.g., Repp v. Webber, 132 F.3d 882, 890 (2d Cir.1997); Gummo v. Vill. of Depew, N.Y., 75 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir.1996). If the movant fails to meet its initial burden, the motion will fail even if the opponent does not submit any evidentiary matter to establish a genuine factual issue for trial. See Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 160, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970); Vt. Teddy Bear Co., Inc. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir.2004); Amaker v. Foley, 274 F.3d 677, 681 (2d Cir.2001); BBS Norwalk One, Inc. v. Raccolta, Inc., 117 F.3d 674, 677-78 (2d Cir.1997). In other words, the non-moving party is not required to defend itself against "an insufficient showing." Amaker, 274 F.3d at 681 (quoting Adickes, 398 U.S. at 161, 90 S.Ct. 1598). If, however, the movant satisfies its initial burden, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to demonstrate that there is a genuine dispute of material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548; L & L Started Pullets, Inc. v. Gourdine, 762 F.2d 1, 4 (2d Cir.1985). The non-movant may not simply rest on the allegations set forth in its pleading, but rather must submit "significant probative evidence tending to support" those allegations. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In addition, under Local Rule 56.1(c), all material facts set forth in a moving party's Rule 56.1 statement that are uncontroverted are deemed to be admitted by the opposing party.
The elements of a claim under § 17(a) of the Securities Act, and under § 10(b) of the Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5 are "[e]ssentially the same," SEC v. Monarch Funding Corp., 192 F.3d 295, 308 (2d Cir.1999), and "[m]any courts—including the Second Circuit—analyze claims under both statutes together."
To prevail on each of its claims under § 10(b) of the Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5, the SEC must establish that, in connection with the purchase or sale of securities in a domestic transaction, the defendants acted with scienter, and by means of instrumentalities of interstate commerce, in employing a fraudulent device or in making a material misrepresentation or a material omission as to which they had a duty to speak. See Monarch Funding Corp., 192 F.3d at 308; SEC v. Tourre, 2012 WL 5838794, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 19, 2012) (quoting Morrison v. Nat'l Australia Bank Ltd., 561 U.S. 247, ___, 130 S.Ct. 2869, 2884, 177 L.Ed.2d 535 (2010)); United States v. Teyibo, 877 F.Supp. 846, 861 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), aff'd, 101 F.3d 681, 1996 WL 167868 (2d Cir.1996). To prevail on its claims under subsections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act, the SEC must demonstrate all of the same elements, except that it need not prove that defendants acted with scienter. See Aaron v. SEC, 446 U.S. 680, 695-96, 100 S.Ct. 1945, 64 L.Ed.2d 611 (1980).
Notably, "[t]he SEC does not need to prove investor reliance, loss causation, or damages" to prevail on any of its claims for primary liability under the securities laws. Credit Bancorp, 195 F.Supp.2d at 490-91.
To constitute securities fraud, the alleged misconduct must be in connection with the offer, purchase, or sale of securities. 15 U.S.C. § 77q(a) ("offer or sale"); 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) ("purchase or sale"); 17 C.F.R. 240.10b-5 ("purchase or sale"). Courts are directed to construe this requirement "broadly so as to encompass fraud in any part of the selling process." U.S. S.E.C. v. Mudd, 885 F.Supp.2d 654, 670 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (quoting U.S. S.E.C. v. Brown, 740 F.Supp.2d 148, 164 (D.D.C. 2010)). As the Supreme Court has noted, "it is enough that the fraud alleged `coincide' with a securities transaction." Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71, 85, 126 S.Ct. 1503, 164 L.Ed.2d 179, (2006) (citing United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, 651, 117 S.Ct. 2199, 138 L.Ed.2d 724 (1997)). In addition, as the Supreme Court held in Morrison v. Nat'l Australia Bank Ltd., the antifraud provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act apply only to domestic securities transactions—that is, those involving a purchase or sale within the United States. 130 S.Ct. at 2884-85.
The Securities Act and the Exchange Act both define "security" to include, inter alia, "any note, stock, treasury stock, security future, security-based swap, bond, [or] debenture," but not a note with a maturity of less than nine months from the date of issuance, except where the "context otherwise requires." See 15 U.S.C. §§ 77b(a)(l), 77c(a)(3), 78c(a)(10).
According to the Supreme Court, while the sale of stock in a corporation "is typical of the kind of context to which the [Securities and Exchange] Acts normally apply," Landreth Timber Co. v. Landreth, 471 U.S. 681, 687, 105 S.Ct. 2297, 85 L.Ed.2d 692 (1985),
Id. at 686, 105 S.Ct. 2297 (internal cites omitted).
In this case, defendants Solomon and Constantin encouraged their clients to invest through Windham in the purchase of stock from Omega World, a publicly traded American company, and in Leeward Insurance, a private American company. (See Kamar Decl. Ex. 2 at 60, 63). This conduct alone is sufficient to constitute conduct "in connection with" the purchase of securities. See SEC v. Shehyn, 2010 WL 3290977, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2010) (efforts to sell pre-IPO stock in private companies is conduct in connection with the sale of securities). The fact that Windham's clients did not initially receive stock in exchange for their funds (though they did, long after they had made their investments, receive some Leeward Group Holdings stock, apparently with little relation to the amounts each client had invested) is immaterial, since the "purported buying and selling of securities is itself sufficient to satisfy the `in connection with' requirement." In re J.P. Jeanneret Assocs., Inc., 769 F.Supp.2d 340, 361-63 (S.D.N.Y.2011).
The fact that Windham purported to invest client funds in the purchase of Leeward convertible promissory notes (see, e.g., Kamar Decl. Ex. 1 at 250) does not undermine our conclusion that defendants' conduct was "in connection with the sale of securities." Several courts applying the "family resemblance test" that was adopted by the Supreme Court in Reves v. Ernst & Young, 494 U.S. 56, 64-65, 110 S.Ct. 945, 108 L.Ed.2d 47 (1990),
"The jurisdictional requirements of Sections 17(a) and 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 are broadly construed, so as to be satisfied by any activity connected with a national securities exchange, by intrastate telephone calls, and by even the most ancillary mailings." SEC v. Softpoint, Inc., 958 F.Supp. 846, 865 (S.D.N.Y.1997), aff'd, 159 F.3d 1348, 1998 WL 537522 (2d Cir.1998). In this case, defendants' use of email and wire transfers in connection with the sale of securities is sufficient to bring their conduct within the jurisdictional scope of the federal securities laws. See SEC v. Ramoil Mgmt., Ltd., 2007 WL 3146943, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2007); Softpoint, Inc., 958 F.Supp. at 861, 865.
Section 17(a) of the Securities Act and § 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and SEC Rule 10b-5 "expressly prohibit misstatements and omissions as to facts that are material." SEC v. First Jersey Sec, Inc., 101 F.3d 1450, 1466 (2d Cir.1996). "In the case of an omission, the duty to disclose generally 'arises when one party has information that the other [party] is entitled to know because of a fiduciary or other similar relation of trust and confidence between them.'" Grandon v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 147 F.3d 184, 189 (2d Cir.1998) (quoting Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222, 228, 100 S.Ct. 1108, 63 L.Ed.2d 348 (1980)). While the Second Circuit has held that there "is no general fiduciary duty inherent in an ordinary broker/customer relationship," it has recognized that a fiduciary relationship may be formed when the client has entrusted the broker with certain matters, as "in situations in which a broker has discretionary authority over the customer's account." United States v. Wolfson, 642 F.3d 293, 295 (2d Cir.2011) (internal cites and quotations omitted) (emphasis in original). In such situations, brokers have "an affirmative duty ... to use reasonable efforts to give [customers] information relevant to the affairs that have been entrusted to them." United States v. Szur, 289 F.3d 200, 211 (2d Cir.2002) (internal quotes and citations omitted) (original brackets omitted). Thus, the distinction between omissions and misrepresentations becomes "illusory in the context of a broker who has a fiduciary duty to h[is] clients." SEC v. Zandford, 535 U.S. 813, 823, 122 S.Ct. 1899, 153 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002).
Because the evidence demonstrates that Windham's clients had entrusted defendants with discretionary control over their accounts and investments (see, e.g.,
"Summary judgment on matters of materiality in a securities fraud case is appropriate when the omissions and misrepresentations in question are `so obviously important to the investor, that reasonable minds cannot differ on the question of materiality.'" Credit Bancorp, 195 F.Supp.2d at 492 (quoting SEC v. Research Automation Corp., 585 F.2d 31, 35 (2d Cir.1978)). "The materiality of an item of information is a mixed question of law and fact," which depends on whether the information is deemed relevant in light of controlling substantive law and would likely be given weight by the reasonable investor. Id. The relevant inquiry is whether the misrepresentation or omission would have "significantly altered the `total' mix of information available" to the reasonable investor. First Jersey Sec, Inc., 101 F.3d at 1466 (quoting In re Time Warner Inc. Sec. Litig., 9 F.3d 259, 267-68 (2d Cir. 1993) (internal quotes omitted)).
The litany of misrepresentations that Solomon and Constantin made to their clients is striking. They misrepresented their respective educational backgrounds. (See, e.g., Kamar Decl. Ex. 4 at 190-91, Ex. 15). Solomon, in particular, overstated his own professional experience (see, e.g., id. at Ex. 6 p. 17, Ex. 46, Ex. 70), and that of Windham (see id. at Ex. 70), in order to foster a false sense of confidence among potential clients. In speaking with clients, Solomon routinely made reference to company divisions that did not exist (see, e.g., id. at Ex. 7 pp. 47, 243, 335-36), and to his active involvement in European deals that also did not exist. (Id. at Exs. 46, 70). Constantin similarly tried to bolster Windham's image as a large, international company by establishing Windham's internet presence under a French domain name (see, e.g., id. at Ex. 9 p. 153), and by advertising numerous office locations in expensive metropolitan locations where Windham did not actually maintain active offices. (See, e.g., id. at Ex. 9 pp. 114-116). Solomon expressly told clients that they could anticipate returns on their investments ranging from 200 to 500 percent (see, e.g., id. at Ex. 34), although he later acknowledged that he had no basis for such optimistic projections. (Id. at Ex. 5 pp. 526, 532). And when Constantin began corresponding with Solomon's former clients, he omitted to correct those misrepresentations that Solomon had explicitly made to those clients. (See, e.g., Pl.'s Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 198).
When clients invested funds in Windham, they were hit with a ten-percent advisory fee that had not previously been disclosed to them. (See, e.g., Kamar Decl. Ex. 7 at 68).
Clients who had been reassured by Solomon that they could make short-term investments that could be liquidated after only a few months later found that they were unable to recover their funds even after several years. (See, e.g., id. at Ex. 79). In addition, both Solomon and Constantin provided clients with misleading documents to cover up the fraudulent nature of their investment scheme. In the case of Balaban, Solomon and Constantin prepared monthly account statements that misleadingly represented Leeward holdings that Balaban did not actually have. (See id. at Ex. 40). The account statements also set forth fictitious account values, which misled Balaban concerning the true value of his investment through Windham. (Id. at Ex. 6 pp. 64-66). Similarly, in the case of Mier, Constantin produced a fake promissory note in an effort to convince Mier that his investment in Leeward was secure when, in fact, it was not. (See id. at Ex. 87).
This long list of patently misleading conduct, which was carried out between 2008 and 2010, is, we note, non-exhaustive. There can be no doubt that these misrepresentations—individually and collectively—were material and would have affected the reasonable investor's choice whether to invest in securities through Windham. See, e.g., Zandford, 535 U.S. at 819, 122 S.Ct. 1899; Research Automation Corp., 585 F.2d at 35 ("What reasonable investor would not wish to know that the money raised by stock sales would not be used for working capital but be diverted to [the company's] officers?"); United States v. Finnerty, 474 F.Supp.2d 530, 543 (S.D.N.Y.2007) ("theft constitutes securities fraud only when it is accompanied by a violation of a fiduciary duty."), aff'd, 533 F.3d 143 (2d Cir.2008); U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Rolando, 589 F.Supp.2d 159, 170 (D.Conn.2008) ("a reasonable investor would want to know that his account statements were false and that... [defendant] provided false contact information to [ ] prevent the customer from receiving account statements and other communications"); Lapin v. Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., 506 F.Supp.2d 221, 239 (S.D.N.Y.2006) ("optimistic statements may be actionable upon a showing that the defendants did not genuinely or reasonably believe the positive opinions they touted (i.e., the opinion was without a basis in fact or the speakers were aware of facts undermining the positive statements), or that the opinions imply certainty."); SEC v. Gallard, 1997 WL 767570, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 10, 1997) ("[T]here is no question a reasonable investor would consider important
Taken as a whole, defendants' efforts to lure clients to Windham through false promises about expected returns on investment and about Windham's professional experience; Constantin's misappropriation of client funds, which he diverted to Constantin Resource, DAC, and Windham; Solomon's and Constantin's efforts to mislead clients about their actual account holdings with, among other things, phony account statements; and their distribution of Leeward Group Holdings stock to clients in random amounts not proportionate with clients' respective investments in Leeward, in an apparent effort to cover up defendants' misconduct, all suggest the existence of a wide-sweeping fraudulent investment scheme. See, e.g., SEC v. Kelly, 817 F.Supp.2d 340, 344 (S.D.N.Y.2011) ("Scheme liability under subsections (a) and (c) of Rule 10b-5 hinges on the performance of an inherently deceptive act that is distinct from an alleged misstatement."); In re Smith Barney Transfer Agent Litig., 884 F.Supp.2d 152, 161 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (citing WPP Lux. Gamma Three Sari v. Spot Runner, Inc., 655 F.3d 1039, 1057 (9th Cir.2011); Pub. Pension Fund Grp. v. KV Pharm. Co., 679 F.3d 972, 987 (8th Cir.2012)).
Although "[i]ssues of motive and intent are usually inappropriate for disposition on summary judgment," Wechsler v. Steinberg, 733 F.2d 1054, 1058 (2d Cir.1984), "the district courts should not hesitate to grant a plaintiff's request for summary judgment when the defendant has failed to meet the requirements prescribed by Rule 56(e)." Research Automation Corp., 585 F.2d at 33-34.
"Scienter, as used in connection with the securities fraud statutes, means intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud, or at least knowing misconduct." First Jersey Sec, Inc., 101 F.3d at 1467 (citing, inter alia, Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 193 n. 12, 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976)). To prove scienter, "it is sufficient to show that the defendant `intentionally engaged' in `manipulative conduct.'" AUSA Life Ins. Co. v. Ernst & Young, 206 F.3d 202, 221 (2d Cir.2000) (quoting SEC v. U.S. Envtl., Inc., 155 F.3d 107, 111 (2d Cir.1998)). "Representing information as true while knowing it is not, recklessly misstating information, or asserting an opinion on grounds so flimsy as to belie any genuine belief in its truth, are all circumstances sufficient to support a conclusion of scienter." U.S. S.E.C. v. Universal Exp., Inc., 475 F.Supp.2d 412, 424 (S.D.N.Y.2007), aff'd sub nom. U.S. S.E.C. v. Altomare, 300 Fed.Appx. 70 (2d Cir.2008). With respect to a corporate defendant, "a plaintiff must prove that an agent of the corporation committed a culpable act with the requisite scienter, and that the act (and accompanying mental state) are attributable to the corporation." Teamsters Local 445
It is apparent from the record that Constantin and Solomon each acted knowingly and intentionally to mislead and defraud their clients.
As to Constantin's state of mind, we find that the circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that he acted intentionally to defraud Windham's clients. In particular, we note that he directed Solomon to send clients account statements that he knew did not reflect clients' true investment holdings, that he manufactured a fake promissory note to send to Mier, that he told Mier that Leeward's book value was more than seven times the value that he knew it to be, and that he diverted client funds to his own use; all of this lends support to the conclusion that Constantin acted knowingly.
Because Solomon and Constantin were essentially Windham's only two employees during the relevant period, from 2008 to 2010, their knowing and intentional misconduct is clearly attributable to Windham, the corporate defendant.
As relief, the SEC requests (i) that defendants be permanently enjoined from future violations of § 17(a) of the Securities Act, § 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and SEC Rule 10b-5; (ii) that defendants be ordered to disgorge all ill-gotten gains; and (iii) that they be ordered to pay the maximum amount in civil penalties. The SEC further requests that relief defendants be ordered to disgorge all amounts that they received as a result of defendants' fraudulent misconduct. (See Pl.'s Mem. 65).
"[C]ourts in this district have granted permanent injunctive relief on an SEC motion for summary judgment where the fraud scheme at issue was broad in scope, long in duration, and involved a high degree of scienter." U.S. S.E.C. v. Svoboda, 409 F.Supp.2d 331, 343 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (citing cases). All of these factors are clearly present in this case.
The most "critical question for a district court in deciding whether to issue a permanent injunction in view of past violations is whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the wrong will be repeated." SEC v. Manor Nursing Centers, Inc., 458 F.2d 1082, 1100 (2d Cir. 1972). "In determining whether there is a realistic likelihood that a defendant will violate the securities laws in the future, courts look to a number of factors: (1) the degree of scienter involved; (2) the isolated or persistent nature of the past fraudulent acts; (3) the defendant's appreciation of his wrongdoing; and (4) the defendant's opportunities to commit future violations." SEC v. Opulentica, LLC, 479 F.Supp.2d 319, 329 (S.D.N.Y.2007).
In this case, where all members of the corporation were engaged in egregious misconduct and ongoing fraud—indeed, where the entire seeming purpose of the organization was to draw in unsuspecting clients and to take their funds—we conclude that a permanent injunction to prevent future violations is obviously warranted.
"Section 20(d) of the Securities Act and Section 21(d)(3)(B) of the Exchange Act outline three categories—referred to as `tiers'—of civil penalties. Although each tier establishes a maximum penalty per violation, the amount of any civil penalty rests squarely in the discretion of the court." Universal Exp., Inc., 646 F.Supp.2d at 567. The court may impose third-tier civil penalties for any violation of the Act involving "fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement" that "resulted in substantial losses or created a significant risk of substantial losses." 15 U.S.C. § 77t(d); 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d). With respect to natural persons, the court may impose a third-tier penalty of either $100,000.00 for each violation, or the gross amount of his or her pecuniary gain resulting from the violation, whichever is greater. With respect to non-natural persons, the court may impose a third-tier penalty of either $500,000.00 for each violation, or the gross amount of his or her pecuniary gain resulting from the Violation, whichever is greater. 15 U.S.C.
"In determining whether civil penalties should be imposed, and the amount of the fine, courts look to a number of factors, including (1) the egregiousness of the defendant's conduct; (2) the degree of the defendant's scienter; (3) whether the defendant's conduct created substantial losses or the risk of substantial losses to other persons; (4) whether the defendant's conduct was isolated or recurrent; and (5) whether the penalty should be reduced due to the defendant's demonstrated current and future financial condition." SEC v. Milligan, 436 Fed.Appx. 1, 3 (2d, Cir.2011) (quoting SEC v. Haligiannis, 470 F.Supp.2d 373, 386 (S.D.N.Y.2007)). "While these factors are helpful in characterizing a particular defendant's actions, the civil penalty framework is of a `discretionary nature' and each case 'has its own particular facts and circumstances which determine the appropriate penalty to be imposed.'" Opulentica, LLC, 479 F.Supp.2d at 331 (quoting S.E.C. v. Moran, 944 F.Supp. 286, 296-97 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)).
There is no question that the conduct of all three of the defendants involved "fraud, deceit, manipulation, [and] deliberate or reckless disregard" of the securities laws, and that their misconduct resulted in significant financial losses by their clients. Accordingly, we conclude that each of the defendants should be subjected to third-tier civil penalties under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. However, as explained below, we postpone our determination of the amounts of civil penalties that each defendant must pay until after the court has received supplemental submissions from the parties.
Federal courts have the power to direct disgorgement of ill-gotten gains to "prevent wrongdoers from unjustly enriching themselves through violations" of the securities laws. SEC v. Cavanagh, 445 F.3d 105, 117 (2d Cir.2006). In this case, where defendants misappropriated large amounts of client funds, we conclude that disgorgement is undoubtedly appropriate. However, supplemental submissions are required to more clearly explain the parties' calculations as to the appropriate amount of disgorgement.
"District courts may only require disgorgement of the assets of a relief defendant upon a finding that [it] lacks a `legitimate claim'" to the assets. Commodity Futures Trading Com'n v. Walsh, 618 F.3d 218, 226 (2d Cir.2010). A relief defendant does not have a legitimate claim to assets that it has received as a gift, without payment of consideration. Id. In contrast, a good-faith purchaser for value may not be ordered to disgorge assets originating from a defendant's ill-gotten gains. Id. at 227.
Constantin Resource is Constantin's company through which he allegedly conducts some independent financial consulting work. (Kamar Decl. Ex. 1 at 28). He apparently is the sole owner of the company, serves as its sole officer and employee (see Kamar Decl. Ex. 1 at 21), and is the only authorized signatory on the company's account. (Id. at Ex. 2; Ex. 52).
Given Constantin's role as the sole owner and employee of Constantin Resource, it is apparent that Constantin Resource could not have received the ill-gotten funds from Windham in good faith, since Constantin's personal knowledge is fairly attributed to his corporation, Constantin Resource. Indeed, Solomon testified that Constantin used Constantin Resource as his personal "slush fund," noting that "[i]f we went out drinking, the debit card said
It is unclear from the record exactly what position Constantin held at DAC during the relevant period. He was, as of April 2008, a member of the board (Ex. 21 p. 21-4), and at some point between April 2008 and May 2010, Constantin took over as CEO of DAC. (See Ex. 95 p. 95-11). His ties to the company suggest at least some basis for arguing that his knowledge as to the illicit source of funds that DAC received from Windham should be attributed to DAC. We believe that it is sufficient, however, to require DAC to disgorge the assets that it acquired from defendants' misconduct on the basis that the record does not support, and DAC has not submitted any evidence to suggest, that the company paid adequate consideration for its receipt of those funds. See SEC v. China Energy Sav. Tech., Inc., 636 F.Supp.2d 199, 204 (E.D.N.Y.2009). Accordingly, we conclude that both relief defendants will be required to disgorge those assets that each has received as ill-gotten gains of defendants' misconduct.
The discussion of disgorgement in the SEC's memorandum of law involves a relatively long, winding path of internal crossreferences. (See, e.g., Pl.'s Mem. 67-68 (referring reader to pp. 40-42, which in turn directs reader to Parts III.A.3, II.A.5, III.B.l, III.B.3, and III.C)). The court's confusion in calculating defendants' and relief defendants' ill-gotten gains is further exacerbated by the fact that some of the account statements provided as evidence are not clearly legible (see, e.g., Kamar Decl. Ex. 20 pp. 3-12) and by the fact that, without a detailed explanation of the flow of funds into the Leeward escrow account, it is difficult to determine which fund transfers leaving the account should be deemed to have been fraudulent. (See id. Ex. 50).
With respect to the amounts DAC allegedly received as a result of defendants' misconduct, the SEC points to DAC's stock-purchase agreement with Leeward as evidence that the full amount of that stock purchase derived from defendants' fraud on Windham clients. (See Pl.'s Mem. 41 (citing Kamar Decl. Exs. 22 & 94) & 70). However, without evidence that DAC did not contribute any of its own funds to the stock purchase, it is difficult to conclude that the full $450,000.00 value of the stock purchase agreement was taken from Windham clients. In its supplemental briefing, the SEC should more clearly explain its rationale—including reference to supporting evidence—for concluding that the full $450,000.00 stock purchase in DAC's name was funded by defendants' misconduct.
In sum, the SEC's supplemental submission should provide a clear explanation of the flow of funds from defrauded clients to each defendant and relief defendant, including direct references to supporting evidence. It should also include an explanation of its calculations of any prejudgment interest. Finally, if possible and where appropriate, the SEC should include more legible copies of its supporting evidence.
For the foregoing reasons, summary judgment is granted in full against all defendants and relief defendants. Defendants are hereby permanently enjoined from future violations of § 17(a) of the Securities Act, § 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and SEC Rule 10b-5. In addition, defendants and relief defendants will be ordered to disgorge all ill-gotten gains arising from defendants' violations, and
The amounts that each defendant and relief defendant will be directed to pay will be determined following additional submissions by the parties. The SEC shall file its submission by no later than April 15, 2013. Defendants' opposition, if any is due by April 18, 2013, and the SEC's reply is due by April 22, 2013.
