MEMORANDUM OPINION

LEWIS A. KAPLAN, District Judge.

This is another of the increasingly frequent applications pursuant to Section 1782 of the Judicial Code1 by which a litigant in a foreign proceeding seeks to obtain evidence from persons who are found or reside in the United States for use in the foreign tribunal.

In this case, the applicant is Porsche Automobil Holding SE ("Porsche" or "PSE"), the well known automobile company. It has been sued in a number of cases in Germany that claim, generally speaking, that Porsche made misrepresentations and engaged in market manipulation in connection with its 2008 investment in Volkswagen, AG ("VW"), another equally well known auto firm. What appears to have sparked Porsche's attempt to secure evidence under Section 1782 is the fact that at least some of the German plaintiffs seek to establish a so-called "model case" under the German Capital Markets Model Case Act ("KapMuG") — a mechanism that, if established by the German courts, would designate one or more of the cases against Porsche as a vehicle, a "model case," in which issues of fact and law common to all affected cases would be decided only in the model case, with binding effect on all others. And the nettle to be grasped here is that Porsche contends in the German litigation that some or all of the cases against it are time barred, in substance because the plaintiffs in those cases or their close affiliates knew or could have known of their claims against Porsche but failed to sue within the period prescribed by German law.

Porsche has advanced that defense in Germany already. Thus far, the German court has indicated that Porsche, in order to prevail on its untimeliness defense, will "have to name the exact [press] article [known to each plaintiff], list the information [it contained] and . . . also . . . establish that the party in question, whose knowledge counts in the case, had known about this press release or could have taken note of it."2 Accordingly, Porsche here seeks evidence relevant to those issues from eight subpoena recipients, all plaintiffs or affiliates of plaintiffs in the German action. It seeks it for use in establishing its untimeliness defense and on the questions of whether any model case should be established and, in any event, whether the cases brought by these particular subpoena recipients (and their affiliates) should be, or be included in, a model case.

Here, subpoenas issued pursuant to leave granted by the Part I judge under Section 1782 and have been served.3 The matter is before the Court on the motion of the subpoenaed parties, and several of their affiliates, to quash the subpoenas4 and Porsche's cross-motion to compel compliance.5

As a general matter, the Supreme Court and the Second Circuit have made clear that district courts are to take a hospitable view of applications to compel the production of evidence by persons found or residing in the United States for use in foreign litigation. That hospitality derives from Congress's desire to make the United States a helpful world citizen and, moreover, in the hope of obtaining similar receptivity abroad to efforts by litigants in American courts to obtain evidence located in other countries.

In this case, all parties agree that Porsche has satisfied all of the statutory prerequisites to relief under Section 1782. Whether and to what extent it should be permitted to obtain the requested evidence therefore is committed to the discretion of this Court. Having considered the exceptionally helpful papers and arguments submitted by both sides, the Court modifies the subpoenas somewhat to reduce any burden that compliance otherwise might impose, grants Porsche's cross-motion to compel compliance with the subpoenas as modified, and denies the motion to quash.

Facts

Parties

In a formal sense, the parties to this proceeding are Porsche, which obtained leave from this Court to serve subpoenas on eight entities, and the eight subpoena recipients ("Subpoena Recipients" or "Recipients").6

The Subpoena Recipients all have their principal places of business in the Southern District of New York.7 They can be divided into two categories. The first includes Marble Arch Investments, L.P., an investor in Porsche securities and a plaintiff in the German action, and its general partner, Marble Arch Investments GP, LLC, which is not a plaintiff in the German action. The second category includes the other six Subpoena Recipients, all of which are either general partners or investment managers of institutional investors located outside this district that are plaintiffs in the German action.

In addition to the Subpoena Recipients, the motion to quash is brought also by nine additional entities that are not located within this district.8 They all are United States-based plaintiffs in the German action and affiliates of the Subpoena Recipients described above.

For the purposes of this opinion, the entities moving to quash Porsche's subpoenas9 will be referred to collectively as "Movants."10 Further, the ten entities11 that are moving to quash Porsche's subpoenas and that also are plaintiffs in the German action will be referred to collectively as the "US Plaintiffs."

The German Action

Porsche seeks evidence in aid of a proceeding currently pending in the German Regional Court of Hanover and entitled Effecten-Spiegel, et al. v. Porsche Automobil Holding SE, Dkt. No. 18 O 175/15 ("Effecten"). Effecten is one of several German cases pending against Porsche in which investors in the securities of VW seek to recover for losses they claim they suffered due to alleged misrepresentations and market manipulation by Porsche concerning Porsche's investment in VW and related derivatives in 2008.

Effecten was brought by thirty-two large investor plaintiffs (the "German Plaintiffs") in early 2015.12 Simultaneous with the filing of Effecten, the German Plaintiffs filed a "model case" application under KapMuG13 which, as explained in greater detail below, permits the adjudication of common questions in the mass securities or investor tort contexts in a "model case," the results of which are binding on parties in related actions.

On July 31, 2015, Porsche filed a statement of defense in Effecten asserting, inter alia, that Germany's three-year statute of limitations barred the German Plaintiffs' claims.14 Porsche submitted to the German court a large volume of publicly available information, including international news articles concerning governmental investigations into PSE and private lawsuits filed against PSE, in support of its limitations defense.

On November 24, 2015, the German Plaintiffs filed a response to Porsche's defenses, including its limitations defense, and supplemented their "model case" application.15

The German court held a hearing on December 8, 2015 at which several issues were discussed, including PSE's motion "to dismiss the action" and the German Plaintiffs' application for "model case" treatment.16 According to Porsche's German counsel, the Effecten court "expressed its view that PSE may not be able to establish a statue-of-limitations defense based solely on the public availability of news articles concerning allegations and lawsuits against PSE. Rather, the court indicated that PSE would have to demonstrate which specific articles (or other documents) came to German Plaintiffs' attention and alerted them to their potential claims."17 Indeed, according to the German Plaintiffs' transcription of the hearing, the German court stated that "if you rely on press reports, you have to name the exact article, list the information and you have to do one more thing, in some form you also have to establish that the party in question, whose knowledge counts in the case, had known about this press release or could have taken note of it. This has to be presented to us in a plausible way, no more and no less."18

The German court concluded the December 8, 2015 hearing by establishing April 13, 2016 as the date "for the announcement of the decision on remaining matters."19 It is undisputed that the German Plaintiffs' "model case" application is one the "remaining matters" and that the German court has indicated its intention to rule on that issue on April 13.20 PSE argues that its limitations defense — which was discussed but not disposed of definitively during the December 8 hearing — is another "remaining matter[]" and that the German court could rule on it on April 13.

The German Plaintiffs are due to make a final submission to the German court on February 29, 2015. Porsche is due to make its final submission to the German court on March 15, 2016. According to Porsche's German counsel, its submission may focus (at least in part) on its limitations defense, particularly if Porsche can bolster its argument with evidence — obtained through this Section 1782 proceeding — demonstrating when specific plaintiffs knew or could have known about their potential claims against Porsche.21 The German court will issue its decision on "remaining matters" on April 13, 2016. There may be some flexibility in this schedule, but probably not beyond May 8, 2016.22

The KapMuG Statute

The KapMuG statute23 permits German courts in some circumstances to employ a procedure somewhat akin to an American class action to decide questions of law or fact common to many pending cases in a "model case." Decisions on common questions in a "model case" are binding in subsequent proceedings in related cases. According to commentators, the statute "contemplates three procedural stages: [1] an application by the parties to use the procedure; [2] the trial of the model case questions; and [3] the application of the model case decision to the other individual cases."24

The KapMuG Application Stage

In a case that falls within the scope of the KapMuG,25 any party may apply to the court of first instance for a model case proceeding by demonstrating the existence of common questions (the "establishment objective") and supporting the application with "all factual and legal circumstances which serve to justify the model case."26 The non-moving party is "granted opportunity to comment on the matter."27 The applicant must demonstrate that resolution of its proposed model questions "may have significance for other similar cases beyond the individual dispute concerned."28 The German court must deny the application if, inter alia, (1) "[a] decision on the dispute upon which the application for the establishment of a model case is based is not dependent on the claimed establishment objective," or (2) "[t]he significance of the case for other legal disputes is not demonstrated."29

If such an application is granted, the court of first instance must publish its determination and the establishment of a KapMuG Complaint Registry in the German Federal Gazette.30 If a total of ten or more applications for model case treatment are granted on essentially the same questions within six months of this publication, then the second stage — the determination of common questions — begins.31 During this six-month period, the original proceedings are stayed.32

Here, the German Plaintiffs have moved for model case treatment under the KapMuG, and PSE has opposed that motion. The motion is pending before the German court and, as noted, is expected to be resolved on April 13, 2016, and no later than May 8, 2016.

The Determination of Common Questions

If the ten-case threshold is met, the court of first instance issues an order referring the common questions to the competent court of appeals for a determination of common questions.33 The court of appeals designates the "model case plaintiff from among the plaintiffs whose proceedings have been suspended."34 In doing so, the appellate court must consider, inter alia, the amounts of different plaintiffs' claims and any "[a]greement among several plaintiffs designating a single model case plaintiff."35 The non-model case plaintiffs "are joined to the proceedings as third-party petitioners who can validly undertake procedural steps as long as they are not inconsistent with the lead plaintiff's declarations and litigation acts (§ 14 KapMuG 2012) and who will be bound by the model case decision (§ 22 para. 1 KapMuG 2012)."36 After the model case plaintiff is selected, the appellate court determines the common questions and issues a "model case ruling" that is binding on all parties in cases suspended under Section 8 of the KapMuG statute.37

Application of the Model Case Ruling

After the model case ruling is issued, the individual cases — which are stayed during the second stage — are resumed in the courts of first instance. The courts of first instance must apply the model case ruling to each individual case and adjudicate all remaining individual issues.38 Commentators agree that, in normal circumstances, several substantial individual issues remain to be adjudicated after a model case ruling, including questions of reliance, causation, and, according to at least one commentator, limitations.39

The Section 1782 Proceeding

On December 23, 2015, Porsche filed ex parte applications in this Court and in the District of Connecticut for evidence in aid of the Effecten action pursuant to Section 1782. This Court granted the ex parte application on December 29, 2015, permitting Porsche to serve document and deposition subpoenas on eight Recipients, and Porsche served the subpoenas on December 30 and 31, 2015.40

Porsche seeks to aid its limitations defense in Effecten by requesting documents and deposition testimony here that may establish when plaintiffs knew of specific press releases or other public information that alerted, or could have alerted, them to their potential claims. Specifically, Porsche seeks to obtain documents from the Subpoena Recipients that fall into four categories and to take depositions of the Subpoena Recipients pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6) on five topics.41 One of the deposition topics requests testimony concerning the corporate structures of the Subpoena Recipients. The other four overlap substantially with the four categories of document requests and may be summarized as follows:

Documents and communications concerning:

Porsche has limited its deposition requests to one Rule 30(b)(6) deposition per Recipient "family," that is, Firefly, Marble Arch, and Tremblant.

Movants now move to quash the subpoenas, and Porsche moves to compel compliance on an expedited basis.

Discussion

Section 1782

In Mees v. Buiter,42 the Second Circuit recently outlined the standard for analyzing a Section 1782 application:

Here, all agree that the three statutory factors are met. The Movants, however, argue that the four discretionary factors under Intel Corporation v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.43 cut against granting Porsche the evidence it seeks.

The Discretionary Intel Factors

Factor 1: Are Subpoena Recipients "Participants" in the German Proceeding?

Movants contend that the Subpoena Recipients all are "participants" in the foreign proceeding and that this factor cuts in their favor. Specifically, they argue that because one Subpoena Recipient is a plaintiff in Effecten and the others are general partners or investment managers of German Plaintiffs, all eight Subpoena Recipients are directly or indirectly within the jurisdictional reach of the German court, which could order production of the evidence sought if it saw fit. Porsche counters that the German court has jurisdiction only over parties to the German action and that it cannot order production of evidence from non-party Recipients, even if they are related to German Plaintiffs. Porsche argues further that the analysis would come to the same conclusion even if all Recipients were within the German court's jurisdictional reach because the first Intel factor is concerned primarily with whether the evidence sought is available in the foreign proceeding, which it is not. In Germany, as in many civil law countries, Porsche argues, courts can order document production only when documents are described in great detail, and may question a witness only when a party makes a detailed and convincing showing of the need for the court to elicit testimony from a particular witness within its power.44 Here, Porsche argues, evidence it seeks is far broader than the German court could order, in practice if not necessarily in theory.

It is important to note that, in Germany, as in most civil law countries, the gathering of evidence is the province of the judge, not the lawyers as is the case in the United States.45 For example, if the judge concludes that witness testimony is necessary, "[t]he judge serves as the examiner-in-chief. At the conclusion of his interrogation of each witness, counsel for either party may pose additional questions, but counsel are not prominent as examiners. Witness testimony is seldom recorded verbatim; rather, the judge pauses from time to time to dictate a summary of the testimony into the dossier. The lawyers sometimes suggest improvements in the wording of these summaries, in order to preserve or to emphasize nuances important to one side or the other."46

Porsche's statement of the law concerning the first Intel factor — that the relevant inquiry is whether the foreign tribunal has the ability to control the evidence sought and order production, not whether the tribunal has control over the party targeted by the Section 1782 application — is supported by the weight of authority in this district. For example, in In re Application of Auto-Guadeloupe Investissement S.A.,47 the court held that Intel does not "preclude[] § 1782 discovery of parties participating in the underlying international proceeding."48 The court went on to explain that the first Intel factor weighed in favor of granting the Section 1782 application because "it [wa]s not clear the Pointe-a-Pitre Court could order [respondent] to produce the documents that [applicant] is seeking" based on the district court's "cursory examination of France's Code of Civil Procedure."49 This Court made a similar point in another Section 1782 proceeding only last month.50

Here, although there is some quibbling among the experts about the availability in the German court of the documents and testimony sought here, there is little question that it cannot and, in any case, would not order the type (and scope) of evidentiary production sought by Porsche in this Court. Indeed, Movants' counsel conceded during oral argument that Porsche would have to "specify with considerable precision the particular documents [it] want[s]" in order to get document production in Germany.51

To be sure, Movants argue that Porsche may be able to obtain from the German Plaintiffs documents relating to its limitations defense at some point in the German action because Germany requires some disclosure.52 Specifically, Movants' German law expert explains that once a defendant raises a limitations defense "the burden of making detailed statements then shifts to the plaintiff, and he must provide details regarding its internal organization and internal procedures that are relevant to the question of knowledge or constructive knowledge."53 A defendant then may take evidence regarding any "disputed details."54 But Movants offer no evidence concerning how long this process takes, or, more importantly, what the US Plaintiffs have disclosed, or likely would disclose, concerning Porsche's limitations defense in Effecten. There is no indication that the disclosures would be sufficiently broad to give Porsche all that it seeks in this Section 1782 proceeding. And Movants' counsel effectively conceded at oral argument that the German Plaintiffs would not be required to disclose in Germany all of the evidence that could bear on when and whether they were aware or could have been aware of the existence of their claims.55

Finally, Movants' contention that "Porsche has failed to demonstrate that it cannot establish its limitations defense without § 1782 assistance"56 ignores completely the Second Circuit's holding in Mees that Section 1782 does not contain a "necessity requirement."57 Indeed, "a necessity requirement would be unwise, as well as in tension with the aims of section 1782."58

Accordingly, the first Intel factor cuts in favor of Porsche.

Factor 2: Would the German Court Be Receptive to U.S. Federal Court Judicial Assistance?

The law on this factor is clear: "District courts have been instructed to tread lightly and heed only clear statements by foreign tribunals" that they would reject Section 1782 assistance.59 "Courts have found such proof in cases where the foreign tribunal or government has written to the district court hearing the application and expressly stated that it did not want the American court's help."60 The party opposing a Section 1782 application bears the burden of demonstrating that a foreign court would not be receptive to assistance from a U.S. court.61

Here, Movants have submitted no evidence that a German court would object to evidence obtained through a Section 1782 proceeding. Porsche, moreover, has provided evidence that German courts have been receptive to such evidence in the past.62 Accordingly, the second Intel factor also cuts in favor of Porsche.

Factor 3: Is Porsche Seeking to Circumvent Foreign Proof-Gathering Restrictions?

Movants complain that Porsche never attempted to obtain the evidence it seeks in the German court. But that argument is unpersuasive. The Supreme Court and the Second Circuit have made clear that the third Intel factor does not turn on whether the evidence sought in the U.S. proceeding would be available in the foreign proceeding. Indeed, "§ 1782 contains no foreign-discoverability requirement."63 Nor does it contain a foreign-admissibility requirement.64 Further, the Second Circuit recently rejected reading any "exhaustion" or "quasi-exhaustion" requirement into Section 1782 that would require an applicant to previously have tried and failed to obtain the sought evidence in the foreign proceeding in order to obtain relief under Section 1782.65

Accordingly, the third Intel factor cuts in favor of Porsche.

Factor 4: Are the Subpoenas Unduly Intrusive and Burdensome?

"[A] district court evaluating a § 1782 discovery request should assess whether the discovery sought is overbroad or unduly burdensome by applying the familiar standards of Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure."66 The circuit court has instructed also that "it is far preferable for a district court to reconcile whatever misgivings it may have about the impact of its participation in the foreign litigation by issuing a closely tailored discovery order rather than by simply denying relief outright."67

Here, Porsche seeks documents and deposition testimony principally on four topics that, it contends, could yield evidence concerning when the US Plaintiffs knew or could have known that they had potential claims against Porsche relating to Porsche's investment in VW in 2008.68 The Court must determine whether this evidence would be (1) relevant, and (2) unduly burdensome.

Relevance

The evidence sought here is relevant because each topic "`bears on, or reasonably could lead to other matter that could bear on'" Porsche's limitations defense.69 The relevance of Topics (3) and (4) is plain and uncontested by Movants. Topic (1) could lead to the discovery of information that US Plaintiffs knew about and were skeptical of Porsche's investments (or Porsche's statements about its investments) in VW, including the accuracy of Porsche's public statements in early 2008 that it did not intend to acquire 75 percent of VW shares. Topic (2) could show that US Plaintiffs were informed about and skeptical of Porsche's ability to purchase VW shares, including Porsche's ability to purchase 75 percent of VW shares as Porsche indicated in October 2008 it would try to do.

Burden

The Movants have the burden to "justify curtailing" the relevant evidence sought by Porsche.70 They largely have failed to do so, although the Court modifies Topics (1) and (2) as described below.

First, Movants' argument that the evidence Porsche seeks is not proportional to the needs of the case because Porsche can seek this evidence through procedures in the German court is without merit for the reasons stated earlier in this opinion.

Second, Movants' contention that documents responsive to Topics (1) and (2) would be overbroad because Porsche seeks documents "whenever dated" is rejected. Porsche has agreed to limit the early date boundary to October 26, 2008 — the date of Porsche's alleged misstatement concerning its intent to acquire VW shares — and the outer date boundary to March 2, 2015 — the filing date of Effecten.71 That limitation is reasonable, and the Court modifies the subpoenas accordingly. The Court notes also that internal communications written after the date Porsche alleges the limitations period commenced (December 31, 2011) nonetheless could demonstrate what US Plaintiffs knew or could have known before that date.

Third, the Court rejects Movants' arguments that document requests and deposition testimony concerning Topics (3) and (4) implicate privileged material. Porsche has asserted that it seeks only non-privileged materials on these topics, as well as non-privileged information concerning otherwise privileged communications, such as the names of the persons sending and receiving communications, and the dates, locations, and general subject matter of communications.72 Moreover, the Court is in no position to adjudicate this dispute unless and until such time as a privilege log has been produced and challenges to specific privilege designations have been raised. That task properly falls in the compliance rather than the motion to quash stage.

Fourth, Movants' argue that Rule 30(b)(6) depositions on Topic (2) would be overbroad because they would seek testimony concerning PSE's "financial condition." Porsche counters that it seeks only evidence relating to "Respondents' knowledge of, or communications about PSE's financial condition vis-a-vis its investments in VW securities."73 The Court adopts that modification.

Fifth, Movants contend that Porsche's request for expedited document production and deposition testimony is "unfounded and [would be] unduly burdensome." But they have made no real showing of undue burden apart, perhaps, with respect to the short timetable which is dealt with below.

Nonetheless, the Court encourages the parties to meet and confer in an effort to trim any remaining fat off these subpoena requests. In particular, the parties are encouraged strongly to discuss narrowing custodians and search terms for retrieval of electronically stored information where possible. Indeed, Porsche has indicated its willingness to meet and confer "as soon as possible."74 The parties may seek judicial assistance in the event they reach any impasse, and the Court will attempt to resolve any such disputes expeditiously, mindful of the timetable. The parties are reminded, however, that the Court strongly discourages raising discovery disputes that reasonable attorneys would avoid or resolve amicably.

Finally, the Court modifies Topics (1) and (2) as follows:

Document Request (1)75 is modified to read:

Document Request (2)77 is similarly modified to read:

Movants remaining arguments are rejected as meritless.

In the last analysis, both the uncontested statutory factors and the discretionary Intel factors weigh in favor of granting Porsche access to the evidence it seeks in this Section 1782 proceeding, as modified by this opinion.

"Reciprocal Evidence"

Movants argue that the Court should require Porsche, as a matter of reciprocity, to produce certain documents sought by the German Plaintiffs in Effecten in the event the Court enforces Porsche's subpoenas.

Here, Porsche seeks evidence concerning when US Plaintiffs became aware of certain information that alerted them, or could have alerted them to their claims in Effecten. By contrast, the so-called reciprocal evidence Movants seek from Porsche does not, and, indeed, could not bear on when plaintiffs became aware of any information, nor could it unearth novel theories relevant to Porsche's limitations defense. Movants' counsel conceded this point during oral argument.79 Accordingly, there would be nothing reciprocal about granting Movants' access to the evidence they seek, and the request is denied. This of course is without prejudice to the Movants' ability to seek evidence through a Section 1782 application to aid in the Effecten case in the future.

Urgency

Porsche argues that it needs this evidence quickly so that it has time to review any new information and incorporate it into its March 15, 2016 "final submission." Porsche offers two explanations for how this evidence may benefit it in Effecten. First, it may persuade the German court to dismiss Effecten as to the US Plaintiffs on limitations grounds as part of its April 13, 2016 (or perhaps slightly later) decision. Second, it may persuade the German court to deny the "model case" application as to the US Plaintiffs, the German Plaintiffs, or to similarly-situated plaintiffs in other German actions.

The German court last discussed Porsche's limitations defense during the December 8, 2015 hearing, where it explained that Porsche could establish the defense only if it could demonstrate when specific information concerning PSE that could have alerted certain German Plaintiffs to their claims came to their attention. The German court did not foreclose the limitations defense, but stated that the defense had not been established at that time.

The official minutes to the December 8 hearing announce that the German court set April 13, 2016 as the date "for the announcement of the decision on remaining matters."80 The parties agree that the German Plaintiffs' "model case" application — which was discussed but not decided on December 8 — is one matter likely to be resolved in the April 13, 2016 decision. It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that Porsche's limitations defense — which was discussed but not decided on December 8 — is another such "remaining matter[]" that may be decided on April 13, particularly if Porsche adduces new facts in its March 15, 2016 submission to the German court concerning when certain information came to the attention of particular plaintiffs.

During oral argument, the Court noted that if a model case is formed in Germany, Effecten would be stayed for its duration, after which Porsche would have a full opportunity to litigate its limitations defense. It then inquired whether Porsche would suffer any harm or prejudice if its Section 1782 application were granted but production were not required on an expedited basis. Porsche explained, however, that if it does not get the expedited schedule it seeks, it may have a sizeable exposure on its balance sheet based on time-barred claims for years while the model case plays out, and that this exposure could affect the company's securities price and cost of capital, among other things, materially. Moreover, it contended that evidence bearing on its limitations defense could influence the German court's decision whether to grant the model case application.

Porsche's first argument intuitively seems correct, although it would be a mistake to give it undue weight. Large enterprises often have to live with large contingent exposures while claims wend their ways through the courts.

The second argument is more difficult to analyze. The KapMuG statute directs a German court to deny a model case application when, as relevant here, (1) "[a] decision on the dispute upon which the application for the establishment of a model case is based is not dependent on the claimed establishment objective," or (2) "[t]he significance of the case for other legal disputes is not demonstrated." There are at least two ways to read these provisions. This analysis might be based only on alleged common issues, i.e., whether common issues sufficiently similar among model case applicants and similarly situated parties, irrespective of any individual issues, justify litigating those common issues in a model case. Alternatively, the statute might be read to call for an inquiry similar to a predominance inquiry under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, i.e., whether individual issues predominate over common issues to such an extent that a model case is not warranted. Porsche advocates the second interpretation, arguing that it would benefit from submitting evidence demonstrating that individual issues, such as statute of limitations inquiries, would predominate over common issues.

Both readings seem plausible. Based on the statutory language and the limited English language commentary, it perhaps is more likely than not that the German court would take the first view, in which case individual timeliness issues would be irrelevant.81 Nonetheless, the Court is mindful of the Second Circuit's warning against "speculative forays into legal territories unfamiliar to federal judges" as "costly, time-consuming, and inherently unreliable method[s] of deciding section 1782 requests[.]"82 Here, the question of whether evidence concerning a limitations defense could persuade a German court to deny a "model case" application does not appear to have been decided by the German courts. Further, this Court is wary of applying a Rule 23-style predominance analysis to a German statute that adopted a model for aggregate litigation that is very materially different than American class action procedures. The Court therefore concludes the best course of action is to give Porsche the evidence it seeks and allow the German court to decide for itself whether and to what extent it may influence the German Plaintiffs' model case application.

Accordingly, Porsche has demonstrated a need for an expedited production and deposition schedule, and its request is granted, as detailed below. The Court understands this is a tight schedule. Movants, however, should bear in mind that Porsche is seeking only three depositions and that Porsche's document requests have been somewhat narrowed. Moreover, Movants have known since December 2015 that this outcome was possible. To be sure, they have moved to quash, but it was relatively evident from precedent in this circuit generous to Section 1782 applicants that there was a reasonable chance they would have to produce documents and prepare witnesses on a short timetable. In any event, as noted above, the parties are encouraged to meet and confer and the Court is ready to pitch in and get this process done in a practical way.

Conclusion

Porsche's motion to compel compliance [DI 40] is granted insofar as:

Porsche's motion is denied in all other respects.

Movants' motion to vacate the Section 1782 order and quash the subpoenas [DI 36] is denied in all other respects.

SO ORDERED.