MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

PAUL G. GARDEPHE, District Judge.

Defendant Servino Simmon — who pleaded guilty to a felon-in-possession charge under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) — is scheduled for sentencing on July 29, 2015. This opinion addresses the proper application of the Sentencing Guidelines to this case. For the reasons stated below, this Court concludes that the applicable Guidelines range is 100 to 125 months' imprisonment.

BACKGROUND

I. CHARGES AND TRIAL

The Indictment charges Simmon with Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951; using a firearm in connection with a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and felon-in-possession, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). See Indictment (Dkt. No. 6).

The Government alleged that Simmon had attempted to rob a livery car driver at about 5:00 a.m. on October 19, 2013, at East 137th Street and St. Ann's Avenue in the South Bronx. (Cmplt. (Dkt. No. 1) ¶ 5a) The case proceeded to trial on June 2, 2014. This Court bifurcated the Hobbs Act robbery and Section 924(c) charges from the felon-in-possession count. (Dkt. No. 18 at 7) After several hours of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict acquitting the Defendant on the Hobbs Act robbery and Section 924(c) counts. (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 62) at 510)

After accepting the verdict on June 5, 2014, this Court informed the jury — for the first time — that there would be a second phase of the trial, in which the jury would hear evidence and argument concerning, and render a verdict on, the felon-in-possession count. (Id. at 511-12) The parties then gave opening statements concerning this charge, and additional evidence was received. (Id. at 512-21) After summations, this Court instructed the jury as to the felon-inpossession count and the jury began its deliberations on that count. (Id. at 526-31)

At the end of the day, the jury sent out a note saying that it could not agree on a unanimous decision as to the felon-in-possession count. (Id. at 532-33) This Court sent the jurors home and they resumed deliberations at 11:00 a.m. the next day. (Id. at 533-38) The Court gave the jury an Allen charge in the mid-afternoon after another deadlock note. (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 64) at 543-46) At about 5:00 p.m., the jury sent out a note stating that the jury remained deadlocked. At that point, this Court declared a mistrial on Count Three, the felon-inpossession count. (Id. at 547-48)

II. GUILTY PLEA AND PLEA AGREEMENT

On August 8, 2014, Defendant pleaded guilty to Count Three — the felon-inpossession count — before Magistrate Judge Netburn. (Plea Tr. (Dkt. No. 71)) This Court accepted the plea in an August 11, 2014 order. (Dkt. No. 70)

Defendant pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement that contains a number of stipulations regarding the application of the Sentencing Guidelines, both as to offense level and as to criminal history. As to Defendant's offense level, the plea agreement stipulates that, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), the base offense level is 20, "because the defendant committed the instant offense subsequent to sustaining a felony conviction for a crime of violence, to wit, a conviction on or about April 15, 2005 in New York County Supreme Court of Robbery in the Second Degree." (Plea Agmt. (Dkt. No. 95) at 2) The plea agreement also stipulates that, assuming Defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility, a twolevel reduction will be warranted pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). (Id.) The agreement also states that, assuming Defendant accepts responsibility, "the Government will move at sentencing for an additional one-level reduction, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b), because the defendant gave timely notice of his intention to enter a plea of guilty, thereby permitting the Government to avoid preparing for trial and permitting the Court to allocate its resources efficiently." (Id.) The plea agreement thus arrives at a total offense level of 17. (Id.)

As to Defendant's criminal history, the plea agreement stipulates that Defendant has five criminal history points, which correlates with Criminal History Category III. (Id. at 2-3) The plea agreement recites that Defendant was convicted on April 15, 2005, in New York County Supreme Court of two counts of Robbery in the Second Degree, and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment for both offenses. (Id. at 2) This sentence results in three criminal history points pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a) and 4A1.2(a)(2). (Id.) Because Defendant committed the instant offense while under a term of post-release supervision in connection with the 2005 robbery offenses, the plea agreement stipulates that two points are added pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d). (Id.) The plea agreement notes that — although Defendant testified during his April 2005 trial on second-degree robbery charges that he "robbed a delivery man at knife point on January 8, 1999" — "[n]o conviction for the 1999 robbery offense appears in the defendant's published criminal history."1 (Id. at 2 n.1) Accordingly, the plea agreement does not provide for criminal history points associated with the 1999 robbery. (Id. at 2)

Based on these stipulations, the plea agreement provides for a Guidelines range of 30 to 37 months' imprisonment. (Id. at 3)

III. THE COURT'S SEPTEMBER 15, 2014 ORDER

In preparing for sentencing, the Court became concerned that the parties' stipulations in the plea agreement did not address the full scope of Defendant's conduct in this case or his criminal record. Because these matters are relevant to the proper application of the Sentencing Guidelines, the Court issued an order on September 15, 2014, directing the parties to address the following issues in their sentencing submissions:

IV. PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATION REPORT

The Probation Department issued a Pre-Sentence Investigation Report ("PSR") on October 29, 2014. The Guidelines range calculated in the PSR — 57 to 71 months' imprisonment — is significantly higher than the 30-37 month range reflected in the plea agreement. See PSR ¶ 66. The higher range set forth in the PSR reflects the Probation Department's determination that Defendant's June 7, 2000 conviction for First Degree Robbery should be considered in calculating the Defendant's offense level and his criminal history category. With respect to the 2000 conviction, the PSR states that Defendant was arrested on January 8, 1999 — at age 16 — and was convicted of First Degree Robbery in New York County Supreme Court. (Id. ¶ 33) The PSR also states that (1) on June 7, 2000, Defendant was adjudicated a youthful offender and received a sentence of five years' probation; (2) on December 19, 2001, he was re-sentenced to one to three years' imprisonment; (3) on October 10, 2002, he was paroled; (4) on March 10, 2004, his parole was revoked due to violations and he was admitted to Ulster Correctional Facility; and (5) on May 18, 2004, he was again released to parole. (Id.)

The PSR calculates a base offense level of 24, because Defendant committed the instant offense "subsequent to sustaining at least two felony convictions of. . . . a crime of violence" — i.e., the 2000 and 2005 robbery convictions — pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). (Id. ¶ 22) The PSR grants a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 3E1.1(a) and (b), resulting in a total offense level of 21. (Id. ¶¶ 29-31)

As to Defendant's criminal history, the PSR imposes three points — pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a), 4A1.2(d)(1), and 4A1.2(e)(1) — for Defendant's 2000 first-degree robbery conviction. (Id. ¶ 33) It also adds three points for Defendant's 2005 second-degree robbery conviction (Id. ¶ 35), and two points because Defendant committed the instant offense while under a criminal justice sentence for the 2005 robbery conviction. (Id. ¶ 38) Accordingly, the PSR calculates a criminal history score of eight, which correlates with Criminal History Category IV. (Id. ¶ 39)

Based on these calculations, the PSR concludes that the applicable Guidelines range is 57 to 71 months' imprisonment. (Id. ¶ 66)

V. NOVEMBER 10, 2014 CONFERENCE

Sentencing was originally scheduled for November 10, 2014. See Dkt. No. 69. On October 27, 2014, however, Defendant filed a sentencing brief containing a motion to withdraw his guilty plea, pursuant to Rule 11(d) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. See Def. Sent. Br. (Dkt. No. 96). This Court denied Defendant's motion in a bench ruling on November 10, 2014.2 See Nov. 10, 2014 Tr. (Dkt. No. 84) at 8-20. The Court did not proceed to sentencing at that time, however.

Because neither Defendant nor the Government had properly addressed the issues set forth in the September 15, 2014 Order, the Court directed the parties to submit briefs addressing these issues. (Nov. 10, 2014 Tr. (Dkt. No. 84) at 20) The Court also directed the Government to (1) "collect all available information concerning the issue of whether the firearm possessed by the defendant was stolen"; and (2) "respond to defendant's arguments concerning the appropriate treatment of defendant's June 2000 youthful offender [adjudication] under the Sentencing Guidelines." (Id.) Both sides were instructed "to address why defendant was resentenced to one to three years of imprisonment on December 19, 2001 ... at a time when he was over 18 years old, and how this fact affects the guidelines calculation." (Id.)

The parties filed supplemental sentencing submissions on November 17, 2014. (Dkt. Nos. 81-83) As to Defendant's 2000 youthful offender adjudication, the Government stated that it "continue[d] to investigate" the circumstances of that conviction — pursuant to an unsealing order — and "hope[d] to provide additional information to the Court shortly." (Dkt. No. 82 at 2) The Government completed its submissions concerning this issue on April 24, 2015. (Dkt. Nos. 87, 90, 97, 98)

LEGAL STANDARD

"[B]ecause district courts [are] statutorily obliged under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) to `consider' the [Sentencing] Guidelines, they [are] statutorily obliged to calculate a Guidelines range [before sentencing a defendant]." United States v. Salazar, 489 F.3d 555, 557 (2d Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Crosby, 397 F.3d 103, 111-12 (2d Cir. 2005)). "[T]he statutory requirement to determine a Guidelines range . . . necessarily means that facts relevant to sentencing must be found by a preponderance of the evidence." Id. Accordingly, proof by a "`preponderance of the evidence' is the generally applicable standard for a sentencing judge to employ when deciding the weight and effect to accord relevant, uncharged conduct at sentencing." United States v. Cordoba-Murgas, 233 F.3d 704, 708 (2d Cir. 2000) (citations omitted); see also U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3 cmt. ("The Commission believes that use of a preponderance of the evidence standard is appropriate to meet due process requirements and policy concerns in resolving disputes regarding application of the guidelines to the facts of a case.").

DISCUSSION

As discussed below, this Court finds that the following Sentencing Guidelines enhancements — which are not addressed in the parties' plea agreement apply: (1) a four-level increase to Defendant's base offense level under Section 2K2.1(a)(2) based on his 2000 robbery conviction; (2) a two-level enhancement under Section 2K2.1(b)(4)(A) because the firearm in the instant offense was stolen; (3) a four-level enhancement under Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) because Defendant used a firearm in connection with the felony offense of coercion in the first degree, in violation of New York Penal Law § 135.65; and (4) an additional three criminal history points under Section 4A 1.1(a) based on Defendant's 2000 robbery conviction.

I. DEFENDANT'S YOUTHFUL OFFENDER CONVICTION

In calculating Defendant's criminal history category, the PSR adds three points based on his 2000 conviction for first-degree robbery in New York Supreme Court, even though the Defendant — 16 years old at the time of the offense — was adjudicated a youthful offender after his guilty plea.3 (PSR ¶ 33; New York State rap sheet (Dkt. No. 94) at 6) Similarly, the Probation Department relied on the 2000 robbery conviction in concluding that the Defendant committed the instant offense after sustaining at least two violent felony convictions. (PSR ¶ 22) As a result, the Probation Department determined that Defendant's base offense level is 24 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). (Id.) Defendant argues, however, that the 2000 robbery conviction "should not result in criminal history points or increase his offense level" because Defendant "was not convicted `as an adult' within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(d)(1)." (Def. Second Supp. Sent. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 81) at 3)

According to the PSR, Defendant was arrested and charged with robbery on January 8, 1999 — at age 16 — and on June 7, 2000 — at age 17 — he was convicted of first-degree robbery in New York County Supreme Court. (PSR ¶ 33) Defendant was adjudicated a youthful offender at that time and received a sentence of five years' probation. (Id.) The PSR also states that, on December 19, 2001 — when Defendant was 19 years old — he was re-sentenced to one to three years' imprisonment. (Id.) Court records indicate that Defendant was re-sentenced because of multiple probation violations related to four arrests for, inter alia, criminal trespass, criminal mischief, and possession of marijuana.4 See Apr. 24, 2015 Def. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 98), Ex. 6 at 1-3. Defendant served his one to three year sentence at Ulster Correctional Facility. See New York State rap sheet (Dkt. No. 94) at 7. Defendant was paroled on October 10, 2002, but his parole was revoked on March 10, 2004, and he was once again incarcerated at Ulster Correctional Facility. (PSR ¶ 33) Defendant was paroled again on May 18, 2004, but violated parole again by committing the 2005 second-degree robbery. (Id. ¶¶ 733, 35)

Section 4A1.1 of the Guidelines provides that, in calculating a defendant's criminal history category, three points must be added "for each prior sentence of imprisonment exceeding one year and one month." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a). "The term `sentence of imprisonment' means a sentence of incarceration and refers to the maximum sentence imposed." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(b) & cmt. n.2. "In the case of a prior revocation of probation, . . . the original term of imprisonment [is added] to any term of imprisonment imposed upon revocation. The resulting total is used to compute the criminal history points for §4A1.1(a). ..." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(k). A court's determination of this issue also has implications for a defendant's base offense level under Section 2K2.1(a), because that provision takes into account a defendant's prior felony convictions. U.S.S.G.§ 2K2.1(a). For purposes of Section 2K2.1(a), a "prior felony conviction" is defined as a "felony conviction[] that receive[s] criminal history points under § 4A1.1(a), (b), or (c)." U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt n.10.

Here, Defendant was sentenced in 2001 to a term of imprisonment of one to three years due to his probation violations. See PSR ¶ 33; Apr. 24, 2015 Def. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 98), Exs. 2, 3, 6. When the "maximum sentence imposed" based on the probation revocation — 3 years' imprisonment — is added to the original term of imprisonment for the 2000 conviction — zero months' imprisonment — Defendant's "sentence of imprisonment" is 3 years. His "sentence of imprisonment" for the 2000 robbery conviction thus "exceed[s] one year and one month" for purposes of U.S. S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a) and 2K2.1(a).

Defendant argues, however, that the 2000 robbery conviction should not result in criminal history points — or an increase in his base offense level — because he was adjudicated a youthful offender in 2000. (Def. Second. Supp. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 81) at 3) Under Section 4A1.1, a "sentence imposed for an offense committed prior to the defendant's eighteenth birthday is counted ... only if it resulted from an adult conviction." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1 cmt. n.1.

The Second Circuit has instructed that

United States v. Cuello, 357 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Driskell, 277 F.3d 150, 154 (2d Cir. 2002)). Similarly, "determining whether a New York youthful offender adjudication is `classified as an adult conviction under the laws of' New York for the purpose of U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 requires `district court[s] to examine the substance of the prior conviction at issue; to focus on the nature of the proceedings, the sentences received, and the actual time served.' Id. at 168-69 (quoting Driskell, 277 F.3d at 157) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Here, Defendant was charged and convicted in New York Supreme Court, an adult court. See Apr. 24, 2015 Def. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 98), Exs. 1, 4. He received an initial sentence of 5 years' probation for that conviction, and then was re-sentenced on December 19, 2001, in New York Supreme Court to one to three years' imprisonment after violating the terms of his probation. Defendant served the one to three year sentence in Ulster Correctional Facility, an adult facility. Accordingly, because Defendant was convicted in an adult court in 2000 of firstdegree robbery, ultimately received a sentence exceeding one year and one month, and served that sentence in an adult facility, this Court will treat Defendant's 2000 youthful offender adjudication as an "adult conviction" for purposes of U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.2(d)(1) and 2K2.1.5

II. POSSESSION OF A STOLEN FIREARM

Section 2K2.1(b)(4)(A) provides that the base offense level for a defendant convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) is increased by two levels where any firearm used in the offense was stolen. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A). Police records establish that the firearm Defendant possessed at the time of his arrest for the instant offense was stolen. See Nov. 11, 2014 Gov't Ltr. (Dkt. No. 82) at 4-13 (Chesapeake Police Department records stating that, on August 1, 2013, a victim reported the theft of a .380 caliber black Cobra Nighthawk pistol from her home, and later identified the serial number as "CPO 73863"); at 14 (ATF trace report stating that a Cobra pistol with the serial number CP073863 was recovered from Servino Simmon on October 19, 2013); at 16 (NYPD voucher for the firearm, dated October 19, 2013, stating that a firearm with the serial number CP073863 was stolen); at 17 (NYPD report stating that a ".380 firearm" with the serial number CP073863 was recovered from the lap of Servino Simmon at the time of his arrest on October 19, 2013).

Defendant argues that "it is unclear how [Officer] Azcona[, the officer who arrested Defendant,] would have been able to learn or know that the gun was stolen before making the [arrest] reports," and that "Defendant has no personal knowledge as to whether the gun was stolen." (Def. Second Supp. Sent. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 81) at 16 n.7) Defendant argues that, "[b]ased on the record, the Court should not apply an enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A)." (Id.)

Defendant's argument ignores the Application Note to Section 2K2.1, which states that the two-level enhancement for a stolen firearm "applies regardless of whether the defendant knew or had reason to believe that the firearm was stolen. . . ." U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.8(B). Whether Officer Azcona knew at the time of the arrest that the firearm was stolen is likewise irrelevant. Because the record clearly establishes that Defendant possessed a stolen firearm when he was arrested for the instant offense, this Court will apply a two-level enhancement to Defendant's base offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A).

III. USE OR POSSESSION OF A FIREARM IN CONNECTION WITH ANOTHER FELONY OFFENSE

Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) provides for a four-level enhancement if the defendant "used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense." U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). For purposes of this subsection, "another felony offense" means "any federal, state, or local offense, other than the explosive or firearms possession or trafficking offense, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether a criminal charge was brought, or a conviction obtained." U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(C). This Court asked the parties to address, inter alia,

(Dkt. No. 73 at 2)

At trial, Laye Kromah testified that, between 4:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. on October 19, 2013, Defendant hailed his livery cab on the corner of Third Avenue and 165th Street in the Bronx and got into the back seat.6 (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 31-32) Defendant directed Kromah to drive to 139th Street and Third Avenue. (Id. at 33) Kromah testified that an altercation ensued at this location:

(Id. at 33-34)

Under New York law, a person is guilty of Coercion in the First Degree when he "compels or induces a person to engage in conduct which the latter has a legal right to abstain from engaging in, or to abstain from engaging in conduct in which he or she has a legal right to engage," by "instilling in the victim a fear that he . . . will cause physical injury to [the] person or cause damage to property." N.Y. Penal Law §§ 135.60, 135.65(1). Coercion in the First Degree is a felony. N.Y. Penal Law § 135.65.

Defendant argues that Kromah was not a credible witness, and thus there is no reliable factual basis on which to find that Defendant committed Coercion. (Def. Second Supp. Sent. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 81) at 8) Defendant contends that:

(Id. at 8-11)

Having observed Kromah at trial, this Court finds that his testimony was entirely credible on the issue of whether Defendant threatened him with a firearm in order to induce him to drive Defendant to a second location. With respect to Kromah's English language and communication skills, Kromah testified, in part, in English. See, e.g., Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 20, 35-36, 38. Moreover, Kromah testified that he speaks English with his passengers; that he is "able to discuss locations and prices in English"; and that although he sometimes misunderstands their directions, he then "go[es] to where they are talking about." (Id. at 22-23; Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 48) at 106-07) Given that Kromah had been working in New York City as a livery cab driver since 2012 (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 22), there is no reason to distrust his testimony on these points. Kromah also testified that, although he sometimes gets "dizzy spells" and blurry vision, he was "seeing clear" the night of the incident involving Defendant. (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 48) at 112-13, 134-35)

As to alleged inconsistencies in Kromah's testimony, he was very clear in describing how Defendant pointed a gun at him and demanded that he drive to a second location. See Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 33-34. Through a Mandingo interpreter, Kromah testified that the "[Defendant] said if I don't go [to 137th and St. Ann's Avenue], he going to shoot me with [a] gun. . . . He [then] point[ed] the gun at me." (Id. at 33-34) Kromah then repeated his account in English: "[Defendant] said, I go to 137, St. Anns. I say, I don't want to go there. He said, if you don't go there, I going to kill you."7 (Id. at 35) Moreover, Defendant's possession of a firearm was established through the testimony of both Kromah and Officer Azcona, who seized the firearm from Defendant at the time of his arrest. (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 34-35; Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 48) at 159) There is no evidence suggesting that the gun belonged to someone other than Defendant. In any event, in pleading guilty, Defendant admitted that he possessed a firearm on October 19, 2013. (Plea Tr. (Dkt. No. 71) at 15)

Kromah's behavior was also consistent with that of someone who had been threatened at gunpoint. Kromah testified that he drove to the second location — 137th Street and St. Ann's Avenue — and "slow[ed] down [at that location] ... in order for [him] to see some police officers, because [he] know[s] police officers [are] always around there." (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 40-41) Kromah also testified that he "knew that there is a police station at 138 Street and St. Anns," but that he did not stop his car at the police station because "if [he] [had] stopped there [Defendant] would know that [Kromah] [was] looking for police and it could [have been] risky on [Kromah's] part." (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 48) at 122) Kromah testified that he "looked around [when he passed the police station] but [he] [did not] [see] any police officer" there, so he continued to 137th Street and St. Ann's Avenue, where he knew he could find a police officer. (Id. at 121-23)

Finally, Kromah's record of TLC violations and traffic citations, his failure to activate the video recording device in his car, and his failure to arrange for the car's audio recording to be provided to the police do not undermine his clear testimony that Defendant pointed a gun at him and demanded that Kromah drive him to a second location. While Defendant argues that the presence of a recording device inside the livery cab makes it unlikely that he would commit a violent crime in the livery cab, there is no evidence that Defendant was aware of this device.

Defendant argues, however, that even if this Court accepts Kromah's account, his testimony "does not establish facts that meet the elements of state felony coercion." (Def. Second Supp. Sent. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 81) at 11) As discussed above, to find that Defendant committed felony coercion, this Court must find — by a preponderance of the evidence — that Defendant "compel[led] or induce[d] [Kromah] to engage in conduct which [Kromah] has a legal right to abstain from engaging in, or to abstain from engaging in conduct in which [Kromah] has a legal right to engage," by "instilling in [Kromah] a fear that [Defendant] . . . [would] cause physical injury to [Kromah] or cause damage to property." N.Y. Penal Law §§ 135.60, 135.65(1).

Although Defendant contends that the "testimony about a direct threat of harm in exchange for a ride was very unclear" (Def. Second Supp. Sent. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 81) at 11-12), there was nothing unclear on this point. Through an interpreter, Kromah testified: "[Defendant] said if I don't go [to 137th and St. Ann's Avenue], he going to shoot me with a gun. . . . He [then] point[ed] the gun at me." (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 34) In English, Kromah testified that "[Defendant] said, I go to 137, St. Aims. I say, I don't want to go there. He said, if you don't go there, I going to kill you." (Id. at 35) In sum, Kromah's testimony very clearly sets forth that Defendant explicitly threatened him with harm if Kromah refused to drive the Defendant to the second location.

Defendant also contends that "a licensed livery cab driver does not have a `legal' right to refuse to take a passenger to [his] requested destination, or to refuse to take [him] to more than one stop. To the contrary, livery cab drivers are required by law to transport passengers as requested." (Def. Second Supp. Sent. Ltr. (Dkt. No. 81) at 12 (citing 35 R.C.N.Y. §§ 54-16, 54-20(a)). The law cited by Defendant — Chapter 54 of Title 35 of the Rules of the City of New York ("Rules") — applies to Drivers of Taxicabs and Street Hail Liveries. See 35 R.C.N.Y. § 54. The Rules define "Taxicab" as "a motor vehicle, yellow in color, bearing a Medallion indicating that it is licensed by the Commission to carry up to five passengers for hire and authorized to accept hails from persons in the street." 35 R.C.N.Y. § 51-03. "Street Hail Livery" is defined as "a Commission-licensed For-Hire Vehicle . . . that is authorized to accept persons by hail in the street in the Hail Service Zone," which "must be affiliated with a Street Hail Livery Base." 35 R.C.N.Y. § 51-03. Section 54-16(b) states, in part: "Passengers may ask the Taxi Driver or Street Hail Livery Driver on a Hail Trip to change their destination or end their ride during the trip. Drivers must comply with these requests unless it is impossible or unsafe." 35 R.C.N.Y. § 54-16(b). Section 54-20(a) states, in part: "A Driver must not refuse by words, gestures or any other means, to take a Passenger . . . to any destination within the City of New York, the counties of Westchester or Nassau, or Newark Airport." 35 R.C.N.Y. § 54-20(a)(1).

Although these rules require a taxi or street hail livery driver to comply with a passenger's request to be taken to a different destination than originally specified, Kromah testified at trial that he has a "for-hire [TLC] license." (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 48) at 95) The Rules define a "For-Hire Vehicle" as "a motor Vehicle licensed by the Commission to carry Passengers for-hire in the City [of New York], which[ ] (I) [h]as a seating capacity of 20 or fewer passengers[;] (2) [h]as three or more doors; [and] (3) [i]s not a Taxicab, a Commuter Van, or an authorized bus as defined by [New York State] Law." 35 R.C.N.Y. § 51-03. A "For-Hire Driver is the Driver of a For-Hire Vehicle." Id. Chapter 55 of Title 35 of the Rules applies to For-Hire Drivers. 35 R.C.N.Y. § 55. Unlike Chapter 54 — which applies to Taxi and Street Hail Livery Drivers — Chapter 55 does not contain a provision requiring For-Hire Drivers to comply with a passenger's demand to change his destination. See 35 R.C.N.Y. § 55-16. Although Kromah was improperly operating as a street-hail driver on the night in question — i.e., Defendant hailed Kromah's car from the street, and did not pre-arrange the trip — nothing in the Rules states that a driver with a for-hire license must comply with the rules pertaining to drivers of street-hail vehicles if he illegally picks up a passenger hailing him from the street.8

In any event, even assuming arguendo that Kromah was required to comply with the rules pertaining to drivers of street-hail vehicles, the Rules do not require drivers to comply with all passenger requests; rather, a "Driver must comply with all reasonable and lawful routing requests of the Passenger." 35 R.C.N.Y. § 54-16(a) (emphasis added). A driver is permitted to refuse to transport a passenger where, inter alia, "[t]he Passenger is disorderly or intoxicated." 35 R.C.N.Y. § 54-20(b)(9).

Here, Kromah credibly testified that, after he reached the initial destination requested by Defendant, Defendant "scream[ed] at [him]" and demanded that Kromah "go to 137th Street and St. Anns." (Trial Tr. (Dkt. No. 46) at 34) Kromah testified that "[t]he way [Defendant] said it, the way he demanded . . . to go there forcefully, he made [Kromah] not to agree to go there." (Id.) Defendant then threatened to shoot Kromah if he did not drive to the second location. (Id.) Defendant's screaming and threats constitute "disorderly" conduct that permitted Kromah to refuse service to Defendant. See 35 R.C.N.Y. § 54-20(b)(9). Moreover, such behavior and threats do not constitute "reasonable . . . routing requests" with which Kromah was required to comply. See 35 R.C.N.Y. § 54-16(a).

Because Kromah was not legally required, under the circumstances, to take Defendant to the second destination, Kromah had a "legal right to abstain from" taking Defendant to that destination. See N.Y. Penal Law § 135.60. Moreover, Defendant forced Kromah to drive him to 137th Street and St. Ann's Avenue by "instilling in [Kromah] a fear that [Defendant] . . . [would] cause physical injury to [Kromah]" — i.e., by pointing a gun at Kromah and telling Kromah that he would shoot him — if he did not comply. See N.Y. Penal Law § 135.65(a). Accordingly, this Court finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Defendant committed the crime of Coercion in the First Degree, a felony under New York law. Accordingly, a four-level enhancement to Defendant's base offense level will be imposed pursuant to Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B).

IV. CALCULATION OF APPLICABLE GUIDELINES RANGE

Section 2K2.1 of the Guidelines governs offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).9 Defendant sustained two adult felony convictions for crimes of violence — a 2000 first-degree robbery conviction and a 2005 second-degree robbery conviction — prior to committing the instant offense. See PSR 35. Pursuant to Section 2K2.1(a)(2), the base offense level is 24 if "the defendant committed any part of the instant offense subsequent to sustaining at least two felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense." U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 (a)(2).

With respect to specific offense characteristics, Defendant's base offense level is increased by two levels, pursuant to Section 2K2.1(b)(4)(A), because the offense involved a stolen firearm. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A). A four-level increase is appropriate, pursuant to Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B), because Defendant used or possessed a firearm in connection with another felony offense — namely, Coercion in the First Degree, in violation of N.Y. Penal Law § 135.65.

With respect to acceptance of responsibility, this Court will apply a two-level reduction, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), because Defendant has clearly demonstrated acceptance of responsibility for his offense. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). In accordance with the plea agreement, this Court will also apply an additional one-level reduction, pursuant to Section 3E1.1(b), because Defendant timely notified authorities of his intention to enter a guilty plea.10 See U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b). Accordingly, Defendant's total offense level is 27.

With respect to Defendant's criminal history, three points are added pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a), 4A1.2(d)(1), and 4A1.2(e)(1) because Defendant was convicted of robbery in 2000, was sentenced to 5 years' probation, and was then re-sentenced to one to three years' imprisonment based on probation violations. U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a), 4A1.2(d)(1), 4A1.2(e)(1). An additional three points are added pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a) and 4A1.2(e)(1) because Defendant was convicted of second-degree robbery and sentenced to six years' imprisonment in 2005. U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a), 4A1.2(e)(1). Two points are also added pursuant to Section 4A1.1(d) because Defendant committed the instant offense while under a criminal justice sentence for the 2005 robbery conviction. U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d). Accordingly, Defendant's total criminal history score is eight, which correlates with Criminal History Category IV. See Sentencing Table, Ch. 5, Part A.

Offense level 27 and Criminal History Category IV result in a Guidelines range of 100 to 125 months' imprisonment.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Defendant's Guidelines range is 100 to 125 months' imprisonment. Sentencing will proceed as scheduled on July 29, 2015, at 2:30 p.m.

SO ORDERED.