KENNETH M. KARAS, District Judge:
Pro se Plaintiff Jason Lopez ("Plaintiff") filed the instant Amended Complaint pursuant
The following facts are drawn from Plaintiff's Amended Complaint, (Dkt. No. 33), and papers submitted in response to Defendants' request for a pre-motion conference, (Dkt. No. 22), and are taken as true for the purpose of resolving the instant Motion. Plaintiff is a male-to-female transgender individual,
On February 9, 2014, at approximately 8:30 a.m., Cipolini "told [Plaintiff] in[] front of the inmates going to religious services [that] [Plaintiff] could not attend because of [her][h]air and [her] sexuality." (Pl.'s Sept. 17, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 2; see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ II.C-D.) On February 16, 2014, at approximately the same time, "[w]hile going to Catholic services[,]... Cipolini had [Plaintiff] escorted out of [the] services[,] stating [that she was] not authorized to go to any relig[i]ous service." (Am. Compl. ¶¶ II.C-D.) On March 28, 2014, at approximately 1:30 p.m., Plaintiff "was setting up for gallery recreation" when Burguess "asked [Plaintiff]
With respect to Cipolini, Plaintiff "wrote to [her] lawyer and stated what had happen[ed]." (Id. ¶ IV.E.1.) "[Plaintiff's lawyer,] in t[u]rn[,] wrote to the [s]uperintendent[,] but it did not help because [Plaintiff] was [][f]urther harassed and [d]iscriminated [against] instead." (Id. ¶ IV.F.2.) No grievance against Cipolini was filed. (Id.)
Plaintiff filed the original Complaint on April 7, 2014 against Defendants Cipolini, Burguess, and the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision ("DOCCS"). (Dkt. No. 2.)
The Supreme Court has held that although a complaint "does not need detailed factual allegations" to survive a motion to dismiss, "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his [or her] entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, the Court has emphasized that "[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level," id., and that "once a claim has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the complaint," id. at 563, 127 S.Ct. 1955. A plaintiff must allege "only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Id. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955. But if a plaintiff has "not nudged [his or her] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible, the[] complaint must be dismissed." Id.; see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) ("Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will ... be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense. But where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of
In considering Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, the Court is required to consider as true the factual allegations contained in the Amended Complaint. See Ruotolo v. City of New York, 514 F.3d 184, 188 (2d Cir.2008) ("We review de novo a district court's dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), accepting all factual allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor." (italics and internal quotation marks omitted)); Gonzalez v. Caballero, 572 F.Supp.2d 463, 466 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (same). Moreover, a pro se litigant's submissions "are held to less stringent standards than [those] drafted by lawyers. Courts liberally construe pleadings and briefs submitted by pro se litigants, reading such submissions to raise the strongest arguments they suggest." Johnson v. Schriro, No. 12-CV-7239, 2013 WL 5718474, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2013) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Generally, "[i]n adjudicating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a district court must confine its consideration to facts stated on the face of the complaint, in documents appended to the complaint or incorporated in the complaint by reference, and to matters of which judicial notice may be taken." Leonard F. v. Isr. Disc. Bank of N.Y., 199 F.3d 99, 107 (2d Cir.1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). In deciding a motion to dismiss a pro se complaint, however, it is appropriate to consider "materials outside the complaint to the extent that they are consistent with the allegations in the complaint," Alsaifullah v. Furco, No. 12-CV-2907, 2013 WL 3972514, at *4 n. 3 (S.D.N.Y.2013) (internal quotation marks omitted), including, "documents that a pro se litigant attaches to his opposition papers," Agu v. Rhea, No. 09-CV-4732, 2010 WL 5186839, at *4 n. 6 (E.D.N.Y.2010), "allegations contained in plaintiff's memorandum of law, at least where those allegations are consistent with the allegations in the complaints[,]" Donahue v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 751 F.Supp. 45, 49 (S.D.N.Y.1990), information provided in affidavits, Washington v. James, 782 F.2d 1134, 1139 (2d Cir.1986) (considering a pro se plaintiff's submitted memorandums and affidavits), and statements by the plaintiff "submitted in response to [a] defendant's request for a pre-motion conference," Jones v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, No. 11-CV-4733, 2013 WL 5300721, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 19, 2013); see also Rodriguez v. Rodriguez, No. 10-CV-891, 2013 WL 4779639, at *1 (S.D.N.Y.2013) ("Although the Court is typically confined to the allegations contained within the four corners of the complaint, when analyzing the sufficiency of a pro se pleading, a court may consider factual allegations contained in a pro se litigant's opposition papers and other court filings." (internal citations and quotation marks omitted)). Finally, it is worth noting that the "failure to oppose [Defendants'] [M]otion [T]o [D]ismiss does not, by itself, require the dismissal of [Plaintiff's] claims." Leach v. City of New York, No. 12-CV-2141, 2013 WL 1683668, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 17, 2013). Rather, even though "a party is of course to be given a reasonable opportunity to respond to an opponent's motion, the sufficiency of a complaint is a matter of law that the court is capable of determining based on its own reading of the pleading and knowledge of the law." McCall v. Pataki, 232 F.3d 321, 322-23 (2d Cir.2000).
The PLRA provides that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to
The Second Circuit has made clear that "administrative exhaustion is not a jurisdictional predicate," but rather "failure to exhaust is an affirmative defense." Giano v. Goord, 380 F.3d 670, 675 (2d Cir.2004) (citation omitted). Accordingly, "defendants bear the burden of proof[,] and prisoner plaintiffs need not plead exhaustion with particularity." McCoy v. Goord, 255 F.Supp.2d 233, 248 (S.D.N.Y. 2003); see also Miller v. Bailey, No. 05-CV-5493, 2008 WL 1787692, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 17, 2008) (explaining that the exhaustion requirement "must be pleaded and proved by a defendant" (citing Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 216, 127 S.Ct. 910, 166 L.Ed.2d 798 (2007))). Further, "`[a] court may not dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies unless it determines that such remedies are available.'" Rossi v. Fishcer, No. 13-CV-3167, 2015 WL 769551, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2015) (quoting Abney v. McGinnis, 380 F.3d 663, 668 (2d Cir.2004)). The Second Circuit has recently made clear that "[w]hether an administrative remedy was available to a prisoner in a particular prison or prison system is ultimately a question of law," and "defendants bear the initial burden of establishing, by pointing to legally sufficient sources such as statutes, regulations, or grievance procedures, that a grievance process exists and applies to the underlying dispute." Hubbs v. Suffolk Cty. Sherriff's Dep't, 788 F.3d 54, 59 (2d Cir.2015) (citation, alteration, and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Perez v. City of New York, No. 14-CV-7502, 2015 WL 3652511, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. June 11, 2015) (same).
Finally, the Second Circuit has recognized certain exceptions to the exhaustion requirement that apply when "(1) administrative remedies are not available to the prisoner; (2) defendants have either waived the defense ... or acted in such a[] way as to estop them from raising the defense; or (3) special circumstances, such as a reasonable misunderstanding of the grievance procedures, justify the prisoner's failure to comply with the exhaustion requirement." Ruggiero v. County of Orange, 467 F.3d 170, 175 (2d Cir.2006). "[T]he resolution of the exhaustion issue does not necessarily fit exactly into any of these three categories, and a particular fact pattern may implicate one or a combination of these factors." Pagan v. Brown, No. 08-CV-724, 2009 WL 2581572, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2009) (citing Giano,
Defendants move to dismiss the Amended Complaint on exhaustion grounds as to each Defendant. Accordingly, the Court addresses whether it is clear from the face of the Amended Complaint and the documents that Plaintiff submitted in connection with the instant Motion whether the claims should be dismissed because of Plaintiff's failure to exhaust.
To begin, Defendants "point[] to legally sufficient sources ... [to show] that a grievance process exists and applies to the underlying dispute" involving Burguess. Hubbs, 788 F.3d at 59. In particular, Defendants point out that prisoners in the DOCCS's facilities, like Plaintiff, must exhaust all three levels of the applicable grievance procedure, (Defs.' Mem. of Law in Supp. of Defs.' Mot. To Dismiss the Am. Compl. ("Defs.' Mem.") 6 (Dkt. No. 39)), which requires that "first, the prisoner files a grievance with the Inmate Grievance Resolution Committee (`IGRC'). Second, the prisoner may appeal an adverse IGRC decision to the facility superintendent, and third, the prisoner may appeal an adverse decision by the superintendent to [the CORC]," Mateo v. Corebine, No. 09-CV-4811, 2010 WL 3629515, at *3 (S.D.N.Y.2010); accord 7 N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. § 701.5(a)(2). It is clear from the face of the Amended Complaint and the documents that Plaintiff submits in response to Defendants' pre-motion letter that this grievance procedure was available to Plaintiff concerning her claims against Burguess. Indeed, Plaintiff filed a grievance regarding these claims, appealed it, and received a decision from the CORC. (See generally Pl.'s Oct. 6, 2014 Letter.) See McCoy, 255 F.Supp.2d at 254 ("[T]he inmate grievance program was `available' to [the plaintiff] ... for he filed a number of grievances concerning some of the misconduct he alleges."); Banks v. Stewart, No. 08-CV-7463, 2010 WL 2697075, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (holding that the plaintiff could not contest the "availability" of administrative remedies where he did not claim he was unaware of the grievance process, and he had partially grieved the incident).
It is also clear from Plaintiff's filings that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies before filing suit in federal court. Specifically, Plaintiff's claims against Burguess arise from events that took place on March 28, 2014. (See Am. Compl. II.D.) That same day, Plaintiff filed a grievance regarding Burguess's conduct. (Am. Compl. ¶ IV.E.1; see also Pl.'s Oct. 6, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 1.) Plaintiff then filed this Action on April 7, 2014, 10 days after the day that the alleged events occurred and she filed the relevant grievance.
A plaintiff must exhaust his administrative remedies before filing his initial complaint in federal court. Indeed, "[w]hen a prisoner does not properly exhaust his [or her] administrative remedies before filing suit, the action must be dismissed." Mateo v. Alexander, No. 08-CV-8797, 2010 WL 431718, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2010); see also Harris v. Gunsett, No. 12-CV-3578, 2013 WL 3816590, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. July 22, 2013) (same). "This is so even if the claim has since been exhausted." Mateo v. Ercole, No. 08-CV-10450, 2010 WL 3629520, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 17, 2010) (collecting cases). In other words, "subsequent exhaustion after suit is filed ... is insufficient," Neal v. Goord, 267 F.3d 116, 122 (2d Cir.2001), overruled on other grounds by Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532, 122 S.Ct. 983, 152 L.Ed.2d 12 (2002); see also Harris, 2013 WL 3816590, at *6 (same), even where, as here, "`it might seem more efficient simply to proceed with the lawsuit rather than dismiss it only to see it immediately refiled,'" Harris, 2013 WL 3816590, at *6 (quoting Alexander, 2010 WL 431718, at *3) (brackets omitted).
On November 12, 2014, after the Court received Plaintiff's October 6, 2014 Letter with the attached grievance from the CORC, the Court issued an Order stating that "[i]n light of the fact that CORC's decision in this matter was not issued until September 3, 2014, and therefore that Plaintiff did not exhaust [her] administrative remedies prior to filing the instant
The Court notes that "[a] number of federal circuit courts have held that a failure to respond to a grievance within the time limit prescribed by the prison grievance process renders an administrative remedy unavailable for the purposes of exhaustion[,]" Rossi, 2015 WL 769551, at *4 (collecting cases), and that the Second Circuit has cited these decisions favorably, see Hemphill v. New York, 380 F.3d 680, 686 n. 6 (2d Cir.2004) (explaining that if the plaintiff had "wrote in a timely fashion to the Superintendent pursuant to a possibly valid interpretation of DO[C]CS grievance procedures, there might be a question as to the availability of remedies, since [the plaintiff] received no response to his letter, and there is no indication in the record that his grievance was ever recorded, as required by DO[C]CS regulations" but "express[ing] no view on whether [the plaintiff's] allegations can support such a theory"). The Court also notes that "[j]udges in [the Southern District of New York] ... have also agreed with the proposition that administrative remedies may be deemed unavailable when the prison fails to timely respond to a grievance," Rossi, 2015 WL 769551, at *5 (collecting cases). Accordingly, if this were a case where Plaintiff filed the instant Action after the Superintendent or the CORC failed to render a decision within the time frame mandated by the applicable regulations, it may be appropriate to decide that administrative remedies were not available to Plaintiff, and therefore, to deny Defendants' Motion on exhaustion grounds as to the claims against Burguess.
Here, however, at the time that Plaintiff filed her initial complaint, administrative remedies were available to her based on her pleadings and filings. As noted, Plaintiff filed her initial complaint on April 7, 2014, (Dkt. No. 2), which was before she filed an appeal of her grievance on April 23, 2014, as Plaintiff contends in her letter. (Pl.'s October 6, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 1). Accordingly, at the time that Plaintiff filed her Complaint, Plaintiff had yet to, at the very least, complete the third step in exhausting her administrative remedies, namely appealing the adverse grievance to the CORC. Furthermore, failing to file an appeal, even when a plaintiff does not receive a response from the IGRP or the Superintendent, does not excuse exhaustion. See Garvin v. Rivera, No. 13-CV-7054, 2015 WL 876464, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2015) ("Courts in [the Second Circuit] have consistently held that the failure to take an available administrative appeal, even when the initial grievance receives no response, constitutes a failure to exhaust available administrative remedies.")
In sum, while the Court heeds that nonexhaustion is an affirmative defense and, therefore, that "the issue of exhaustion is generally not amenable to resolution by way of a motion to dismiss," Sloane, 2006 WL 3096031, at *4, here, dismissal based on exhaustion grounds is
In her Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that she did not file a grievance against Cipolini, but instead that she wrote to her lawyer, who in turn wrote to the Superintendent. (Am. Compl. ¶ IV.F.2.) Plaintiff attaches two letters to her Amended Complaint. One letter, dated March 11, 2014, is from Stephanie Kozic, a legal intern at the Legal Aid Society, to Plaintiff, explaining, among other things, that she enclosed "a copy of the letter sent to the Superintendent on [Plaintiff's] behalf." (Id. Ex. A.) The second letter, dated March 14, 2014, is from Mik Kinkead, an attorney at the Prisoners' Legal Services of New York, stating that "it is very distressing that [Plaintiff is] being harassed and possibly even denied [her] religious rights because of who [Plaintiff] is[,]" offering Plaintiff assistance, enclosing "several releases for [Plaintiff] to fill out," and providing various resources. (Id. Ex. B.)
The Court notes that in general "[m]erely [a]lert[ing] ... prison officials as to the nature of the wrong for which redress is sought does not constitute proper exhaustion." Macias v. Zenk, 495 F.3d 37, 44 (2d Cir.2007) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Perez, 2015 WL 3652511, at *4 (explaining that the "[p]laintiff's allegation that he advised others of his [or her] grievance does not excuse his failure to exhaust the administrative process specified in the IGRP"). "Regardless of whether ... informal complaints
Furthermore, Plaintiff does not contend that Defendants' actions or other special circumstances prevented her from filing a grievance as to her claims against Cipolini. See Perez, 2015 WL 3652511, at *4 (explaining that the "[p]laintiff ha[d] not pleaded any additional facts that would excuse his failure to exhaust administrative remedies"); cf. Macias, 495 F.3d at 44 (remanding the case after the plaintiff amended his complaint to allege that prison officials' threats prevented him from filing a grievance); Gonzalez v. Officer in Charge of Barber Shop on Duty on May 13, 1999, No. 99-CV-3455, 2000 WL 274184, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 2000) (denying a motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust where the plaintiff alleged his efforts to file a grievance were "frustrated" by prison officials). Nevertheless, it is not clear from the face of the Amended Complaint and the materials that Plaintiff attaches that there are no legitimate reasons to excuse exhaustion of Plaintiff's claims against Cipolini. Rather, exceptions to the exhaustion requirement, such as the possibility that Plaintiff reasonably misunderstood the grievance procedure, see Ruggiero, 467 F.3d at 175, may be applicable here. As noted above, "a prisoner plaintiff need not plead exhaustion with particularity." McCoy, 255 F.Supp.2d at 248. Therefore, the fact that Plaintiff's Amended Complaint admits that she did not file a grievance against Cipolini does not, without more, warrant dismissing her claims against Cipolini at this stage. The Court thus turns to the merits of Plaintiff's claims against Cipolini.
Plaintiff alleges that on February 9, 2014, Cipolini told her she "could not attend Protestant services because of [her] hair" and "sexuality," (Am. Compl. ¶ II.D; Pl.'s Sept. 17, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 2), and "[w]hile going to Catholic services [on February 16, 2014,] ... Cipolini had [Plaintiff] escorted out of services[,] stating [that she was] not authorized to go to
"Prisoners have long been understood to retain some measure of the constitutional protection afforded by the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause," Ford v. McGinnis, 352 F.3d 582, 588 (2d Cir. 2003), which includes the right to participate in religious services, see Salahuddin v. Coughlin, 993 F.2d 306, 308 (2d Cir. 1993). A prisoner's First Amendment rights, however, are "[b]alanced against... the interests of prison officials charged with complex duties arising from the administration of the penal system." Ford, 352 F.3d at 588 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Weathers v. Rock, No. 12-CV-1301, 2014 WL 4810309, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 23, 2014) (explaining that the right of inmates to freely exercise a chosen religion "is not limitless, and may be subject to restrictions relating to legitimate penological concerns"). Accordingly, a prisoner's free exercise claims are "judged under a reasonableness test less restrictive than ordinarily applied to alleged infringements of fundamental constitutional rights." Ford, 352 F.3d at 588 (internal quotation marks omitted).
"To be entitled to protection under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, a prisoner must make a threshold showing that the disputed conduct substantially burdened his [or her] sincerely held religious beliefs." Washington v. Chaboty, No. 09-CV-9199, 2015 WL 1439348, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Salahuddin v. Goord, 467 F.3d 263, 274-75 (2d Cir.2006) ("The prisoner must show at the threshold that the disputed conduct substantially burdens his sincerely held religious beliefs."); Shapiro v. Cmty. First Servs., Inc., No. 11-CV-4061, 2014 WL 1276479, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2014) ("At the motion to dismiss stage, a complaint must assert sufficient allegations necessary to establish that plaintiff's claim is based upon a sincerely held religious belief." (internal quotation marks omitted)).
RLUIPA, in turn, "protects institutionalized persons who are unable freely to attend to their religious needs and are therefore dependent on the government's permission and accommodation for exercise of their religion," Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 723, 125 S.Ct. 2113, 161 L.Ed.2d 1020 (2005), and "provides a more stringent standard than does the First Amendment, barring the government from imposing a substantial burden on a prisoner's free exercise unless the challenged conduct or regulation furthers a compelling governmental interest and is the least restrictive means of furthering that interest," Holland v. Goord, 758 F.3d 215, 224 (2d Cir.2014) (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Salahuddin, 467 F.3d at 273 ("RLUIPA protects inmates by providing that a government shall not `impose a substantial burden' on the `religious exercise' of inmates in certain institutions unless the government shows that the burden furthers a compelling governmental interest by the least restrictive means.'" (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a)) (footnote omitted)). While "RLUIPA does not define `substantial burden,' ... the Second Circuit has assumed that `[s]ince substantial burden is a term of art in the Supreme Court's free exercise jurisprudence we assume that Congress, by using it, planned to incorporate the cluster of ideas associated with the Court's use of it.'" Panayoty v. Annucci, 898 F.Supp.2d 469, 481-82 (N.D.N.Y.2012) (quoting Westchester Day Sch. v. Village. of Mamaroneck, 504 F.3d 338, 348 (2d Cir.2007)). "The Supreme Court has held that a substantial burden is one that `put[s] substantial pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and to violate his [or her] beliefs.'" Id. at 482 (quoting Thomas v. Review Bd. of Ind. Emp't Sec. Div., 450 U.S. 707, 718, 101 S.Ct. 1425, 67 L.Ed.2d 624 (1981)). Whether or not a prisoner sufficiently pleads a substantial burden on a sincerely held religious belief under RLUIPA involves the same threshold analysis as under the First Amendment. See Valdez v. City of New York, No. 11-CV-5194, 2013 WL 8642169, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 3, 2013) ("To state a claim under both the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment and RLUIPA, an inmate must first allege that the government imposed a `substantial burden' on his religious exercise." (citing Salahuddin, 467 F.3d at 274-75)), report and recommendation adopted by 2014 WL 2767201 (S.D.N.Y. June 17, 2014); Ramsey v. Goord, 661 F.Supp.2d 370, 395 n. 12 (W.D.N.Y.2009) (explaining that "the threshold inquiry of a religious freedom claim under both the First Amendment and the RLUIPA is the same"); Pugh v. Goord, 571 F.Supp.2d 477, 504 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (engaging in the same analysis for determining a plaintiff's sincerely held beliefs under both the RLUIPA and the Free Exercise Clause). "Where a plaintiff adduces evidence sufficient
Although Plaintiff does not plead that she practices any specific religion, Defendants do not contest the sincerity of Plaintiff's religious beliefs. The Court, therefore, will assume for the purpose of resolving the instant Motion that Plaintiff's religious beliefs are sincerely held.
The Court turns, then, to whether Plaintiff has adequately alleged that her ability to exercise her religious beliefs was substantially burdened. In the Second Circuit, courts have held that preclusion from attending two religious services is not, without more, a "substantial burden" on a plaintiff's free exercise of religion. See Jean-Laurent v. Los, No. 12-CV-132, 2015 WL 1015383, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2015) (explaining that "[c]ourts within the Second Circuit have consistently held that missing two religious services does not pose a substantial burden on an inmate's religion" and collecting cases); Blalock v. Jacobsen, No. 13-CV-8332, 2014 WL 5324326, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 2, 2014) (same); Shapiro, 2014 WL 1276479, at *11 ("[N]ot permitting a prisoner to attend two religious services `is a de minimis, or insubstantial, burden on an inmate's ability to freely exercise his religion.'" (quoting Smith v. Graziano, No. 08-CV-469, 2010 WL 1330019, at *9 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 2010), report and recommendation adopted by 2010 WL 1332503 (N.D.N.Y. Apr.6, 2010))). Here, Plaintiff only claims that she missed two religious services on February 9, 2014 and February 16, 2014, (see Am. Compl. ¶ II.D), and Plaintiff does not allege that the specific services were "`central or important' to [her] faith," Rossi, 2015 WL 769551, at *8 (quoting Ford, 352 F.3d at 593-94) cf. Harnett v. Barr, 538 F.Supp.2d 511, 521 (N.D.N.Y.2008) (denying the defendant's motion to dismiss where the plaintiff alleged that he was denied, among other things, one Ramadan meal).
To the extent that Plaintiff raises a RLIUPA claim, this claim also fails. "RLUIPA does not offer monetary damages against state officers in either their official or individual capacities." Holland, 758 F.3d at 224 (citing Washington v. Gonyea, 731 F.3d 143, 145-46 (2d Cir.2013) (per curiam)); see also Keitt v. Hawk, No. 13-CV-850, 2015 WL 1246058, at *11 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 2015) (same). Instead, a plaintiff may only seek injunctive relief. Holland, 758 F.3d at 224; see also Fortress Bible Church v. Feiner, 734 F.Supp.2d 409, 520 (S.D.N.Y.2010) ("It is readily apparent that injunctive relief constitutes appropriate relief under RLUIPA." (internal citations and quotation marks omitted)). Here, Plaintiff requests one million dollars in monetary damages, (Am. Compl. ¶ V.), which is an unavailable remedy against a state actor in his official or individual capacity under RLUIPA. See Holland, 758 F.3d at 224. Further, because Plaintiff is no longer incarcerated, to the extent Plaintiff requests any injunctive relief, this request is moot. See Pugh, 571 F.Supp.2d at 498-490 (explaining that "[w]here a prisoner has been released from prison, his [or her] claims for injunctive relief based on the conditions of his [or her] incarceration must be dismissed as moot," citing cases, and dismissing a former inmate's RLUIPA claims as moot); see also Martin-Trigona v. Shiff, 702 F.2d 380, 386 (2d Cir.1983) ("The hallmark of a moot case or controversy is that the relief sought can no longer be given or is no longer needed."); Casey v. Pallito, No. 12-CV-284, 2013 WL 6673623, at *19 (D.Vt. Dec. 18, 2013) ("[Plaintiff's] claim for [monetary] damages is not cognizable under RLUIPA, and his claim for injunctive relief is rendered moot by his transfer away from the facility where the events giving rise to his claim took place"), report and recommendation adopted in relevant part by 2013 WL 682800 (D.Vt. Feb. 25, 2013). Defendants' Motion, therefore, is granted as to Plaintiff's claims under the First Amendment and RLUIPA.
"It is well established in the Second Circuit that verbal harassment of inmates by prison officials, unaccompanied by any injury — no matter how inappropriate, unprofessional, or reprehensible it might seem — does not rise to the level of a violation of the Eighth Amendment." Cusamano v. Sobek, 604 F.Supp.2d 416, 459 (N.D.N.Y.2009); see also Little v. Municipal Corp., 51 F.Supp.3d 473, 500 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) ("`[V]erbal harassment or profanity alone, unaccompanied by any injury, no matter how inappropriate, unprofessional, or reprehensible it might seem, does not constitute the violation of any federally protected right and therefore is not actionable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.'" (quoting Hare v. Hayden, No. 09-CV-3135, 2011 WL 1453789, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 14, 2011)) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted)). In other words, "allegations of verbal harassment or threats are generally an insufficient basis for an inmate's § 1983 claim." Rosales v. Kikendall,
Plaintiff alleges that Cipolini's conduct constituted harassment. (Pl.'s Sept. 17, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 2.) Plaintiff does not claim that Cipolini caused her any physical injury. Although Plaintiff states that Defendants "publicly humiliated [her]" and "caused [her] mental anguish," (Pl.'s Am. Compl. ¶ V), Plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged that her humiliation or mental anguish rose to the level of psychological pain that was more than de minimis in nature. See Cusamano, 604 F.Supp.2d at 491. To begin, it is far from clear that Cipolini's statements regarding Plaintiff's hair and sexuality could be construed as verbal harassment. See Jordan v. Fischer, 773 F.Supp.2d 255, 276 n. 25 (N.D.N.Y.2011) (noting that although the plaintiff claimed that an officer used "sexual slurs" about the plaintiff, the court did not find that "such comments, while they may have been inappropriate, would even come close to `verbal harassment'"). Indeed, Defendants move to dismiss any claim of verbal harassment as to Burguess, not as to Cipolini. (See Defs.' Mem. 10-11.) In an abundance of caution, however, the Court will construe Plaintiff's allegations against Cipolini as alleging a claim for verbal harassment as well. In any event, while any verbal harassment based on an individual's sexuality or gender is unacceptable, Plaintiff's allegations as to Cipolini, without more, do not rise to the level of a constitutional violation under the Eighth Amendment. See Vega v. Artus, 610 F.Supp.2d 185, 209 (N.D.N.Y.2009) (dismissing the plaintiff's claim based on the allegations that the defendants "made harassing comments against him because they believed that he was [a] homosexual" because "allegations of verbal harassment are insufficient to support a constitutional violation"); cf. Abney v. Jopp, 655 F.Supp.2d 231, 234 (W.D.N.Y.2009) (explaining that the plaintiff's allegations that the defendant officer called the plaintiff a "`pussy' and accused him of being afraid of `little women'" did not give rise to a constitutional claim). Any claim under the Eighth Amendment, therefore, fails and is accordingly dismissed.
"The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that all persons similarly situated be treated in the same manner." Allen v. Cuomo, 100 F.3d 253, 260 (2d Cir.1996) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). In other words, "the Equal Protection Clause bars the government from selective adverse treatment of individuals compared with other similarly situated individuals if such selective treatment was based on impermissible considerations such as race, religion, intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional rights, or malicious bad faith intent to injure a person." Bizzarro v. Miranda, 394 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir.2005) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Bailey v. Town of Evans, 443 F.Supp.2d 427, 430 (W.D.N.Y.2006) (same). To state a violation of the Equal Protection Clause, a plaintiff must allege "that he [or she] was treated differently than others similarly situated as a result of
Plaintiff sufficiently alleges a claim of discrimination in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Plaintiff claims that Cipolini prevented her from attending the two religious services "because of [her] hair" and because of "her sexuality." (Am. Compl. ¶ II.D; Pl.'s Sept. 17, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 2.) The Court concludes that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that she was treated differently than others similarly situated. Plaintiff claims that the incident on February 9, 2014 occurred "in[]front of the inmates going to religious services," (Pl.'s Sept. 17, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 2), and, therefore, the Court reasonably infers that these inmates attended services on this day, whereas Plaintiff did not. Although Plaintiff's Amended Complaint lacks any other allegations that the prisoners who attended religious services were similarly situated to Plaintiff, the Amended Complaint as a whole suggests that while Plaintiff was prevented from attending religious service because of her hair and sexuality, the other prisoners in the male facility were not. As such, Plaintiff sufficiently pleads that she was treated differently to others similarly situated. See Richard v. Fischer, 38 F.Supp.3d 340,
Second, Plaintiff sufficiently pleads that Cipolini intentionally discriminated against her. At the motion to dismiss stage, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, Plaintiff satisfies this requirement by stating that she was prohibited from attending religious services "because of [her] hair and [her] sexuality." (Pl.'s Sept. 17, 2014 Letter, at unnumbered 2 (emphasis added); see also Am. Compl. ¶ II.D.) Assuming, as the Court must at this stage, that Cipolini prohibited Plaintiff, but not others, from attending services because of Plaintiff's sexuality, these facts sufficiently state a plausible claim to relief, especially in light of the fact that the Court is unable to conceive of any legitimate penological interest that would be served by denying Plaintiff the right to attend religious services based on her hair and/or sexuality. See Rosado v. Herard, No. 12-CV-8943, 2014 WL 1303513, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 25, 2014) (explaining that because there was "no obvious or administrative reason" for excluding "Spanish speaking inmates" from attending group sessions "discriminatory intent — at least at the pleading stage — can be inferred"); Phillips, 408 F.3d at 130 (holding that plaintiff's allegations of racial discrimination sufficed to state an Equal Protection violation where the Court could not "imagine a legitimate penological reason for the conduct alleged"); Bussey v. Phillips, 419 F.Supp.2d 569, 584 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (finding that where the plaintiff alleged he was subject to different punishment for the same act as white inmates, plaintiff sufficiently plead discriminatory intent to survive summary judgment); cf. Benjamin v. Coughlin, 905 F.2d 571, 579 (2d Cir.1990) (holding that "the unlimited right granted to Jewish and Muslim inmates, as opposed to Rastafarian prisoners, to wear religious headgear [does not] establish[] an equal protection violation" because of the differences in the security concerns that the type of headgear pose); Kole v. Lappin, 551 F.Supp.2d 149, 156 (D.Conn. 2008) (finding that because "the government offered two penological interests" supporting why certain holiday food was offered for some religious holidays but not all, the plaintiff's Equal Protection claim failed). Accordingly, Plaintiff has adequately alleged an Equal Protection claim, and Defendants' Motion to Dismiss this claim as to Cipolini is denied.
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss is granted in part and denied in part. In particular, Defendants' Motion is granted as to the claims against Burguess, without prejudice to Plaintiff's re-filing another Action based on the fact that she has now exhausted her administrative remedies as to these claims. With respect to the claims against Cipolini, Defendants' Motion is granted as to the First Amendment, RLUIPA, and Eighth Amendment claims and denied as to Plaintiff's Equal Protection claim. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully requested to terminate Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, (Dkt. No. 38), and Plaintiff's Motion for an Order of compensation, (Dkt. No. 32). Plaintiff may file a Second Amended Complaint
SO ORDERED.