OPINION AND ORDER

ANDREW J. PECK, Magistrate Judge.

Plaintiff Juan Cortes, represented by counsel (the Urban Justice Center), brings this action pursuant to § 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), challenging the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (the "Commissioner") denying him Social Security disability insurance benefits ("DIB"). (Dkt. No. 2: Compl.) Presently before the Court are the parties' cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). (Dkt. No. 9: Cortes Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Dkt. No. 21: Gov't Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.) The Commissioner concedes that remand is necessary, while Cortes seeks remand for the calculation of benefits. (See page 12 below.) The parties have consented to decision of the case by a United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). (Dkt. No. 20: Consent Form.)

For the reasons set forth below, the Commissioner's motion (Dkt. No. 21) is DENIED and Cortes' motion (Dkt. No. 9) is GRANTED and the case remanded to the Commissioner for the calculation of benefits.

FACTS

Prior Proceedings

In August or September 2005, Cortes applied for DIB benefits, alleging that he became disabled as of October 1, 1999. (R. 50, 58, 670.)1 On October 3, 2007, Cortes appeared at a hearing before ALJ Paul A. Heyman. (R. 429-63.) On November 13, 2007, ALJ Heyman denied Cortes' claim. (R. 11-24.) On February 6, 2008, the Appeals Council denied Cortes' request for review. (R. 4-6.) Cortes sought judicial review, and on September 4, 2008, the Court vacated the Appeals Council's decision pursuant to a stipulation between the parties and remanded for further proceedings. (R. 517-19.)

On May 13, 2009, ALJ Heyman held a second hearing (R. 630-56) and on July 24, 2009 again denied Cortes' claim (R. 468-79). On January 22, 2011, the Appeals Council denied Cortes' second request for review. (R. 464-66.) Cortes again appealed, and on November 21, 2011, the Court again remanded the matter to the Appeals Council for further proceedings pursuant to a stipulation between the parties. (R. 671-72.) On March 28, 2012, the Appeals Council remanded Cortes' application to an ALJ for a further hearing (R. 674-79.)

On January 11, 2013, Cortes appeared at a hearing before ALJ Moises Penalver (R. 873-934), who denied Cortes' application on August 29, 2013 (R. 657-70). The Appeals Council chose not to review the ALJ's decision, and Cortes appealed to the Court for the third time. (See Cortes Br. at 3; Gov't Br. at 2.)

Non-Medical Evidence

Cortes, born on January 8, 1964 (R. 490), completed the sixth grade in Honduras (R. 97). Cortes was last employed as a building superintendent from January 1995 until October 1, 1999. (R. 84.) His duties included maintaining the building's boiler and plumbing, and making repairs to apartments. (R. 92.) He sometimes lifted and carried 100 pounds or more and frequently lifted fifty pounds or more. (R. 85, 101.)

An October 4, 2005 adult function report for the New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance described Cortes' degree of independence in activities of daily living. (R. 73-83.) Cortes could do many personal care activities, including brushing his teeth, showering and shaving, but stated that "I cannot lift (L) arm to comb my hair." (R. 74-75.) He reported that bathing takes "more time" because his left arm is totally immobile and claimed that he was not able to "lift any heavy objects." (R. 74.) Cortes did not prepare his own meals or cook. (R. 74-75.) He could, however, wash his own clothes using his right arm. (R. 76.) He visited his pastor's home weekly and sang in church. (R. 74, 77.) Cortes stated that he could walk four blocks before needing to rest for ten minutes due to back pain. (R. 79.)

Medical Evidence

On October 1, 1999, Cortes fell down stairs while working and fractured his left shoulder. (R. 147, 172.) In 1999 or 2000, he had reconstructive surgery to repair his fractured left shoulder. (R. 140, 147.)

A May 31, 2002 MRI of Cortes' thoracic spine showed "posterior disc bulging beyond the vertebral margins." (R. 118.) A cervical spine MRI on the same day showed "[t]he C2-C3 through C4-C5 disc annuli2 are bulging posteriorly beyond the vertebral margins" and "straightening of the cervical lordosis3 compatible with muscle spasm." (R 119.)

On June 19, 2002, a physician was unable to examine Cortes' shoulder fully because of severe pain. (R. 161.) Cortes was diagnosed with RSD4 in his left upper extremity and a possible rotator cuff tear. (R. 161.)

On August 5, 2002, Dr. Ian Cole examined Cortes. (R. 160.) Dr. Cole found that Cortes' left shoulder abduction and flexion were 0-5 degrees, and his extension was 0 degrees. (R. 160.) Cortes' strength was limited by severe pain. (Id.) On September 10, 2002, Dr. Cole found that Cortes' left shoulder had zero to ten degrees of abduction and flexion but that Cortes also had diffuse tenderness and atrophied biceps and triceps. (R. 159.)

On October 22, 2002, Dr. Harvey Insler diagnosed Cortes with reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the left shoulder. (R. 158.) On December 9, 2002, Cortes complained to Dr. Insler of numbness and paresthesia5 in his left arm and hand. (R. 157.) Nerve conduction velocity studies for Cortes from December 2002 were normal (R. 153-55), as were EMG studies in January 2003 (R. 149-51).

A March 22, 2004 x-ray of Cortes' shoulder showed "[n]o gross evidence of fracture or dislocation or any other bony pathology." (R. 199.) A June 16, 2004 examination at Jacobi Medical Center's Orthopedic Clinic found global weakness in Cortes' left shoulder and fingers, as well as contraction of his elbow and fingers on his left side. (R. 211-13.) A June 21, 2004 x-ray of Cortes' left shoulder showed "no evidence of an acute fracture or dislocation." (R. 176.)

On July 16, 2004, Cortes was diagnosed with "Adhesive Capsulitis/RSD"6 and scheduled for physical therapy three times a week for six to eight weeks at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. (R. 165.) A September 1, 2004 note from Columbia Presbyterian stated that Cortes complained that his pain was "10/10" and "reports no relief of pain even [with] meds." (R. 169.)

On December 10, 2004, Dr. Leena Mathew of New York Presbyterian's Pain Management Center evaluated Cortes, who was "extremely tearful throughout the entire encounter." (R. 237.) Dr. Mathew observed that Cortes "walks cradling his left elbow with his right hand," "does not swing his left arm as he walks," "has not used his arm in over a year prior to this visit because of the pain," and "holds his arm in a very guarded manner with his right arm." (R. 237-38.) When she abducted Cortes' shoulder, he reported that his pain was "around 9/10." (R. 237.) Dr. Mathew found that Cortes "had pain with any degree of motion." (R. 238.) Dr. Mathew opined that Cortes had "progressive shoulder pain, most probably secondary to adhesive capsulitis. He is s/p rotator cuff tear and repair." (Id.)

Progress notes from the Walton Family Health Center in September and October 2005 state that Cortes had a depressed mood and constricted affect. (R. 376-79). Cortes was diagnosed with acute stress reaction and organic mood disorder. (R. 377.) Treatment notes from Dr. Gabriela Bermudez show that on December 13, 2005, Cortes complained of depression and reported having been on Zoloft several years previously. (R. 363.) Dr. Bermudez prescribed Zoloft and follow-up with a social worker. (R. 364.)

On March 19, 2006, Dr. Bermudez completed a medical source statement assessing Cortes' limitations based on his medical history and other records. (R. 240-43.) Dr. Bermudez opined that Cortes could not carry any weight with his left arm. (R. 240.) Dr. Bermudez stated that Cortes had no standing, walking or sitting limitations, but his pushing and pulling was affected by his impairments. (R. 240-41.) Dr. Bermudez specifically noted that Cortes "cannot use" his left upper extremity. (R. 241.) The clinical findings supporting Dr. Bermudez's conclusions were that Cortes had left reflex sympathetic dystrophy and could not extend or flex his left shoulder/arm. (Id.) Cortes could never climb ramps, stairs, ladders, ropes or scaffolds. (Id.) Cortes' reaching, handling, fingering and feeling all were limited because Cortes could not do them with his left arm. (R. 242.) Finally, Cortes had environmental limitations with respect to temperature extremes, humidity/wetness, hazards, and fumes, odors, chemicals and gases. (R. 243.)

On September 19, 2007, Dr. Sarah Nosal of the Urban Horizons Family Practice completed a residual functional capacity questionnaire on Cortes. (R. 252-55.) Dr. Nosal diagnosed Cortes with rotator cuff syndrome and identified his symptoms as pain, stiffness, swelling and limited mobility. (R. 252.) Dr. Nosal observed that Cortes had joint deformity, reduced grip strength, sensory changes, reflex changes, abnormal posture and muscle weakness. (Id.) She opined that Cortes could sit for about two hours out of an eight hour workday and stand for less than two. (R. 253.)

On April 29, 2009, Dr. Joseph DiLullo of the Institute for Family Health completed a residual functional capacity questionnaire on Cortes. (R. 550-54.) Dr. DiLullo had been treating Cortes since June 2006, and he diagnosed Cortes with "maj[.] depressive disorder, recurrent, severe." (R. 550.) He opined that Cortes' prognosis was fair to poor because Cortes had lost his livelihood and felt useless and helpless. (Id.) Dr. DiLullo opined that Cortes had severe deficiencies in his concentration, persistence or pace; marked difficulties in maintaining social functioning; moderate restriction in activities of daily living; and one or two episodes of decompensation, each of at least two weeks' duration, in the prior year. (R. 551.) Dr. DiLullo found Cortes seriously limited in his ability to get along with coworkers or peers without unduly distracting them or exhibiting behavioral extremes. (R. 552.) Cortes had no useful ability to complete a normal workday and workweek without interruptions from psychologically based symptoms or to perform at a consistent pace without an unreasonable number and length of rest periods. (Id.) Dr. DiLullo found Cortes too limited to meet competitive standards with respect to a wide range of additional mental abilities necessary for work activities. (Id.) Dr. DiLullo opined that Cortes had a medically documented history of a chronic affective disorder of at least two years' duration and a residual disease process that had resulted in such marginal adjustment that even a minimal increase in mental demands or change in the environment would be predicted to cause him to decompensate. (R. 553.) Finally, Dr. DiLullo stated that Cortes would be absent from work more than four days per month. (Id.)

On May 12, 2009, Dr. Adam Szerenesy of the Urban Horizons Family Practice completed a medical source statement for Cortes. (R. 555-58.) Dr. Szerenesy observed that Cortes was unable to move his left arm and diagnosed Cortes with "frozen shoulder" and possible RSD. (R. 555.) He found that Cortes had tenderness, reduced grip strength, muscle spasm, muscle weakness and muscle atrophy in his left arm. (Id.) According to Dr. Szerenesy, Cortes could sit for at least six hours out of an eight hour workday and stand for less than two hours. (R. 556.) He opined that Cortes could never lift or carry with his left arm. (R. 557.) Similarly, Cortes could only occasionally twist, stoop, crouch or climb stairs and never climb ladders. (Id.) Dr. Szerenesy found that Cortes could not use his left hand, fingers and arm for grasping, twisting, and turning of objects, fine manipulation, and reaching. (Id.) Dr. Szerenesy opined that Cortes' depression and anxiety contributed to the severity of Cortes' symptoms. (R. 558.)

Expert Testimony

Dr. Arthur Lorber

Orthopedist Dr. Arthur Lorber testified at Cortes' hearing before ALJ Penalver. (R. 902-12.) After reviewing the medical evidence in the record (R. 902-08), Dr. Lorber testifed that Cortes had the ability to do limited light work, occasionally could lift twenty pounds and frequently could lift ten pounds, primarily with his right hand (R. 909-10). Dr. Lorber testified that Cortes "could perform no overhead work with his left upper extremity. In fact, he could perform no reaching whatsoever with his left upper extremity, however he could perform handling and fine fingering activities with his left upper extremity, and feeling." (R. 909) ALJ Penalver asked Dr. Lorber: "No overhead reaching or no reaching at all with the left upper extremity. . . . Did I miss something?" (R. 910.) Dr. Lorber replied "[n]o, you did not." (Id.)

Vocational Expert Raymond Cestar

ALJ Penalver heard testimony from vocational expert Raymond Cestar. (R. 920-26.) In response to a question from the ALJ about a hypothetical individual of Cortes' age, education, and work experience who could perform light work but "can never push or pull using the left upper extremity, the non-dominant left upper extremity, no pushing or pulling, can never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, and can never crawl," "can never reach and can never perform overhead reaching" and is "limited to simple, routine tasks" that avoid concentrated exposure to excessive noise and vibration, Cestar testified that "I'm going to say I couldn't cite any jobs." (R. 921-22.) Cestar went on to testify "[INAUDIBLE] play with is a school bus monitor, but all these other jobs do require bilateral use of the arms, you know, the reaching in front of the body. That would be the only job I would be comfortable citing, judge." (R. 922.)

ALJ Penalver noted the statement in the regulations that sedentary jobs usually require bilateral use of the hands and asked if the requirement extended to light work. (R. 923.) Cestar agreed that sedentary work requires the use of both hands, and testified that "these other jobs that I would cite do require reaching in front of their body." (Id.)

ALJ Penalver asked a variant of his hypothetical, removing the restriction on no reaching at all with the left upper extremity but leaving the limitation of no reaching overhead in place. (R. 924.) Cestar identified three occupations that exist in substantial numbers in the economy that the hypothetical individual could do: cafeteria attendant, photocopying-machine operator, and laundry folder. (Id.) Cestar told ALJ Penalver that his testimony was consistent with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles ("DOT") and its companion, the Selected Characteristics of Occupations Defined in the Revised Dictionary of Occupational Titles ("SCO"). (R. 924.)

ALJ Penalver's Decision

On August 29, 2013, ALJ Penalver issued his written decision finding Cortes not disabled. (R. 657-70.) At the first step of the five-step sequential analysis, ALJ Penalver found that Cortes "did not engage in substantial gainful activity during the period from his alleged onset date of October 1, 1999 through his date last insured of December 31, 2004." (R. 666.) At the second step, ALJ Penalver found that "[t]hrough the date last insured, [Cortes] had the following severe impairments: right ear hearing loss, left upper extremity disorder, and disc bulging." (Id.) ALJ Penalver also found that:

(Id.)

At step three, ALJ Penalver found that through the date last insured, Cortes "did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1." (R. 666.) According to ALJ Penalver, a "review of the available record reveals no evidence to support a conclusion that [Cortes'] impairments meet or medically equal any applicable Listing, including 1.02 Major dysfunction of a join, [and] 1.04 Disorders of the spine." (R. 666.)

ALJ Penalver next determined that Cortes had the residual functional capacity ("RFC") to:

(R. 666.) In determining Cortes' RFC, ALJ Penalver "considered all symptoms and the extent to which these can reasonably be accepted as consistent with the objective medical evidence and other evidence." (Id.) He also "considered opinion evidence in accordance with the requirements of 20 CFR 404.1527 and SSRs 96-2p, 96-5p, 96-6p and 06-3p." (R. 666.)

ALJ Penalver discussed Cortes' hearing testimony and the medical evidence in the record, including the evidence of Cortes' treatment and the diagnostic imaging of his back and left shoulder. (R. 667.) ALJ Penalver found Cortes "partially credible," stating:

(Id., record citation omitted.)

ALJ Penalver found that Dr. Mathew's December 2004 opinion was entitled to "some weight" because "she was one of [Cortes'] treating physicians and because her evaluation took place on a date close to [Cortes'] date last insured." (R. 668.) ALJ Penalver discussed Dr. Mathew's findings in detail, noting her examination results. (Id.)

ALJ Penalver gave "[l]ittle weight" to Dr. Bermudez's opinion because Dr. Bermudez "did not examine [Cortes] in person during the period in question and . . . offered an opinion that was over a year after [Cortes'] December 2004 date last insured." (Id.) ALJ Penalver did not discuss the medical source statements from Dr. Nosal, Dr. DiLullo and Dr. Szerenesy. (See R. 666-68.)

At step four, ALJ Penalver found that "[t]hrough the date last insured, [Cortes] was unable to perform any past relevant work." (R. 668.) ALJ Penalver based his conclusion on the vocational expert's testimony and that Cortes' "past relevant work requires a level of exertion that exceeds the maximum allowance of the light level of exertion as defined in the residual functional capacity." (Id.) ALJ Penalver found that Cortes "is not able to communicate in English, and is considered in the same way as an individual who is illiterate in English." (R. 669.)

Finally, at step five, ALJ Penalver found that "[t]hrough the date last insured, considering [Cortes'] age, education, work experience, and residual functional capacity, there were jobs that existed in significant numbers in the national economy that [Cortes] could have performed." (Id.) ALJ Penalver observed that "if [Cortes] had the residual functional capacity to perform the full range of light work, a finding of `not disabled' would be directed by Medical-Vocational Rule 202.18." (R. 669.) Because Cortes' "ability to perform all or substantially all of the requirements of this level of work was impeded by additional limitations," ALJ Penalver instead relied upon the vocational expert's testimony. (Id.) ALJ Penalver stated that when he "asked the vocational expert whether jobs existed in the national economy for an individual with [Cortes'] age, education, work experience, and residual functional capacity," the vocational expert testified that such an individual would have been able to perform the requirements of cafeteria attendant, photocopy machine operator and laundry folder. (Id.) ALJ Penalver "determined that the vocational expert's testimony is consistent with the information contained in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles." (R. 670.) ALJ Penalver therefore found that Cortes "was not under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, at any time from October 1, 1999, the alleged onset date, through December 31, 2004, the date last insured." (Id.)

Cortes' Current Lawsuit

Before this Court, both Cortes and the Commissioner seek remand under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), which provides that "[t]he court shall have power to enter, upon the pleadings and transcript of the record, a judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the Commissioner of Social Security, with or without remanding the cause for a rehearing." 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). (See Dkt. No. 10: Cortes Br. at 16-17; Dkt. No. 22: Gov't Br. at 2-6.) Cortes, however, seeks remand for the calculation and award of benefits. (Cortes Br. at 1; Dkt. No. 23: Cortes Reply Br. at 2.)

Cortes argues that "[t]he Commissioner failed to meet her burden of proving that Cortes' residual functional capacity enabled him to engage in other employment in the national economy" because the three occupations that ALJ Penalver identified were based on vocational expert testimony in response to a hypothetical involving an RFC with fewer limitations than ALJ Penalver found for Cortes. (Cortes Br. at 14-15.) According to Cortes, ALJ Penalver "accepted the testimony of Dr. Lorber, his own medical expert, that Cortes could perform no reaching whatsoever with his upper left extremity," and when questioned about a hypothetical individual of Cortes' age, education, and work experience who could not push or pull with his upper left extremity, the vocational expert "was unable to offer the ALJ any jobs." (Cortes Br. at 15.) Thus, the ALJ's "conclusion that Cortes had the ability to engage in the three occupations Cestar offered is inconsistent [with the ALJ's RFC determination] and not based on substantial evidence." (Cortes Br. at 15-16.) "Cortes has no quarrel with the RFC the ALJ found for him." (Cortes Reply Br. at 7.)

The Commissioner faults ALJ Penalver's decision because "the ALJ did not properly evaluate the evidence of record in deciding [Cortes'] claim" and because "the ALJ's step 5 finding did not reconcile the apparent conflicts between the vocational expert testimony and the information contained in" the DOT. (Gov't Br. at 4-5.) The Commissioner further argues that until the medical evidence is properly weighed, "it is also not clear whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ's finding that [Cortes'] statements concerning the intensity, duration and limiting effects of his symptoms were partially credible." (Gov't Br. at 5.) Finally, the Commissioner argues that remand for the calculation of benefits is inappropriate because "the record contains evidence showing that [Cortes] was not completely disabled, i.e., that he could at least perform sedentary work." (Gov't Br. at 6; see also id. at 8.)

ANALYSIS

I. THE APPLICABLE LAW

A. Definition Of Disability

A person is considered disabled for Social Security benefits purposes when he is unable "to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A); see, e.g., Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 23, 124 S.Ct. 376, 379 (2003); Barnhart v. Walton, 535 U.S. 212, 214, 122 S.Ct. 1265, 1268 (2002); Impala v. Astrue, 477 F. App'x 856, 857 (2d Cir. 2012).7

42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(B); see, e.g., Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. at 23, 124 S. Ct. at 379; Barnhart v. Walton, 535 U.S. at 218, 122 S. Ct. at 1270; Salmini v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 371 F. App'x at 111; Betances v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 206 F. App'x at 26; Butts v. Barnhart, 388 F.3d at 383; Draegert v. Barnhart, 311 F.3d at 472.8

In determining whether an individual is disabled for disability benefit purposes, the Commissioner must consider: "(1) the objective medical facts; (2) diagnoses or medical opinions based on such facts; (3) subjective evidence of pain or disability testified to by the claimant or others; and (4) the claimant's educational background, age, and work experience." Mongeur v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1033, 1037 (2d Cir. 1983) (per curiam).9

A court's review of the Commissioner's final decision is limited to determining whether there is "substantial evidence" in the record as a whole to support such determination. E.g., 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Giunta v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 440 F. App'x 53, 53 (2d Cir. 2011).10 "`Thus, the role of the district court is quite limited and substantial deference is to be afforded the Commissioner's decision.'" Morris v. Barnhart, 02 Civ. 0377, 2002 WL 1733804 at *4 (S.D.N.Y. July 26, 2002) (Peck, M.J.).11

The Supreme Court has defined "substantial evidence" as "`more than a mere scintilla [and] such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.'" Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 1427 (1971); accord, e.g., Selian v. Astrue, 708 F.3d 409, 417 (2d Cir. 2013); Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d at 77; Tejada v. Apfel, 167 F.3d at 773-74.12 "[F]actual issues need not have been resolved by the [Commissioner] in accordance with what we conceive to be the preponderance of the evidence." Rutherford v. Schweiker, 685 F.2d 60, 62 (2d Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1212, 103 S.Ct. 1207 (1983). The Court must be careful not to "`substitute its own judgment for that of the [Commissioner], even if it might justifiably have reached a different result upon a de novo review.'" Jones v. Sullivan, 949 F.2d 57, 59 (2d Cir. 1991).13

The Court, however, will not defer to the Commissioner's determination if it is "`the product of legal error.'" E.g., Duvergel v. Apfel, 99 Civ. 4614, 2000 WL 328593 at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2000) (Peck, M.J.); see also, e.g., Douglass v. Astrue, 496 F. App'x 154, 156 (2d Cir. 2012); Butts v. Barnhart, 388 F.3d 377, 384 (2d Cir. 2004), amended on other grounds, 416 F.3d 101 (2d Cir. 2005); Tejada v. Apfel, 167 F.3d at 773 (citing cases).

The Commissioner's regulations set forth a five-step sequence to be used in evaluating disability claims. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920; see, e.g., Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 24-25, 124 S.Ct. 376, 379-80 (2003); Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140, 107 S.Ct. 2287, 2291 (1987). The Supreme Court has articulated the five steps as follows:

Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. at 24-25, 124 S. Ct. at 379-80 (fns. & citations omitted); accord, e.g., Talavera v. Astrue, 697 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir. 2012); Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d at 77; Tejada v. Apfel, 167 F.3d at 774.14

The claimant bears the burden of proof as to the first four steps; if the claimant meets the burden of proving that he cannot return to his past work, thereby establishing a prima facie case, the Commissioner then has the burden of proving the last step, that there is other work the claimant can perform considering not only his medical capacity but also his age, education and training. See, e.g., Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. at 25, 124 S. Ct. at 379-80.15

II. APPLICATION TO CORTES' CLAIMS

A. ALJ Penalver Failed To Evaluate Evidence In Determining Cortes' RFC And Credibility

ALJ Penalver failed to evaluate and weigh several pieces of opinion evidence in determining Cortes' RFC at step three. Although ALJ Penalver wrote that he "considered opinion evidence in accordance with the requirements of 20 CFR 404.1527 and SSRs 96-2p, 96-5p, 96-6p and 06-3p," he only discussed the weight he gave to the opinions of two of Cortes' doctors, Dr. Mathew and Dr. Bermudez. (See R. 666-68; page 10 above.) ALJ Penalver provided no explanation for why he rejected or ignored the testimony of his own medical expert, Dr. Lorber, that Cortes "could perform no reaching whatsoever with his left upper extremity." (See R. 666-68; page 8 above.) Indeed, the Commissioner concedes that the ALJ "failed to evaluate and weigh the opinion evidence in the record, including the January 2013 hearing testimony by medical expert Arthur Lorber, M.D." (Dkt. No. 22: Gov't Br. at 4.) Moreover, ALJ Penalver did not explain how he determined that Cortes' RFC should include a limit only on overhead reaching with his left arm as opposed to all reaching with the left arm. (See R. 666-68.) Dr. Mathew's report, to which ALJ Penalver gave some weight, does not opine that Cortes could reach with his left arm. (See R. 237-39; page 11 above.) Dr. Mathew's report stated that Cortes "walks cradling his left elbow with his right hand," "does not swing his left arm as he walks," and "has not used his arm in over a year prior to this visit because of the pain." (See page 5 above.) Those observations are consistent with Dr. Lorber's testimony that Cortes can perform no reaching whatsoever with his left arm (see page 8 above) and with the opinion of Dr. Bermudez to which ALJ Penalver gave little weight (see pages 6, 11 above).

Similarly, as the Commissioner also concedes (Gov't Br. at 4), ALJ Penalver did not evaluate and weigh the opinion evidence in the medical source statements from treating physicians Dr. Nosal, Dr. DiLullo and Dr. Szerenesy. (See R. 666-68.) The opinions of Dr. Nosal and Dr. Szerenesy both pertain to Cortes' limitations in using his left arm. (See pages 6-8 above.)16 Dr. Szerenesy's opinion, in particular, suggests that Cortes has limitations significantly more severe than those reflected in ALJ Penalver's RFC determination (see pages 7-8 above) and is entirely consistent with the findings of Dr. Bermudez (see page 6 above).

Finally, the Commissioner concedes that in light of ALJ Penalver's errors, "it is also not clear whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ's finding that [Cortes'] statements concerning the intensity, duration and limiting effects of his symptoms were partially credible." (Gov't Br. at 5.) The Court agrees. Had ALJ Penalver more thoroughly evaluated and weighed the opinions of Cortes' doctors and the Commissioner's own medical expert, he might well have found Cortes more credible than he did in his August 2013 decision.17

B. Cortes Cannot Perform The Jobs Identified In ALJ Penalver's Step Five Determination Because They Require Frequent Reaching And Because He Is Illiterate

In the fifth step, the burden shifts to the Commissioner, "who must produce evidence to show the existence of alternative substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy and which the claimant could perform, considering not only his physical capability, but as well his age, his education, his experience and his training." Parker v. Harris, 626 F.2d 225, 231 (2d Cir. 1980).18

In meeting his burden under the fifth step, the Commissioner:

Zorilla v. Chater, 915 F.Supp. 662, 667 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (fn. omitted); see, e.g., Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458, 461-62, 465-68, 103 S.Ct. 1952, 1954-55, 1956-58 (1983) (upholding the promulgation of the Grid); Roma v. Astrue, 468 F. App'x at 20-21; Martin v. Astrue, 337 F. App'x 87, 90 (2d Cir. 2009); Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d at 78; Perez v. Chater, 77 F.3d 41, 46 (2d Cir. 1996); Bapp v. Bowen, 802 F.2d 601, 604 (2d Cir. 1986).

However, "relying solely on the Grids is inappropriate when nonexertional limitations `significantly diminish' plaintiff's ability to work so that the Grids do not particularly address plaintiff's limitations." Vargas v. Astrue, 10 Civ. 6306, 2011 WL 2946371 at *13 (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2011); see also, e.g., Travers v. Astrue, 10 Civ. 8228, 2011 WL 5314402 at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 2011) (Peck, M.J.), report & rec. adopted, 2013 WL 1955686 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 2013); Lomax v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 09-CV-1451, 2011 WL 2359360 at *3 (E.D.N.Y. June 6, 2011) ("Sole reliance on the grids is inappropriate, however, where a claimant's nonexertional impairments 'significantly limit the range of work permitted by his exertional limitations.'").

Rather, where the claimant's nonexertional limitations "`significantly limit the range of work permitted by his exertional limitations,' the ALJ is required to consult with a vocational expert." Zabala v. Astrue, 595 F.3d 402, 410 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Bapp v. Bowen, 802 F.2d at 605); see also, e.g., Selian v. Astrue, 708 F.3d 409, 421 (2d Cir. 2013) ("We have explained that the ALJ cannot rely on the Grids if a non-exertional impairment has any more than a `negligible' impact on a claimant's ability to perform the full range of work, and instead must obtain the testimony of a vocational expert."); Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d at 82 ("Where significant nonexertional impairments are present at the fifth step in the disability analysis, however, `application of the grids is inappropriate.' Instead, the Commissioner `must introduce the testimony of a vocational expert (or other similar evidence) that jobs exist in the economy which claimant can obtain and perform.'" (quoting & citing Bapp v. Bowen, 802 F.2d at 603, 605-06)); Suarez v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 09-CV-338, 2010 WL 3322536 at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2010) ("If a claimant has nonexertional limitations that `significantly limit the range of work permitted by his exertional limitations,' the ALJ is required to consult with a vocational expert." (quoting Zabala v. Astrue, 595 F.3d at 411)).

ALJ Penalver relied on vocational expert Cestar's testimony to find that jobs exist in the economy in significant numbers that Cortes could perform. (See page 12 above.)19 Cestar testified that a hypothetical individual limited to light work with no overhead reaching with his nondominant left upper extremity, no pushing or pulling with the left upper extremity, no crawling or climbing ladders, and limited to simple, routine tasks that avoid concentrated exposure to excessive noise and vibration could perform several jobs in the national economy: laundry folder, photocopying-machine operator and cafeteria attendant. (See pages 8-9 above.) ALJ Penalver relied upon the vocational expert's testimony in reaching his conclusion when he specifically referred to those three jobs in his findings. (See page 12 above.)

Cortes challenges ALJ Penalver's step five determination that there are jobs that Cortes could perform. (Dkt. No. 10: Cortes Br. at 14-15.)

ALJ Penalver erred at step five because all three of the occupations he found Cortes capable of performing — photocopying-machine operator, laundry folder and cafeteria attendant — require the ability to reach and handle frequently. See Selected Characteristics of Occupations Defined in the Revised Dictionary of Occupational Titles at 134, 313, 367 (1993). The SCO defines reaching as "[e]xtending hand(s) and arm(s) in any direction." Selected Characteristics of Occupations Defined in the Revised Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Appendix C, at C-3 (emphasis added). ALJ Penalver's hypotheticals to Cestar incorporated significant reaching limitations with Cortes' left arm, first from any reaching whatsoever and then from any reaching in an overhead direction. (See pages 8-9 above.) Cestar told ALJ Penalver that his testimony that Cortes could perform these jobs was consistent with both the DOT and SCO, and ALJ Penalver asked no follow up questions. (See R. 924; page 9 above.) The Commissioner concedes that ALJ Penalver's step five determination is fatally flawed because "the ALJ did not ask the vocational expert to address the apparent discrepancy between the jobs identified by the vocational expert, which required frequent reaching, and the ALJ's RFC determinations, which limited [Cortes] to no overhead reaching with the upper left extremity." (Dkt. No. 22: Gov't Br. at 5.)

In addition, as the Commissioner also concedes, "the ALJ's step 5 finding did not reconcile the apparent conflicts between the vocational expert testimony" and the DOT because ALJ Penalver did not ask the vocational expert what effect Cortes' illiteracy would have on his ability to perform the three jobs identified, all of which require the ability to read and recognize the meaning of at least 2,500 English words. (Gov't Br. at 5.) The Commissioner is correct that ALJ Penalver did not ask Cestar whether Cortes could meet the language requirements of working as a cafeteria attendant, photocopy-machine operator and laundry folder. (See R. 920-24.) The DOT defines all three jobs as requiring language development level one, meaning that an individual must be able recognize the meaning of at least 2,500 words, read at a rate of 95-120 words per minute and print simple sentences. See Dictionary of Occupational Titles at 177, 241, 266-67, 1011 (4th ed. 1991). Based on those requirements, an illiterate individual such as Cortes could not perform work requiring language level one. Thus, ALJ Penalver's finding that Cortes could work as a cafeteria attendant, photocopy machine operator or laundry folder is not supported by the vocational expert's testimony. ALJ Penalver did not ask the vocational expert whether there were any other jobs in the national economy that a hypothetical illiterate individual with Cortes' RFC could perform. (See R. 920-24.) Cortes' illiteracy thus disqualified him from performing the only potential jobs identified by the Commissioner at step five appropriate for an individual with the RFC that ALJ Penalver found for Cortes.

Moreover, ALJ Penalver did not question the vocational expert about whether an illiterate hypothetical individual of Cortes' age, education and work experience who is limited to no reaching whatsoever could work as a school bus monitor, the only job cited by the vocational expert for that level of restriction. (See R. 920-24.) According to the DOT, however, work as a school bus monitor demands language development level two, which requires a passive vocabulary of 5,000-6,000 words and a reading rate of 190-215 words per minute. See Dictionary of Occupational Titles at 269, 1011. Thus, if ALJ Penalver had reached an RFC determination for Cortes that was consistent with Dr. Lorber's testimony and with the medical opinion evidence he failed to weigh, it is clear that an illiterate individual like Cortes could not perform any job identified by the vocational expert. Thus, the ALJ did not meet his burden at step five.

D. Cortes Is Entitled To Remand For The Calculation Of Benefits

"Remand [for further proceedings] is warranted where `"there are gaps in the administrative records or the ALJ has applied an improper legal standard."'" Cherico v. Colvin, 12 Civ. 5734, 2014 WL 3939036 at *31 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 7, 2014) (quoting Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d 72, 82-83 (2d Cir. 1999)); see, e.g., Mariani v. Colvin, 567 F. App'x 8, 11 (2d Cir. 2014) (remand for further proceedings appropriate because "[f]urther findings would `plainly help to assure the proper disposition' of [the plaintiff's] claim"); Selian v. Astrue, 708 F.3d 409, 422 (2d Cir. 2013) (remand for further proceedings; ALJ erred by not determining whether plaintiff's reaching limitation precluded reliance on the medical-vocational guidelines and by not obtaining vocational expert testimony if it did).20 "Remand is also appropriate where further findings or explanations will clarify the rationale for the ALJ's decision." Cherico v. Colvin, 2014 WL 3939036 at *31.21

Remand solely for the calculation of benefits is proper where further evidentiary proceedings would serve no purpose in light of persuasive proof of the plaintiff's disability. See, e.g., Butts v. Barnhart, 388 F.3d at 385-86 ("`[W]here this Court has had no apparent basis to conclude that a more complete record might support the Commissioner's decision, we have opted simply to remand for a calculation of benefits.'"); Cahill v. Colvin, 12 Civ. 9445, 2014 WL 7392895 at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 29, 2014) ("The Second Circuit has consistently emphasized the importance of the Commissioner's burden to support her step-five determination with substantial evidence, and has held that a direct reversal with a remand only to calculate damages is warranted when the ALJ has failed to meet that burden") (collecting cases); Cherico v. Colvin, 2014 WL 3939036 at *31 ("If, however, the record provides `persuasive proof of disability and a remand for further evidentiary proceedings would serve no purpose,' the court may reverse and remand solely for the calculation and payment of benefits." (quoting Parker v. Harris, 626 F.2d 225, 235 (2d Cir. 1980)); Sanchez v. Astrue, 07 Civ. 9318, 2010 WL 101501 at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2010) ("[A] court can also reverse and remand solely for the calculation of benefits when `substantial evidence on the record as a whole indicates that the Claimant is disabled and entitled to benefits.'" (quoting Bush v. Shalala, 94 F.3d 40, 46 (2d Cir. 1996)).22

As discussed above, the Commissioner concedes to having failed to meet her step five burden to produce evidence showing the existence of substantial gainful work in the economy that Cortes could perform. (See pages 13, 23 above.) Under the RFC that ALJ Penalver found for Cortes, the vocational expert did not identify a single occupation that an illiterate hypothetical individual similar to Cortes could actually perform. (See pages 8-10 above.)23 There is no reason to believe that a new, more limited RFC would lead to vocational expert testimony identifying additional potential occupations for Cortes.

The Commissioner argues that Cortes has not presented persuasive proof of his disability because the record allegedly contains evidence that Cortes could perform sedentary work. (Dkt. No. 22: Gov't Br. at 6-7.)24 The Commissioner's argument is unpersuasive. Individuals who have lost the use of an upper extremity "would generally not be expected to perform sedentary work because most unskilled sedentary jobs require good use of both hands." SSR 83-12, 1983 WL 31253 at *4; see also SSR 83-14, 1983 WL 31254 at *2 ("[S]ection 201.00(h) of Appendix 2 calls attention to the fact that bilateral manual dexterity is necessary for the performance of substantially all unskilled sedentary positions."). The administrative record is replete with medical evidence that Cortes has lost the use of his left upper extremity. In June 2002, a physician was unable even to examine Cortes' left arm because of his extreme pain. (See page 4 above.) In August and September 2002, Dr. Cole found that Cortes had extremely limited range of motion in his left arm and reduced strength due to severe pain. (See page 4 above.) A June 2004 examination found global weakness in Cortes' left shoulder and fingers, as well as contraction of his elbow and fingers on his left side. (See page 5 above.) Dr. Mathew noted that Cortes had not used his left arm in over a year and "holds his arm in a very guarded manner with his right arm." (See page 5 above.) Although his examination postdates the period at issue, Dr. Szerenesy found that Cortes could not use his left hand, fingers and arm for grasping, twisting, and turning of objects, fine manipulation, or reaching. (See page 8 above.) Finally, the Commissioner's own medical expert, Dr. Lorber, testified that Cortes could perform no reaching whatsoever with his left arm. (See page 8 above.)

Moreover, ALJ Penalver discussed with vocational expert Cestar the regulations' requirements for bilateral use of the hands in sedentary jobs. (See page 9 above.) Cestar agreed that sedentary work requires the use of both hands before testifying that the potential jobs he could cite for a hypothetical individual similar to Cortes and limited to light work also would require reaching in front of the body. (See page 9 above.) Significantly, the definition of light work encompasses the ability to do sedentary work. 20 C.F.R., Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 2 § 202.00(a) ("The functional capacity to perform a full range of light work includes the functional capacity to perform sedentary as well as light work."). The only light or sedentary occupations identified by Cestar that an individual like Cortes potentially could perform with the RFC found by ALJ Penalver were school bus monitor or cafeteria attendant, photocopying machine operator and laundry folder. (See pages 8-10 above). Because Cortes is illiterate, however, he does not meet the requirements for any of these occupations. (See pages 23-24 above.) Thus, the Commissioner has failed to present any evidence that there are light or sedentary jobs in the national economy that Cortes could perform. The Court is persuaded that further evidentiary proceedings would serve no purpose in light of the evidence of Cortes' disability, especially where there already have been several prior remands for further proceedings.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, the Commissioner's determination that Cortes was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act is not supported by substantial evidence. Cortes' motion for judgment on the pleadings (Dkt. No. 9) is GRANTED and the case is remanded for the calculation of benefits. The Commissioner's motion for judgment on the pleadings (Dkt. No. 21) is DENIED. The Clerk of Court shall close the case.

SO ORDERED.