KATHERINE POLK FAILLA, District Judge:
Plaintiffs Marblegate Asset Management, LLC, Marblegate Special Opportunities Master Fund, L.P. (together "Marblegate"), Magnolia Road Capital LP, and Magnolia Road Global Credit Master Fund L.P. (together "Magnolia," and with Marblegate "Plaintiffs") hold unsecured debt in Defendant Education Management LLC, which along with Defendant Education Management Finance Corporation is a subsidiary of Defendant Education Management
Plaintiffs acknowledge that a restructuring of Defendants' debt is almost certainly necessary to avoid insolvency, and that EDMC's insolvency is an unappealing option for all parties involved. Their complaint centers around the deal they and the other unsecured creditors have received in this version of the restructuring, and their contention that the restructuring, absent their consent, violates the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, 15 U.S.C. §§ 77aaa-77bbbb. While Plaintiffs' legal arguments have merit, this Court is unwilling to introduce a highly disruptive injunction into the delicate regulatory and financial ecosystem in which the parties operate. More to the point, the Court is unwilling to accord to holders of $20 million in unsecured notes the legal right to stop a $1.5 billion restructuring. Because Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate a likelihood of irreparable harm, and because the balance of the equities and the public interest weigh against granting the injunction, the motion is denied.
EDMC, founded in 1962, is one of the country's largest for-profit providers of college and graduate education, with an enrollment of roughly 118,090 students and 20,800 employees. (West Decl. ¶¶ 4, 11). In 2014 EDMC derived 78.6% of its net revenues from federal student aid programs under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1070-1099. (Id. at ¶ 13). Eligibility for Title IV funds is determined on both an institutional and a company-wide basis. Each institution must be (i) authorized by the relevant state agency; (ii) institutionally accredited by an accreditation agency recognized by the Department of Education
The DoE's oversight poses a special set of challenges for EDMC, as it assesses the eligibility of EDMC as a whole to receive Title IV funds. Because EDMC has not met the financial responsibility standards established by the Secretary of Education pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1099c(c), it is only provisionally certified, enabling the Secretary to require the posting of a letter of credit, id. § 1099c(c)(3)(A). The DoE currently requires EDMC to post a $302.2 million letter of credit, equal to 15% of its Title IV funds received. (West Decl. ¶¶ 16-18). Of critical importance, an institution loses its eligibility for Title IV funds if it, or a controlling affiliate, files for bankruptcy or has an order for relief in bankruptcy filed against it. See 20 U.S.C. § 1002(a)(4)(A); Conditions of Institutional Eligibility, 34 C.F.R. § 600.7(a)(2).
Marblegate is an investment management firm that focuses in part on "event-driven distressed corporate credit restructuring." (Milgram Decl. ¶ 3). Marblegate primarily invests in corporate debt rather than equity, and among its debt positions owns primarily first lien loans and secured bonds. (Id. at ¶ 5). Having had experience investing in the for-profit education sector, Marblegate began exploring investing in EDMC in September 2012. (Id. at ¶ 6). Despite the decline in EDMC's financial position, Marblegate determined that an investment in the unsecured notes of Education Management LLC made sense due to EDMC's then-limited debt burden and the interaction of the Title IV eligibility requirements with the notes' eligibility under the Trust Indenture Act. (Id. at ¶¶ 10-11). Marblegate believed that, with bankruptcy not a viable option due to Title IV, EDMC would have to pay the notes in full or obtain Marblegate's consent to any modification due to the Trust Indenture Act. (Id. at ¶ 12). Marblegate thus began purchasing notes in January 2013. (Id.). Marblegate then participated in a February 2013 exchange offer, exchanging the old notes for new notes (the "Notes") governed by the March 5, 2013 Indenture (the "Indenture"), ultimately acquiring $14.3 million of the Notes. (Id. at ¶¶ 13-15).
Magnolia is "an event-driven credit hedge fund" that, like Marblegate, invests primarily in corporate debt. (Donath Decl. ¶ 4). Magnolia took a "cautiously optimistic" view of EDMC's financial health, and, assessing EDMC's legal obligations in a similar manner as Marblegate, invested in the Notes in June 2013, expecting that the Notes would eventually have to be refinanced, and that any such refinancing would be on terms favorable to Magnolia. (Id. at ¶¶ 9-10). Magnolia presently owns approximately $6 million of the Notes. (Id. at ¶ 11).
Intervening in the litigation pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(b) is the Steering Committee for the Ad Hoc Committee of Term Loan Lenders (the "Steering Committee," or "Intervenors"), a group of six asset management firms that collectively hold a significant portion of EDMC's secured debt and unsecured Notes (see infra) and support the Proposed Restructuring. Those firms are: HG Vora Capital Management, LLC, KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC ("KKR"), Oak Hill Advisors, LP, Oaktree Capital Management,
EDMC has outstanding debt of $1.553 billion. (Beekhuizen Decl. ¶ 7). This consists of $1.305 billion in secured debt, divided between $220 million drawn from a revolving credit facility and $1.085 billion in term loans, and $217 million in unsecured Notes. (Id.). The secured debt is secured by collateral in "virtually all of the assets of" EDMC and its subsidiaries. (Id. at ¶ 8). The secured term loans were, until September 2014, governed by the Second Amended and Restated Credit and Guarantee Agreement (amended and restated as of December 7, 2010) (the "2010 Credit Agreement") (Def. Ex. 6). Among other provisions, the 2010 Credit Agreement gave the secured creditors, upon an "Event of Default," the right to "sell, transfer, pledge, make any agreement with respect to or otherwise deal with any of the Collateral as fully and completely as though the Collateral Agent were the absolute owner thereof for all purposes[.]" (2010 Credit Agreement § 6.1(h)).
The unsecured Notes are partially held by Plaintiffs (though Magnolia also owns a small amount of secured debt (Donath Decl. ¶ 14)). The Notes are due in 2018 with periodic interest payments, and are governed by the March 5, 2013 Indenture (the "Indenture") (Malcolm Decl. Ex. B), which has several relevant provisions. First, the Notes are qualified under the Trust Indenture Act (Indenture § 12.01), and under Section 6.07 the Notes receive the same protections provided for in Section 316(b) of the Act, 15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(b):
(Indenture § 6.07).
One feature of the Notes that increased their value in the eyes of Marblegate and Magnolia was that, despite being issued by Education Management LLC, they were guaranteed by EDMC, the parent corporation (the "Parent Guarantee"). (See Donath Decl. ¶ 9; Hrg. Tr. 61-62). Yet the Indenture contains provisions by which the Parent Guarantee can be removed. First, Section 9.02 allows a majority of Noteholders to waive the Parent Guarantee on behalf of all Noteholders:
(Indenture § 9.02). And second, Section 10.06(a)(ii) provides for an automatic release of a guarantee in the event that the secured creditors release the same guarantor's guarantee of their own debt:
(Indenture § 10.06(a)(ii)).
These features were highlighted in the February 1, 2013 Offering Circular that accompanied the Notes (the "Original Offering Circular") (Def. Ex. 17). In the summary, purchasers were informed that the Parent Guarantee was "being provided solely for the purpose of allowing the Issuers to satisfy their reporting obligations under the indenture that will govern the New Notes by furnishing financial information relating to Education Management Corporation instead of the Issuers and, accordingly, you should not assign any value to such guarantee." (Id. at 5 (emphasis added)). And under "Risk Factors," the Original Offering Circular elaborated: "The lenders under the senior secured credit facility will have the discretion to release the guarantors under the senior secured credit agreement in a variety of circumstances, which will cause those guarantors to be released from their guarantees of the New Notes." (Id. at 33). Marblegate's Chief Investment Officer Andrew Milgram testified that while he was aware of this cautionary language, he did not accord it much weight. (Hrg. Tr. 59-64, 83-87).
At the time Plaintiffs acquired the Notes, there was no Parent Guarantee on the secured term loans. (Int. Opp. 15). Because the secured lenders had no Parent Guarantee of their own, there was thus no ability for them to release that guarantee and by doing so release the Parent Guarantee on the Notes through Indenture § 10.06. Nothing in the Indenture, however, restricted Section 10.06 to providing an automatic release of a guarantee only where the corresponding guarantee on the secured debt existed at the time of the Indenture's formation. And in September 2014, EDMC guaranteed the secured loans when it and a majority of secured lenders agreed to a restructuring of the 2010 Credit Agreement (see infra).
In a May 2014 conference call, EDMC informed its investors and creditors that it was experiencing significant financial distress. (Milgram Decl. ¶ 16; Donath Decl. ¶ 15). EDMC's earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") had declined from $662 million in fiscal year 2013 to $276 million in fiscal year 2014, with a corresponding drop of 95% in its stock price. (Beekhuizen Decl. ¶ 14). The company expects further declines in EBITDA in fiscal year 2015. (Id.). Given its declining income and mounting interest payments, EDMC anticipated "significant negative cash flow in fiscal 2015." (Id. at ¶ 17). Furthermore, this declining financial performance risked adverse regulatory action and erosion of student confidence in EDMC's long-term viability. (Id. at ¶ 18; West Decl. ¶¶ 32-33). In addition, the DoE recently announced proposed "Gainful Employment" regulations that evaluate programs' eligibility for Title IV funding based upon graduates' earnings relative to their debt. (West Decl. ¶ 25). EDMC estimates that over half of its programs may currently fail to meet the Gainful Employment standards (id.), risking a significant loss of future earnings (Taylor Report ¶ 39).
In the same May 2014 conference call, EDMC announced that by the end of June it would no longer be in compliance with
The precise extent of EDMC's financial distress is the subject of some dispute among the parties. EDMC maintains that "without a restructuring, the Company would have been unable to pay its debts through fiscal year 2015." (Beekhuizen Decl. ¶ 17). It is generally agreed that without any renegotiation of its debts, EDMC will not be able to make the June 1, 2015 payment (subsequently postponed to July 2, 2015) on its revolving credit facility, amounting to $219.9 million. (Id. at ¶¶ 7, 17). Though Plaintiffs suggest that such a sizeable lump payment can generally be refinanced (see Hrg. Tr. 29-30 (Milgram cross)), they offer little evidence to support this optimism. Plaintiffs maintain that, at a minimum, EDMC has sufficient liquidity to pay the September 30, 2014 and March 30, 2015 interest payments on the unsecured Notes, regardless of whether it consummates the Proposed Restructuring. (Kearns Decl. ¶¶ 10-11). Defendants respond that this relies on an overstatement of Defendants' liquidity and an understatement of the risks of further adverse regulatory action; accordingly, it can only be stated with certainty that Defendants can make the September 30 interest payment. (Hannan Rebuttal Report ¶ 2).
Furthermore, Plaintiffs do not contest that if EDMC were to enter bankruptcy (an admittedly unlikely outcome), the claims of the unsecured Noteholders stand behind those of the secured creditors in order of priority. (See Hrg. Tr. 370). And Plaintiffs do not offer a valuation of EDMC that contradicts the report of Defendants' expert John Taylor, who values EDMC at $1.05 billion. Because Plaintiffs' claims stand behind roughly $1.305 billion in secured debt, the Court finds that Plaintiffs would likely recover nothing in bankruptcy. Accordingly, the Court finds that absent any restructuring of Defendants' debt whatsoever, Plaintiffs' ultimate recovery on the Notes would be limited to between one and two interest payments of $1.5 million each (see Hrg. Tr. 116-17), with no recovery of principal. As discussed below, the precise number of interest payments does not affect the Court's conclusions of law.
At the same time EDMC was negotiating the 2014 Credit Agreement to provide
The parties to the negotiations arrived at the Proposed Restructuring, which would involve the conversion of EDMC's debt into a smaller amount of debt and equity, with the exact ratio varying by the type of debt held. This restructuring is governed by the Restructuring Support Agreement (Kofke Decl. Ex. 2). Three important features of the Restructuring Support Agreement are that it can only be amended by two-thirds of each relevant category of consenting creditors (id. § 8); absent such an amendment, any injunction of 20 days or more will automatically terminate the restructuring (id. § 7.01(c)(ii)); and with the support of two-thirds of each category of consenting creditors, all the signatories must proceed with the Intercompany Sale described below (id. § 4.05). In effect, the Restructuring Support Agreement provides two potential paths by which to accomplish the proposed restructuring.
The Proposed Restructuring will proceed along the first path if EDMC obtains the consent of 100% of creditors. Under this path, $150 million of the revolving loans would be repaid and made available for re-borrowing; certain letters of credit drawn from the revolver would be extended until March 2019; and the remainder of EDMC's secured debt (constituting $1.155 billion), including the term loans, would be exchanged for $400 million in new secured term loans and preferred stock convertible into roughly 77% of EDMC's common
In order to effectuate this voluntary restructuring, Defendants commenced an exchange offer for the Notes on October 1, 2014 (the "Exchange Offer"). (See Pl. Ex. 1 (the "Exchange Offering Circular")). Holders of over 90% of the unsecured Notes have agreed to exchange their Notes, with Plaintiffs constituting all but $56,000 of the nonconsenting Noteholders. (Beekhuizen Decl. ¶¶ 27-28).
If Defendants do not obtain 100% creditor consent, the Restructuring Support Agreement obligates the signatories to the agreement to undertake the Intercompany Sale. In the Intercompany Sale, a number of steps would occur with near simultaneity: (i) the secured lenders would release EDMC's parent guarantee of their loans (which the secured lenders recently obtained in the 2014 Credit Agreement), thus triggering the release of EDMC's parent guarantee of the Notes under Indenture § 10.06 (see Beekhuizen Decl. ¶ 34);
Defendants were not shy about spelling out the consequences of the Intercompany Sale for those unsecured Noteholders who declined to participate in the Exchange Offer. The Exchange Offering Circular states:
(Exchange Offering Circular 3 (emphasis added); see also id. at 8, 28). Defendants left this Hobson's choice open until 11:59 p.m. on October 29, 2014. (Id. at 17). This timing was designed to take advantage of a 30-day grace period that Defendants had before Noteholders could demand the interest payment nominally due September 30, 2014; thus, ideally, the restructuring could take place before any cash interest payments would be required. (See Hrg. Tr. 146-47; Beekhuizen Depo. Tr. 30-31).
One hurdle that the Proposed Restructuring has yet to clear is regulatory approval. As noted, an unauthorized change of control could threaten EDMC's access to Title IV funding. (See Exchange Offering Circular 44; Hrg. Tr. 141-42, 148-49). In order to forestall this possibility, EDMC has been in discussions with state regulators, regional accrediting bodies, and the DoE to obtain preapproval for any restructuring, whether fully consensual or by means of the Intercompany Sale. (See Hrg. Tr. 149-77). In order to secure such approval for the Intercompany Sale in particular, Defendants have assured regulators that the Intercompany Sale will not really effect a change of control: "In no event does the Intercompany Sale change the ownership, debt structure, board, management or governance of EDMC or its institutions[.]" (Pl. Ex. 255 (e-mail from Tom Hylden of Powers Pyles Sutter & Verville PC (EDMC's counsel dealing with regulators) to Steven Finley of the DoE)). In effect, EDMC invites regulators to meet the new boss, same as the old boss.
An additional issue is whether a change of control would occur at the moment when the creditors exchange their debt for preferred stock (Step 1), or only at the point where the preferred stock was converted to common stock so as to leave the creditors with the vast majority of EDMC's common stock (Step 2). (See Hrg. Tr. 149-78). On November 25, 2014, Defendants represented to the Court that they had obtained the necessary regulatory approvals to proceed with Step 1, and remained in the process of obtaining approval of Step 2. (Dkt. # 49).
Plaintiffs declined to participate in the Exchange Offer.
With the parties' briefs and exhibits submitted according to this schedule, the Court held a hearing on the motion for a preliminary injunction on November 18 and 19, 2014. Exactly what Plaintiffs seek to enjoin became clearer at the hearing. In their reply brief, Plaintiffs stressed that they
(Pl. Reply 13). Pressed at oral argument, Plaintiffs identified Defendants' active participation in the Intercompany Sale — nominally a process of the secured creditors exercising their rights to foreclose against Defendants — as the element of the Intercompany Sale that would offend the Trust Indenture Act. (Hrg. Tr. 343-46). Plaintiffs further suggested the possibility that an injunction be granted and a trial date set within 20 days, which would force Defendants back to the negotiating table without triggering the automatic dissolution of the Restructuring Support Agreement pursuant to § 7.01(c)(ii). (See Hrg. Tr. 349-50).
On December 15, 2014, the Court filed an unredacted version of this Opinion under seal. On that same day, the Court provided the parties with a copy of the unredacted Opinion and allowed the parties to propose redactions. Pursuant to the Court's directions, the parties filed their materials publicly on December 29, 2014, with certain limited categories of information redacted in accordance with Lugosch v. Pyramid Co. of Onondaga, 435 F.3d 110 (2d Cir.2006). On that date, the parties also filed a joint letter suggesting requesting permission to file certain other materials in redacted form, but declining to request redactions to the Opinion. In the intervening two weeks, Plaintiffs Magnolia Road Capital LP and Magnolia Global Credit Master Fund L.P. voluntarily dismissed their claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i). (Dkt. # 53).
The Supreme Court has made clear that "[a] preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right," and, further, that "[a]n injunction is a matter of equitable discretion; it does not follow from success on the merits as a matter of course." Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24, 32, 129 S.Ct. 365, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008).
Under the Second Circuit's traditional standard, a district court was entitled to
Despite the seeming inconsistency of the standards for a preliminary injunction set forth by the Supreme Court and the Second Circuit, the Second Circuit has subsequently reaffirmed that its standard remains good law. See Citigroup Global Mkts., Inc. v. VCG Special Opportunities Master Fund Ltd., 598 F.3d 30, 38 (2d Cir.2010). The appropriate way to reconcile these decisions was identified by the Second Circuit's most recent guidance in Otoe-Missouria Tribe; while the traditional two-pronged test controls in most cases as to the necessity of irreparable harm and the requisite degree of likelihood of success, see 769 F.3d at 110, a plaintiff must demonstrate as well that "the balance of equities tips in his favor[] and ... an injunction is in the public interest," id. at 112 n. 4 (alterations in original) (quoting Winter, 555 U.S. at 20, 129 S.Ct. 365) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus Plaintiffs must establish four elements to prevail on their motion for a preliminary injunction: (i) a likelihood of irreparable harm; (ii) either a likelihood of success on the merits or sufficiently serious questions as to the merits plus a balance of hardships that tips decidedly in their favor; (iii) that the balance of hardships tips in their favor regardless of the likelihood of success; and (iv) that an injunction is in the public interest. See Salinger v. Colting, 607 F.3d 68, 79-80 (2d Cir.2010); id. at 78 (noting that this standard defines "the traditional principles of equity" and should apply broadly across different contexts).
Irreparable harm is "the single most important prerequisite for the issuance of a preliminary injunction," and "[i]n the absence of a showing of irreparable harm, a motion for a preliminary injunction should be denied." Rodriguez ex rel. Rodriguez v. DeBuono, 175 F.3d 227, 233-34 (2d Cir.1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). "Irreparable harm is an injury that is not remote or speculative but actual and imminent, and `for which a monetary award cannot be adequate compensation.'" Tom Doherty Assocs., Inc. v. Saban Entm't, Inc., 60 F.3d 27, 37 (2d Cir.1995) (quoting Jackson Dairy, Inc. v. H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc., 596 F.2d 70, 72 (2d Cir.1979)). The instant case presents two issues on the question of irreparable harm: whether the Proposed Restructuring works an actual and imminent harm upon Plaintiffs, and if so whether such harm can be remedied by a monetary award.
At first blush, Plaintiffs identify a straightforward harm: "they will be left with outstanding interest and principal payments on their Notes, and effectively no recourse for payment." (Pl. Br. 10). Yet EDMC's financial distress makes the situation more complicated. The evidence before the Court indicates that Plaintiffs are exceedingly unlikely to recover the principal on their Notes currently due in 2018, and that, absent any restructuring, Plaintiffs will only recover between one and two interest payments of $1.5 million. Defendants point out that Plaintiffs stand to gain more by participating in the restructuring — equity worth roughly $7 million — than by blocking it even under their most optimistic assumption of $3 million in interest payments. Plaintiffs offer two responses.
The first is that the involuntary exchange of the certainty of debt for the uncertainty of equity works a harm regardless of the theoretical valuation of the equity. (See Hrg. Tr. 369-71). And indeed Plaintiffs are correct that Defendants' valuation of the equity offered in the Exchange Offer is highly uncertain, particularly given EDMC's ongoing financial distress and the regulatory delay before Step 2 of the restructuring — when participants in the Exchange Offer would actually acquire common stock — could be consummated. Yet if the Proposed Restructuring were enjoined, Plaintiffs have only succeeded in demonstrating the certainty of a single forthcoming cash interest payment of $1.5 million. Under these unusual circumstances, the Court is not prepared to say with certainty that the interest payments that might come due on the Notes over the next several months outweigh the value of the common stock that Plaintiffs might acquire upon the completion of the restructuring. Faced with comparing the potential future income stream from the Notes absent a restructuring with the value of equity following such a restructuring, the Court cannot help but find any possible harm "remote or speculative" rather than "actual or imminent."
Plaintiffs' second response is that enjoining the Proposed Restructuring would not spell EDMC's demise, and thus would not actually constrain Plaintiffs' potential recovery to $3 million; given the overwhelming incentives that Defendants and their creditors share in avoiding bankruptcy and jeopardizing EDMC's Title IV funding, an alternative arrangement will be worked out. In particular, Plaintiffs have suggested an injunction long enough to "let people understand ... that the
Yet as Calabresi and Melamud remind us, "no one makes an assumption of no transaction costs in practice"; the assumption is merely a theoretical device. Calabresi & Melamud, supra, at 1096. And indeed, the record before the Court amply demonstrates the transaction costs that would abound in renegotiating the Restructuring Support Agreement. (See Winthrop Decl. ¶ 3 ("The negotiation of the proposed restructuring involved an enormous amount of effort on the part of the Company, its creditors, and their financial and legal advisors."); Srivastava Decl. ¶ 6 ("The negotiation of the proposed restructuring involved an enormous amount of effort on the part of the Company, its creditors, and their respective financial and legal advisors."); Beekhuizen Decl. ¶ 37 ("The restructuring negotiations were extremely difficult and hard-fought, and the creditors that agreed to compromise their claims insisted that other creditors not `free-ride' on the deal."); Beekhuizen Depo. Tr. 88-90).
The Restructuring Support Agreement, then, was designed precisely to avoid the holdout problem that results when multiple parties possess an entitlement to block a welfare-enhancing transaction. EDMC's own internal financial projections suggest that if the restructuring were to go forward, they could afford — at least temporarily — a limited number of holdouts who must be paid out the entire interest due under their respective indentures. (See Def. Ex. 223, at 6). Yet Plaintiffs have brought forward little evidence to suggest that the collective action problem inhibiting a new restructuring deal could easily be overcome, and Defendants have provided ample reason for doubt. The Court thus finds that, while the Proposed Restructuring may work a harm upon Plaintiffs as compared to a hypothesized ideal, granting the injunction will not lead to a smooth rearrangement to Plaintiffs' benefit.
"[I]t is settled law that when an injury is compensable through money damages there is no irreparable harm." Beautiful Home Textiles (USA), Inc. v. Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corp., No. 13 Civ. 1725(LGS), 2014 WL 4054240, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2014) (quoting JSG Trading Corp. v. Tray-Wrap, Inc., 917 F.2d 75, 79 (2d Cir.1990)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Yet while Plaintiffs' injury is unquestionably monetary in nature and easily calculable, "courts have excepted from the general rule regarding monetary injury situations involving obligations owed by insolvents." Brenntag Int'l Chemicals, Inc. v. Bank of India, 175 F.3d 245, 250 (2d Cir.1999). It is thus not sufficient that a monetary remedy be theoretically calculable; there must actually be a solvent defendant at the close of litigation from whom to recover such damages.
Given that the Intercompany Sale is explicitly designed to deprive unsecured Noteholders of assets and guarantors to claim against, Plaintiffs would appear to have a strong case for the insolvency exception to the monetary injury rule. Defendants respond by noting the availability of a fraudulent conveyance action against solvent parties — either EDMC or the new EM Holdings — under state law. (Def. Opp. 22). Yet the Court is not convinced that the existence of a fraudulent conveyance action against other entities suffices to render the harm reparable. The Second Circuit has recognized that, despite "the danger in finding irreparable harm where alternative, solvent defendants are available," a party should not be denied a preliminary injunction solely on those grounds where the primary claims "are far simpler and much stronger." Brenntag, 175 F.3d at 250. And indeed, Plaintiffs are right to note with dismay the difficulty of establishing a fraudulent conveyance relative to their straightforward ability to demand payment under the Indenture.
However, the nature of Plaintiffs' arguments on the merits belies the notion that a fraudulent conveyance claim would be their only recourse. Under the status quo, Plaintiffs have a claim to payment on their Notes against EDMC as a guarantor. If Plaintiffs are correct that the Intercompany Sale as conceived offends their rights under the Trust Indenture Act, a key element of that offense would be the removal of the Parent Guarantee (see infra). And if, as Plaintiffs contend, this Court has the ability to substantively review the Proposed Restructuring for its impairment of Plaintiffs' ability to recover on their Notes, then it must follow that the Court has the ability to deem the removal of the Parent Guarantee to be in violation of the Trust Indenture Act and Indenture § 6.07. A straightforward demand that EDMC pay the amounts due under the Indenture would then follow.
While courts have looked more favorably upon an injunction where there appears to be an active attempt to render a defendant judgment-proof — and such an inference is not difficult here, given the nature of the Intercompany Sale and the stark warnings to Noteholders contained within the Exchange Offering Circular — "this exception has not been applied where efforts to render a defendant judgment-proof may be remedied by enforcing the judgment against other companies and officers through corporate veil-piercing and other mechanisms." Sea Carriers Corp. v. Empire Programs, Inc., No. 04 Civ. 7395(RWS), 2006 WL 3354139, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2006).
And indeed, if the Court were to agree with Plaintiffs that the Trust Indenture Act has been violated, broad principles of veil-piercing would enable the Court to facilitate a demand for payment from EDMC wherever within its corporate structure assets happen to be located. A court in this District has denied injunctive relief in a similar case because the counterclaim defendant "corporations are closely related and operate as a single overall commercial unit." Great Earth Int'l Franchising Corp. v. Milks Devs., Inc., 302 F.Supp.2d 248, 254 (S.D.N.Y.2004). The court found "no basis in the record to suggest that a judgment recovered by [plaintiffs] against [counterclaim defendant], if unsatisfied by that company, could not be enforced against other [subsidiaries] or officers, through corporate veil-piercing or other procedures." Id. And in a case even more strikingly apposite to the instant litigation, a court in this District denied a preliminary injunction because
Pac. Elec. Wire & Cable Co. v. Set Top Int'l Inc., No. 03 Civ. 9623(JFK), 2003 WL 23095564, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 30, 2003). Should Plaintiffs prevail at trial and convince the Court to find EDMC liable for payment on their Notes, they have offered no reason to believe that they cannot obtain relief from EDMC, EM Holdings, or whatever other subsidiary takes hold of the assets disposed of through the Intercompany Sale. Accordingly, any harm Plaintiffs might suffer should the Proposed Restructuring proceed is not irreparable.
Even where a plaintiff can show a likelihood of irreparable injury, "[i]n each case, courts `must balance the competing
Here, for many of the same reasons as set forth above, there is little question that the harms on Defendants' side of the ledger vastly outweigh those on Plaintiffs'. Plaintiffs face the potential loss of ability to recover interest and principle on Notes worth, nominally, just over $20 million (and in reality far less than that absent a restructuring), constituting 3.5% and 4.5% of Marblegate's and Magnolia's respective assets under management. (See Milgram Decl. ¶ 15; Donath Decl. ¶¶ 4, 11). Defendants and their creditors at a minimum risk the imperilment of a painstakingly negotiated $1.5 billion debt restructuring, one which the overwhelming majority of creditors support. More broadly, given EDMC's perilous financial condition and the regulatory constraints, there is a serious risk of insolvency that would spell the end of a company valued, according to the evidence before the Court, at $1.05 billion. While the disparity in dollar amounts at risk is not quite so large as that in Litwin, see 865 F.Supp.2d at 401 ("Plaintiff in this case owns eight shares of OceanFreight stock worth approximately $75. If granted, her motion would delay and quite possibly imperil a $239 million transaction which was negotiated over a period of months[.]"), it is nevertheless compelling reason to find that the equities do not favor an injunction.
None of the cases cited by Plaintiffs offers remotely comparable risks. (See Pl. Br. 15-16 (citing Int'l Controls Corp. v. Vesco, 490 F.2d 1334, 1338 (2d Cir.1974) (granting a preliminary injunction where a defendant fled to "Nassau, the Bahamian capital, beyond the reach of the United States," and sought to dispose of the only fixed assets that potential victims of securities fraud might recover); In re Netia Holdings S.A., 278 B.R. 344, 357 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.2002) (granting a preliminary injunction against the disbursement of funds from a bankrupt estate where there was no evidence that keeping the funds in place "would cause anyone any injury whatever"); Quantum Corporate Funding, Ltd. v. Assist You Home Health Care Servs. of Va., 144 F.Supp.2d 241, 248-49 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (finding a balance of hardships tipping in plaintiff's favor where there was "a continuing pattern of bad-faith by [defendant] in evading creditor claims" and no serious risk to defendant's business))). The ramifications of an injunction are, as this Court has acknowledged, highly uncertain (see Hrg. Tr. 338-39), but the potential costs of erring in favor of an injunction plainly dwarf the costs of erring against an injunction.
The Court must also "ensure that the `public interest would not be disserved' by the issuance of a preliminary injunction." Salinger, 607 F.3d at 80 (quoting eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006)). Defendants point out that any injunction, by jeopardizing the future of EDMC, creates a significant risk of harm to its 118,090 current students, more than 400,000 alumni, and 20,800 employees. (See West Decl. ¶¶ 4, 11, 35). Plaintiffs offer two responses.
First, Plaintiffs point to the example of Corinthian Colleges, Inc. ("Corinthian") to
Second, Plaintiffs simply argue that enforcement of the laws is in the public interest. (See Pl. Br. 17-18). Yet this argument, logically extended, would imply that any time a plaintiff demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits, the public interest in enforcement of the laws would necessarily be served by an injunction. Such an interpretation would effectively read the public interest prong out of the test for a preliminary injunction, and run counter to the Supreme Court's admonition that "courts of equity should pay particular regard for the public consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction," and that "[a]n injunction... does not follow from success on the merits as a matter of course." Winter, 555 U.S. at 24, 32, 129 S.Ct. 365 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). While the public undoubtedly has an interest in seeing the rights of bondholders protected, Plaintiffs offer no reason why the public's interest — as opposed to their own — is best served by an injunction rather than post hoc liability.
As noted above, Plaintiffs cannot obtain a preliminary injunction due to their inability to demonstrate irreparable harm, and additionally fail to demonstrate that the balance of the equities weighs in their favor and that an injunction would be in the public interest, as required by Winter. Nevertheless, this Court will consider the merits of Plaintiffs' claims in the hopes of providing clarity for subsequent litigation in this and other cases.
As relevant to the instant litigation, the Intercompany Sale involves two major elements: the foreclosure on Education Management LLC's assets by the secured creditors, and the removal of EDMC's Parent Guarantee on the unsecured Notes of Education Management LLC held by Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs do not contest that both elements have valid contractual bases; the foreclosure is provided for by the 2014 Credit Agreement and earlier iterations, and is a valid exercise of the secured creditors' rights under UCC Article 9, while the removal of the Parent Guarantee is contemplated by Sections 9.02 and 10.06 of the Notes' Indenture. However, Plaintiffs argue that the Intercompany Sale broadly conceived, and the removal of the Parent Guarantee in particular, impermissibly impairs or affects their right to receive payment on their Notes, which is enshrined in both Section 6.07 of the Indenture and Section 316(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. Because the claims over the Parent Guarantee and the Intercompany Sale are inextricably intertwined, and because Section 6.07 of the Indenture precisely replicates the protections of Section 316(b) of the Trust Indenture Act, the questions presented on the merits essentially boil down to a dispute over the scope of the protections afforded by the Trust Indenture Act: Is it a broad protection against nonconsensual debt restructurings, or a narrow protection against majority amendment of certain "core terms"? For
It is a "familiar canon of statutory construction that the starting point for interpreting a statute is the language of the statute itself." Consumer Prod. Safety Comm'n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108, 100 S.Ct. 2051, 64 L.Ed.2d 766 (1980). Where these "[o]rdinary principles of statutory construction apply," courts should first "examine the statute's text in light of context, structure, and related statutory provisions." Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 558, 125 S.Ct. 2611, 162 L.Ed.2d 502 (2005). Where a statute's meaning cannot be divined from text alone, courts may turn to a statute's "basic purpose" and "legislative history," Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 132, 118 S.Ct. 1911, 141 L.Ed.2d 111 (1998), while remaining mindful of the Supreme Court's warning that "legislative history is itself often murky, ambiguous, and contradictory," and vulnerable to being used to confirm a preexisting inclination rather than provide an independent authority, Allapattah, 545 U.S. at 568, 125 S.Ct. 2611. Because the text of Section 316(b) lends itself to multiple interpretations, this Court must turn to the legislative history, which confirms a broad reading of this provision, but also provides a standard by which to prevent courts from running amok.
Section 316(b) of the Trust Indenture Act reads in relevant part:
15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(b). At issue here is whether the "right ... to receive payment" is to be read narrowly, as a legal entitlement to demand payment, or broadly, as a substantive right to actually obtain such payment.
Plaintiffs argue initially that the "right" created by Section 316(b) is "absolute and unconditional," citing for this proposition UPIC & Co. v. Kinder-Care Learning Ctrs., Inc., 793 F.Supp. 448, 455 (S.D.N.Y. 1992). Yet the right that UPIC declares "absolute and unconditional" is defined elsewhere as "a noteholder's absolute and unconditional statutory right to bring an action for principal and interest due and owing under a debenture," as "the right of a debentureholder to sue on his debenture for payment when due," and as the "right to bring an action to recover principal and interest." Id. at 454, 455, 457. Ultimately, the UPIC court agreed with the defendant's contention that "although Section 316(b) may guarantee a Securityholder's `procedural' right to commence an action for nonpayment, Section 316(b) does not [affect] or alter the substance of a noteholder's right to payment of principal and interest under the Indenture and, in particular, cannot `override' the Indenture's subordination provisions." Id. at 456-57. There is little question that "[n]othing in Section 316(b), or the [Trust Indenture Act] in general, requires that bondholders be afforded `absolute and unconditional' rights to payment." Bank of N.Y. v. First Millennium Inc., 607 F.3d 905, 917 (2d Cir.2010).
A court in this District, however, has taken the opposite tack, finding that the Trust Indenture Act protects the ability, and not merely the formal right, to receive payment in some circumstances:
Federated Strategic Income Fund v. Mechala Grp. Jam. Ltd., No. 99 Civ. 10517(HB), 1999 WL 993648, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 1999). Unsurprisingly, Plaintiffs urge the Court to follow Mechala and discount the later errant cases from other districts.
Defendants offer three primary arguments as to why this Court should side with Northwestern Corp. and YRC Worldwide rather than Mechala. First, they argue that courts have followed UPIC's lead in restricting the protections of Section 316(b) to "core term[s]," which are defined as "one[s] affecting a securityholder's right to receive payment of the principal of or interest on the indenture security on the due dates for such payments." UPIC, 793 F.Supp. at 452. This is correct, but does little to answer the underlying question of what the "right" consists of, or when an action "affect[s]" such a right. If Plaintiffs are correct that the right is substantive rather than formalist, then they are right to say that "[y]ou have to look at the overall structure" to determine whether a given term affects that right in the context of a particular transaction, and thus whether or not it is a "core term." (See Hrg. Tr. 381).
Finally, Defendants offer a parade of horribles if this Court were to adopt the Mechala approach: "If plaintiffs' position were correct ... [the Trust Indenture Act would] permit any noteholder to attack any transaction based on a standardless `ability to receive payment test[.]'" (Def. Opp. 15-16; accord Int. Opp. 17). Certainly this Court does not wish to find itself in the position of evaluating whether a proposed investment in a new widget factory is likely to erode an issuer's financial stability and thus negatively affect a bondholder's ability to receive payment. Yet the Court finds equally unsatisfying the notion that Section 316(b) protects only against formal, explicit modification of the legal right to receive payment, and allows a sufficiently clever issuer to gut the Act's protections through a transaction such as the one at issue here.
Fortunately, a way out of this dichotomy is provided by the legislative history. The reports of the House and Senate subcommittees responsible for drafting the Trust Indenture Act offer precisely the same understanding of the purpose of Section 316(b): "Evasion of judicial scrutiny of the fairness of debt-readjustment plans is prevented by this prohibition.... This prohibition does not prevent the majority from binding dissenters by other changes in the indenture or by a waiver of other defaults, and the majority may of course consent to alterations of its own rights." H.R. Rep. 76-1016, at 56 (1939); S.Rep. No. 76-248,
Not only do the legislative history and statutory purpose refute the interpretation advanced by Defendants and Intervenors, but they also provide a limiting principle that averts the proffered specter of untrammeled judicial intrusion into ordinary business practice. (See Def. Opp. 15-16; Int. Opp. 17). Practical and formal modifications of indentures that do not explicitly alter a core term "impair[] or affect[]" a bondholder's right to receive payment in violation of the Trust Indenture Act only when such modifications effect an involuntary debt restructuring. Such a standard does not contravene the decisions that have allowed preexisting subordination terms to survive a challenge under Section 316(b). See UPIC, 793 F.Supp. at 457. Nor does it prevent majority amendment of a significant range of indenture terms, including many that can be used to pressure bondholders into accepting exchange
The Court does not deny that the standard identified in the preceding section might produce close, difficult cases. The record before this Court, however, leaves little question that the Intercompany Sale is precisely the type of debt reorganization that the Trust Indenture Act is designed to preclude. The Restructuring Support Agreement makes its intent plainly known in its recital clauses, where it announces that "the Companies and the Restructuring Support Parties have agreed to a restructuring of the Companies' Obligations under the Credit Agreement and its indebtedness under the Indentures" (Malcolm Decl. Ex. C), and that the Intercompany Sale is designed as "an out-of-court restructuring" (id. § 4.01(c)). The Exchange Offering Circular defines the Proposed Restructuring as "intend[ed] to restructure [EDMC's] existing indebtedness," and that in the case of dissenters the Restructuring Support Agreement requires the parties to it "to implement the Proposed Restructuring over any such objection" via the Intercompany Sale, ensuring that such dissenters "will not receive payment on account of their Notes." (Exchange Offering Circular 7-8).
Furthermore, the mechanism by which the Intercompany Sale is to be carried out operates, in context, to effect a complete impairment of dissenters' right to receive payment. It is true that the Indenture by which the Notes are governed contains two clauses, common to many indentures (see Gadsden Report), that provide for the release of the Parent Guarantee: Section 9.02 by majority vote of the Noteholders, and Section 10.06 by action of the secured creditors.
But this is not such a case. The Parent Guarantee that the senior creditors intend to release (and by so doing, release the Parent Guarantee on the Notes) was conferred less than a month ago by EDMC, albeit for significant concessions. More importantly, EDMC has assured regulators that the foreclosure is purely a formality, and that "[i]n no event does the Intercompany Sale change the ownership, debt structure, board, management or governance of EDMC or its institutions[.]" (Pl. Ex. 255).
If this Court were inclined to grant an injunction, it would face the task of disentangling precisely what elements of the Intercompany Sale improperly impaired Plaintiffs' rights. Yet as noted above, "[a]n injunction ... does not follow from success on the merits as a matter of course." Winter, 555 U.S. at 32, 129 S.Ct. 365. Accordingly this Court declines to grant Plaintiffs the injunctive relief sought, even while observing that, absent EDMC's insolvency, Plaintiffs may ultimately be able obtain payment on their debts as they come due. Doing so gives effect to the understanding embedded in the Trust Indenture Act that minority bondholders are to be protected from involuntary restructuring, but are not granted the right to hold hostage a majority willing to make sacrifices. See H.R. Rep. 76-1016, at 56 ("[T]he majority may of course consent to alterations of its own rights."); S.Rep. No. 76-248, at 27 (same). And the creation of a liability rule rather than a property rule avoids the worst of the collective action problems associated with granting diffuse parties the ability to block a value-enhancing transaction.
This Court is not so naïve as to think that establishing Plaintiffs' ultimate right to full payment will not pose problems for the Proposed Restructuring. Where individual bondholders can free-ride off an exchange offer, as they retain claims for the full value of their debt against a newly solvent issuer, they are better off refusing the offer; "[i]f enough bondholders refuse, they will frustrate the workout," leaving the bondholders "locked in game theory's prisoners' dilemma." Roe, supra, at 236-37. The problem is even more acute here
Because Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate a likelihood of irreparable harm, that the balance of equities tips in their favor, or that an injunction is in the public interest, the motion for a preliminary injunction is DENIED. The requests of the parties to file certain documents in redacted form is GRANTED.
SO ORDERED.
(2014 Credit Agreement § 5.16). The Court is skeptical that this language could be used to force quite the current level of participation from EDMC, in particular its assurances that its entire management team will remain at the helm of the reconstituted enterprise following the Intercompany Sale. Yet even if Credit Agreement § 5.16 did go that far, the Court does not think that an issuer could excuse its own violation of the Trust Indenture Act by constraining itself in another contract.