OPINION AND ORDER

JED S. RAKOFF, U.S.D.J.

It is a sad day when, in response to the filing of a commercial lawsuit, a corporate defendant feels compelled to hire unlicensed private investigators to conduct secret personal background investigations of both the plaintiff and his counsel. It is sadder yet when these investigators flagrantly lie to friends and acquaintances of the plaintiff and his counsel in an (ultimately unsuccessful) attempt to obtain derogatory information about them. The questions here presented, however, are whether such dubious practices result in waiver of attorney-client privilege and work-product protection, and whether disciplinary action is warranted.

The lawsuit in question is the putative antitrust class action commenced on December 16, 2015 by plaintiff Spencer Meyer against defendant Travis Kalanick, co-founder and CEO of Uber Technologies, Inc. ("Uber"), to which Uber was later added as a co-defendant.1

FACTS

The following facts are undisputed. Immediately after the filing of the lawsuit on December 16, 2015, see Dkt. 1, Uber's General Counsel, Salle Yoo, Esq., wrote to Uber's Chief Security Officer, Joe Sullivan, Esq., saying: "Could we find out a little more about this plaintiff'?" See Declaration of James H. Smith in Support of Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Support of His Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation ("Smith Deel."), Exhibit A, Dkt. 104-1, at UBER-0000001. Mr. Sullivan then forwarded Ms. Yoo's email to Uber's Director of Investigations, Mat Henley, saying "Please do a careful check on this plaintiff." Id. Mr. Henley asked Mr. Sullivan: "Want me to outsource or keep in house I open source?" to which Mr. Sullivan responded "Whoever can do it well and under the radar is fine." UBER-0000041.2

Mr. Henley thereupon retained Global Precision Research LLC d/b/a Ergo ("Ergo") to conduct the investigation. See Smith Decl., Exhibit C (Henley Dep.), Dkt. 104-3, at 9:18-20. Specifically, on December 17, 2015, Mr. Henley emailed Ergo Managing Partners Todd Egeland (a former Chief Strategy Officer at the CIA) and Matthew Moneyhon (a former State Department employee), saying "I have a sensitive, very under the radar investigation that I need on an individual here in the U.S." See Smith Decl., Exhibit E, Dkt. 104-5, at ERGO-0001170. On December 18, 2015, Messrs. Egeland and Moneyhon of Ergo indicated that they were "happy to undertake the requested research; we do quite a bit of this work for law firms." Id. at ERGO-0001174. On December 24, 2015, Mr. Henley emailed Messrs. Egeland and Moneyhon attaching the Complaint in the instant case and asking whether, in Ergo's statement of work, Ergo could be "general enough so that the research remains discreet from a discovery perspective." Id. at ERGO-0001176.

At all times relevant, Ergo's investigators were not licensed to conduct private investigations in New York. See N.Y. General Business Law § 70; Smith Decl., Exhibit F (Egeland Dep.), Dkt. 104-6, 17:24-18:6. Nevertheless, on December 28, 2015, Ergo's Mr. Egeland sent to Uber's Mr. Henley a proposal for Ergo's investigation that included plans for

Smith Decl., Exhibit E, Dkt. 104-5, at ERGO-0001178. The proposal further stated that, following the investigation, Ergo would prepare a report that "highlights all derogatories." Id. On January 4, 2016, Mr. Henley accepted the proposal, stating "[a]ll looks good guys, thanks." Id. at ERGO-0001185; Smith Decl., Exhibit G, Dkt. 104-7, at UBER-0000055.

Ergo's Managing Partner Mr. Egeland then forwarded the proposal to an Ergo investigator, Miguel Santos-Neves. See Smith Decl., Exhibit H, Dkt. 104-8. Mr. Santos-Neves embarked on the investigation, reaching out to 28 acquaintances or professional colleagues of plaintiff Meyer and plaintiff's counsel Schmidt. See Smith Decl., Exhibit L, Dkt. 104-12. In approaching these sources, Mr. Santos-Neves made materially false statements about why he was contacting them. For instance, having learned that plaintiff Meyer was a conservationist associated with Yale University, Mr. Santos-Neves told sources that "[a]s part of a research project, [he was] attempting to verify the professional record and/or previous employment of various up-and-coming researchers in environmental conservation," Smith Decl., Exhibit I, Dkt. 104-9, at ERGO-0000467. Likewise, having learned that Mr. Schmidt's law practice focused on labor law matters, Mr. Santos-Neves told a source that he was engaged in a "project profiling top up-and-coming labor lawyers in the US," Smith Decl., Exhibit J, Dkt. 104-10, at ERGO-0000626. In still another instance, in an outreach to plaintiff's landlord, Mr. Santos-Neves represented that "[a]s part of the real estate market research project for a client, [he was] interviewing property owners in New Haven" in order "to find out what due diligence steps property owners take to vet a potential tenant." Smith Decl., Exhibit K, Dkt. 104-11 at 223:6-11.3

Following up on these initial contacts, Mr. Santos-Neves conducted phone interviews with eight individuals, which he recorded without the knowledge or consent of the individuals with whom he was speaking. See Smith Decl., Exhibit L; Transcript dated July 14, 2016 ("Tr."), at 4:23-25. Mr. Santos-Neves then synthesized his research and corresponded with Ergo Managing Partners Egeland and Moneyhon regarding a draft of the report. See, e.g., Smith Decl., Exhibit N, Dkt. 104-14; Smith Decl., Exhibit Q, Dkt. 104-17. As part of this correspondence, Mr. Santos-Neves wrote to Mr. Egeland on January 15, 2016 that "[a]ll the sources believe that I am profiling Meyer for a report on leading figures in conservation; I think this cover could still protect us from any suspicion in the event that I ask such a question [regarding plaintiff's involvement in a lawsuit against Uber]." Smith Decl., Exhibit O, Dkt. 104-15, at ERGO-0000665. Mr. Santos-Neves further noted that "[a]sking such a question could have all sorts of consequences for Meyer himself, as it would get the academic rumor mill going." Id. Mr. Egeland responded: "Miguel, yes, please go back to one or two sources that you believe may have some background on the out of character issue [i.e., whether it was out of character for plaintiff Meyer to be involved in the instant lawsuit]." Id. Additionally, on January 19, 2016, Mr. Egeland asked Mr. Santos-Neves whether there were "enough negative things said about Meyer to write a text box." Smith Decl., Exhibit N, at ERGO-0000697.

On January 19, 2016, Ergo delivered its report to Uber's Mr. Henley. See Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Support of His Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation ("Pl. Br."), Dkt. 103, at 7; Defendants Uber Technologies, Inc. and Travis Kalanick's Joint Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation ("Defs. Opp. Br."), Dkt. 108, at 6. The report speaks about plaintiff almost entirely in positive or neutral terms, but it states that "Meyer may be particularly sensitive to any publicity that tarnishes his professional reputation." Smith Decl., Exhibit R, Dkt. 104-18, at ERGO-0000823; Declaration of Nicola T. Hanna in Support of Defendants Uber Technologies, Inc. and Travis Kalanick's Joint Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation ("Hanna Decl."), Exhibit H, Dkt. 109-9, at UBER-0000059. Mr. Henley sent the report to Mr. Sullivan, Uber's Chief Security Officer, and to Craig Clark, Esq., Uber's Legal Director of Security and Enforcement. See id.; see also Letter dated May 20, 2016, Dkt. 79. Mr. Sullivan, in turn, passed on the report to Uber's General Counsel Salle Yoo. See Hanna Decl., Exhibit H, at UBER-0000059.

Meanwhile, in early to mid-January 2016, plaintiff's co-counsel Brian Feldman, Esq., was alerted to the fact that Mr. Santos-Neves had contacted acquaintances of plaintiff and plaintiff's counsel Mr. Schmidt. See Declaration of Brian M. Feldman in Support of Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Support of His Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation ("Feldman Decl."), Dkt. 98, at ¶¶ 2-5. Mr. Feldman reached out to defendant Kalanick's outside counsel, Peter Skinner, Esq., who, on January 20, 2016, wrote Mr. Feldman saying "I followed up. Whoever is behind these calls, it is not us." See Feldman Decl. at ¶ 7; Plaintiff's Letter dated June 3, 2016, Exhibit C, Dkt. 78. Plaintiff's counsel, however, continued to make inquiries of Mr. Kalanick's counsel, and eventually indicated to Mr. Skinner that he was prepared to bring the matter to the attention of the Court in order to seek a subpoena directed to Ergo. See Feldman Decl. at ¶¶ 8-9; Tr. 45:3-46:2. At that point, Mr. Skinner initiated further inquiries of Uber's in-house counsel, who ultimately confirmed that Uber had initiated the investigation. See Tr. 46:3-23. On February 19, 2016, Mr. Skinner in turn phoned Mr. Feldman and stated that Uber had, in fact, hired Ergo. See Feldman Decl. at ¶ 10; Uber Opp. Br. at 8.

Over the course of the next two months, plaintiff and defendants engaged in further communications. For example, on April 25, 2016, Mr. Kalanick's counsel Mr. Skinner offered to provide plaintiff's counsel with information about the individuals contacted by Ergo and how these individuals were contacted, but only if plaintiff would agree "not to use the information in this litigation for any purpose whatsoever." Smith Decl., Exhibit T, Dkt. 104-20. Plaintiff declined the offer. See Smith Decl., Exhibit Z, Dkt. 104-26. On May 18, 2016, Mr. Kalanick's co-counsel, Alanna Rutherford, Esq., also provided plaintiff's counsel with a "List of People Who Communicated with Ergo," containing 11 of the 28 individuals to whom Ergo's investigator reached out. See Smith Decl., Exhibit U, Dkt. 104-21.

INITIATION OF JUDICIAL INVOLVEMENT

On May 19, 2016, plaintiff brought the Ergo matter to the Court's attention via a joint telephone call by the parties to the Court. Because it appeared likely that the Ergo investigation was intended, at least in part, to affect (directly or indirectly) the case pending before the Court, the Court thereupon convened two in-court conferences on the Ergo matter, on May 20, 2016 and May 27, 2016, respectively. As a result of these hearings and associated telephone conferences, the Court authorized plaintiff to depose Uber's Joe Sullivan, Craig Clark, and Mat Henley, and Ergo's Todd Egeland and Miguel Santos-Neves. See Memorandum Order dated June 7, 2016, Dkt. 76, at 4. The Court also authorized plaintiff to serve document subpoenas on Uber and Ergo, albeit after narrowing the subpoenas' parameters. See id. at 4-5. In response to the subpoenas, Uber and Ergo claimed attorney-client privilege and/or work-product protection over numerous documents and voice recordings, and the Court indicated that it would need to review these materials in camera to determine whether privilege was correctly asserted and/or whether the "crime-fraud" exception to the privilege applied. See id. at 5. The Court further stated that in camera review would also be needed to determine whether plaintiff would be authorized to depose Uber's General Counsel Salle Yoo. See id. at 4-5.

On June 2, 2016, Uber moved for reconsideration of the Court's decision to conduct such in camera review, and the Court denied this motion on June 3, 2016, explaining the reasons for this denial in a Memorandum Order dated June 7, 2016. See id. at 1. Specifically, the Court noted that courts commonly review in camera subpoenaed documents as to which an assertion of privilege has been raised in order to see whether the privilege has been properly asserted. See Memorandum Order dated June 7, 2016, at 6-7. Moreover, the Court stated, plaintiff had provided a sufficient basis to suspect that Ergo had committed a fraud in investigating plaintiff through the use of false pretenses, and to suspect that communications from Uber — which had hired Ergo to conduct an investigation of the plaintiff and given Ergo, in Uber's words, "instructions or assignments" — had furthered such a fraud. See id. at 7-8. The Court also indicated that another relevant area of inquiry was whether Uber or defendant Kalanick, or their counsel, had made misrepresentations to plaintiff's counsel in response to plaintiff's initial inquiries about the investigation. See id. at 9. The Court noted that it had no way to know, prior to reviewing the relevant materials, whether or not the crime-fraud exception did in fact apply to some or all of the materials, but that plaintiff had made the threshold showing sufficient to justify in camera review. See id. at 10.

DISCOVERY RULINGS (INCLUDING CRIME-FRAUD EXCEPTION)

The Court then proceeded to conduct the in camera review, and on June 9, 2016, issued an Order indicating the results of this review. See Order dated June 8, 2016, Dkt. 82, at 1-2. In that Order, the Court denied all claims of privilege and work-product protection as to materials submitted by Ergo; upheld Uber's claims of privilege and work-product protection as to certain materials but not as to others; and denied plaintiff's application to take the deposition of Ms. Yoo. See id. The Court also indicated that an explanation for the Court's rulings would issue in due course. See id. The Court now provides the promised explanation.

Regarding the materials that Ergo submitted, Ergo asserted work-product protection, but not attorney-client privilege, over all these materials. See Ergo Privilege Log. As Ergo subsequently clarified, the decision to assert work-product protection "was based on direction from Uber and Ergo's understanding that the protection belonged to Uber and therefore only Uber could waive it." See Ergo's Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation ("Ergo Opp. Br."), Dkt. 114, at 8. But whether asserted by Ergo or Uber, the claim of work-product protection for Ergo's materials fails, for several reasons:

To begin with, Uber is, by its own statements, estopped from asserting that these materials were "prepared in anticipation of litigation." Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A). Both Uber and Mr. Kalanick have repeatedly represented — accurately or not — that Uber commissioned the investigation of plaintiff in order to determine whether plaintiff constituted a safety threat to Mr. Kalanick or other Uber employees. See Smith Deel., Exhibit S, Dkt. 104-19; Uber Opp. Br. at 2-4; Tr. 30:23-32:12. Although the Court is profoundly skeptical that this explanation — which is nowhere reflected in the underlying documents — was the real reason for the investigation, defendants, having so represented, cannot then claim that the materials relating to the investigation were prepared "in anticipation of litigation," since this contradicts their own assertion of why the investigation was done.

Of course, it is more likely, the Court finds (based on the facts detailed above), that the purpose of the investigation was to try to unearth derogatory personal information about Mr. Meyer and his counsel that could then be used to try to intimidate them or to prejudice the Court against them. But even then, while Ergo's communications might have been in some sense prepared "in anticipation of litigation," any possible such protection would be overcome in light of plaintiff's substantial need for, and inability to obtain by other means, the Ergo materials or their substantial equivalent, without undue hardship. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A)(ii). Plaintiff, who had (along with his counsel) become the target of an intrusive and clandestine investigation that included inquiries into plaintiff's family life, career prospects, and living arrangements, sought essential information about the ways in which the investigation was committed and for what purposes. Ergo's communications contained crucial details about, for example, the nature of the investigator's contacts and Ergo's analysis of the discovered information, as well as Ergo's responses once Ergo was asked to provide details on its investigation in connection with inquiries made by the plaintiff and the Court. Moreover, previous attempts by plaintiff to gain information about the Ergo investigation had resulted, first, in false denials, and then in an effort by defendants to impose conditions on plaintiff's access to this information, see, e.g., Smith Decl., Exhibit T, as well as to limit the documents and individuals to which plaintiff would have access for review and deposition purposes. See Uber Opp. Br. at 9-10. In this situation, any possible work-product protection attaching to Ergo's communications was clearly overcome. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A)(ii).

Furthermore, there is a "crime-fraud" exception to the work-product doctrine, as there is to the attorney-client privilege. See In re Richard Roe, Inc. (Roe I), 68 F.3d 38, 39 (2d Cir.1995); In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Sept. 15, 1983, 731 F.2d 1032, 1038 (2d Cir.1984). The crime-fraud exception applies when there is "(i) a determination that the client communication or attorney work product in question was itself in furtherance of the crime or fraud and (ii) probable cause to believe that the particular communication with counsel or attorney work product was intended in some way to facilitate or to conceal the criminal activity." In re Richard Roe, Inc. (Roe II), 168 F.3d 69, 71 (2d Cir.1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the Court finds that Ergo, in investigating plaintiff, was engaged in fraudulent and arguably criminal conduct, and that many of the documents over which Ergo claimed work-product protection were intended to facilitate this fraudulent and arguably criminal activity. These documents included emails to Uber representatives concerning the scope of the project, the Ergo investigator's emails to sources and his recordings of phone calls with sources, and emails between Ergo employees preparing the report for transmittal to Uber.

As previously noted, it is undisputed that Ergo's investigator, Mr. Santos-Neves, made blatant misrepresentations to individuals that he contacted in order to gain information about plaintiff and plaintiff's counsel. As Ergo's counsel acknowledged at oral argument, Mr. Santos-Neves "dissembled" and "used false pretenses" in the context of reaching out to the individuals that he interviewed. See Tr. 12:4-6. For example, Mr. Santos-Neves was not, in fact, "attempting to verify the professional record and/or previous employment of various up-and-coming researchers in environmental conservation," "profiling top up-and-coming labor lawyers," or conducting a "real estate market research project for a client." Smith Decl., Exhibits I, J, and K.

Ergo contended at oral argument that Mr. Santos-Neves made these misrepresentations "in the written communications... to initiate the conversation ... and then to have a forthright conversation." Tr. 19:17-25. However, the use of an initial pretext clearly influenced the nature and tenor of the resulting conversation. Moreover, Mr. Santos-Neves engaged in misrepresentations during his phone calls, not merely in his initial outreach emails. For example, Mr. Santos-Neves told one of his "sources" over the phone: "Let me tell you a little bit about the research project. It's actually pretty straightforward, pretty simple. A client hired us to profile up and coming people in environmental conservation, and so there's a number of people we've been researching and profiling." ERGO 073, 00:25-00:44. In response to the source's statement "the whole thing is very mysterious to me," Mr. Santos-Neves stated "Yeah pretty much I think you got a sense. it pretty much works like a head hunting thought process." Id. at 1:58-2:10. Mr. Santos-Neves went on to ask the source several questions about the plaintiff, including whether the source knew "of any personal issues that might affect [plaintiff's] professional reputation," id. at 8:35-8:45, and whether the plaintiff had "butted heads with the law in any way." Id. at 9:32-9:42. The Ergo investigator's fraudulent misrepresentations, therefore, broadly influenced his interactions with the sources to whom he spoke.

Moreover, Mr. Santos-Neves was not acting as any kind of rogue investigator; his misrepresentations were condoned by the highest levels of Ergo leadership. Mr. Santos-Neves directly and unabashedly referred to his claims to sources as a "cover" in an email to Ergo Managing Partner Egeland. See Smith Decl., Exhibit O, at ERGO-0000665. Mr. Egeland responded by approving a proposal for Mr. Santos-Neves to return to one or two sources. See id. Further, Mr. Egeland testified at his deposition that at the time he received the email containing the "cover" language from Mr. Santos-Neves, he did not see it as a problem that the sources believed (falsely) that Mr. Santos-Neves was creating a report on leading figures in conservation. See Declaration of James H. Smith in Support of Plaintiff's Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of His Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation ("Smith Reply Decl."), Exhibit D (Egeland Dep.), Dkt. 118-4, 97:17-98:9. Indeed, at his deposition, Mr. Egeland testified that Ergo analysts, as a more general matter, mislead sources about the reason why they are reaching out to them to collect information. See id. at 32:21-33:3. Additionally, Ergo has acknowledged that before the project was completed, Mr. Santos-Neves told another Ergo Managing Partner, Mr. Moneyhon, that he had used false pretenses. See Ergo Opp. Br. at 5. Ergo cannot, therefore, disavow responsibility for the fraudulent misrepresentations made by Mr. Santos-Neves.

Furthermore, Ergo's fraudulent misrepresentations were both intentional and material. The fact that Ergo describes its conduct as an effort to "help solicit information while also protecting the identity of his client," Ergo Letter dated June 16, 20164 at 2, is not inconsistent with the existence of fraudulent intent. Likewise, Ergo's false statements to sources were intended to, and did, induce the investigator's interlocutors to provide information that they would not otherwise have provided. Indeed, Ergo acknowledged that Mr. Santos-Neves used false pretenses "to initiate a conversation, to get over that hump." Tr. 19:17-24; see also, e.g., Smith Reply Decl., Exhibit D (Egeland Dep.), 36:12-20.

Ergo argues, however, that its actions did not constitute fraud because they did not cause actual damages, a requirement of New York's civil fraud statute. See Ergo Letter dated June 16, 2016 at 2-3, citing Loreley Fin. (Jersey) No. 3 Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Sec., LLC, 797 F.3d 160, 170 (2d Cir.2015) ("Under New York law, fraud requires proof of (1) a material misrepresentation or omission of a fact, (2) knowledge of that fact's falsity, (3) an intent to induce reliance, (4) justifiable reliance by the plaintiff, and (5) damages."); see also Lama Holding Co. v. Smith Barney Inc., 88 N.Y.2d 413, 646 N.Y.S.2d 76, 668 N.E.2d 1370, 1373 (1996) ("The true measure of damage is indemnity for the actual pecuniary loss sustained as the direct result of the wrong or what is known as the `out-of-pocket' rule") (internal quotation marks omitted).

But Ergo's argument fundamentally misapprehends the nature of the crime-fraud exception. The purpose of this exception is "to assure that the seal of secrecy... between lawyer and client does not extend to communications made for the purpose of getting advice for the commission of a fraud or crime." United States v. Zolin, 491 U.S. 554, 563, 109 S.Ct. 2619, 105 L.Ed.2d 469 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted).5 As the Second Circuit has stated:

In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 731 F.2d at 1038. If actual damages had to be shown in order for "fraud" within the meaning of the crime-fraud exception to occur, then the attorney-client privilege and/or work-product doctrine could cover, for example, a communication from a client to a lawyer asking for help in cheating an unsuspecting adversary out of money, as well as the lawyer's response to the client "let's do it, and here's how!" Such a result would be clearly incompatible with the policies underlying the privilege doctrines and exceptions thereto. Moreover, it is worth noting that criminal fraud statutes, such as the federal criminal mail and wire fraud statutes, do not require a showing of damages. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343; Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 24-25, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999). In sum, Uber and Ergo may not escape the application of the crime-fraud exception when many of the Ergo materials they seek to protect so manifestly fall within the categories of communications not to be covered by the cloak of privilege.

Ergo next seeks to defend itself by citing, in particular, two district court cases in which courts concluded that it was not a violation of attorney disciplinary rules for investigators to pose as customers of the opposing party in order to investigate compliance with a cease-and-desist letter in a trademark case, see Gidatex, S.r.L. v. Campaniello Imports, Ltd., 82 F.Supp.2d 119, 122-23 (S.D.N.Y.1999), or to determine whether the opposing party was complying with the terms of a consent order, see Apple Corps Ltd. v. Int'l Collectors Soc., 15 F.Supp.2d 456, 461-62, 475-76 (D.N.J.1998). See Ergo Letter dated June 16, 2016 at 2; see also Ergo Opp. Br. at 3. The instant case, however, is sharply distinguishable from the cases that Ergo cites. Ergo has not claimed that it was seeking to investigate misconduct that plaintiff had perpetrated vis-a-vis Uber (as was the situation in Gidatex), let alone discover whether plaintiff and his counsel were disobeying an existing court order (as was the situation in Apple).

Furthermore, even if (contrary to the Court's interpretation) Gidatex and Apple could be read to support the proposition that investigators working on behalf of a party to litigation may properly make misrepresentations in order to advance their own interests vis-a-vis their legal adversaries, this Court would reject such a proposition. The New York Rules of Professional Conduct require lawyers to adequately supervise non-lawyers retained to do work for lawyers in order to ensure that the non-lawyers do not engage in actions that would be a violation of the Rules if a lawyer performed them. See N.Y. Rules of Professional Conduct § 5.3; see also Upjohn Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 768 F.Supp. 1186, 1214-15 (W.D.Mich.1990). Actions that a lawyer may not ethically take include knowingly making a false statement of fact, see N.Y. Rules of Professional Conduct at § 4.1, and engaging in "conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation," id. at § 8.4(c).

Even beyond the rules of professional conduct, moreover, litigation is a truth-seeking exercise in which counsel, although acting as zealous advocates for their clients, are required to play by the rules. See Nix v. Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157, 166, 106 S.Ct. 988, 89 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986). It would plainly contravene this truth-seeking function if non-lawyers working for counsel, such as Ergo, could make fraudulent representations in order to surreptitiously gain information about litigation adversaries through intrusive inquiries of their personal acquaintances and business associates.

Remarkably, Ergo seeks to distance itself from rules governing attorneys' conduct by contending that Ergo was not "involved in the litigation process at all," Ergo Opp. Br. at 8, "had no intent to affect this litigation in any way," id. and was unaware of any "special duties incumbent on lawyers or others at Uber who were involved in the litigation," id. Ergo's protestations of innocent ignorance are at odds with the joint representation of Ergo's Managing Partners, in writing to Uber's Mr. Henley to accept Uber's assignment to investigate plaintiff, that "we do quite a bit of this work for law firms." Smith Decl., Exhibit E, at ERGO-0001174. Furthermore, Ergo's work proposal, sent in response to an request from Uber for "some discreet research on the individual that's filed" a lawsuit, included "highlight[ing] all derogatories," a proposition that Uber immediately approved. See Smith Decl., Exhibit E, at ERGO-0001172, 0001178, 0001185. It bears asking what Ergo's employees could possibly have thought its research would be used for, if not to affect in some way the litigation against plaintiff Meyer. The Court therefore finds unconvincing Ergo's effort to disclaim any responsibility for conduct that risked perverting the processes of justice.

For all of these reasons, the Court rejects Ergo's efforts to disavow participation in fraudulent and arguably criminal conduct. Moreover, if Ergo's misrepresentations to sources were not sufficient evidence of the applicability of the crime-fraud exception, two additional features of Ergo's conduct highlight their conduct's impropriety. First, although Ergo was located in New York, Ergo, as previously noted, did not possess a private investigator's license to engage in its investigative activities, as required by New York law. See N.Y. General Business Law § 70. Violation of this licensing provision may itself be prosecuted as a criminal misdemeanor. See id.

Ergo seeks to explain this violation as, variously, an "oversight[] of a small company with limited resources," see Ergo Opp. Br. at 6, or as a product of Ergo's understanding that its work did not "fit the traditional plain meaning of private investigation work in New York," see Tr. 15:11-18. But if concocting fictitious stories to induce acquaintances of a client's litigation adversary to shed light on the adversary's employment, finances, family life, and motivation for bringing a lawsuit does not constitute private investigation work, then the Court does not know what would. Ergo's failure to obey New York's licensing laws, which carry the threat of criminal penalties, raises serious concerns about Ergo's commitment to legal compliance.

Second, it is undisputed that Ergo's investigator Mr. Santos-Neves recorded his phone calls with sources without their knowledge or consent. See Tr. 4:23-25.6 Some of these individuals, however, had phone numbers traceable to Connecticut and New Hampshire, where it is illegal to record telephone calls without the consent of both parties to the call. See N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 570-A:2; Conn. Gen. Stat. AnExhibit E, at ERn. § 52-570d. Neither Ergo nor defendants has cited a case or other legal provision restricting these laws to scenarios in which both parties, or the party recording the phone call, are physically located in Connecticut or New Hampshire. Cf. Kearney v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc., 39 Cal.4th 95, 45 Cal.Rptr.3d 730,137 P.3d 914, 931 (2006).7 The Ergo investigator's recording of phone calls without the consent of his interlocutors was at worst illegal and, at best, evidence of reckless disregard of the risk of failing to comply with the law.

For all of the reasons stated above, the Court denied Ergo and/or Uber's claim of work-product protection for Ergo communications that were responsive to plaintiff's subpoena (as narrowed by the Court).

As to Uber-generated materials, Uber asserted attorney-client privilege and work-product protection over numerous documents. The Court denied these assertions with respect to several documents, which were listed in the Court's Order dated June 8, 2016. The primary reason for this denial was that the Court found that, in light of defendants' representations (however doubtful) about the supposed safety-related purpose of the investigation (see supra), they were estopped from claiming that these documents were either "made for the purpose of obtaining or providing legal assistance," In re Cty. of Erie, 473 F.3d 413, 419 (2d Cir.2007) or were prepared "in anticipation of litigation," Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A) Moreover, to the extent that Uber claimed work-product protection over the documents that the Court ordered to be released to plaintiff's counsel, the Court found this protection to be overcome, for reasons substantially similar to those discussed supra in connection with claims of work-product protection for Ergo's materials. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A)(ii).

However, as to certain other communications over which Uber claimed privilege, the Court found that they either were covered by attorney-client privilege and/or were covered by a work-product protection that was not overcome by substantial need. These communications included, for instance, emails between Mr. Kalanick's counsel and Uber in-house counsel addressing potential responses to plaintiff's counsel's inquiries and letters about the Ergo investigation. As to the crime-fraud exception, the Court did not find that this exception applied to the documents over which the Court upheld Uber's claims of privilege. For example, the Court did not find that Mr. Kalanick's counsel, in making inaccurate representations to plaintiff's counsel about whether Uber had commissioned the Ergo investigation, acted with fraudulent intent. Rather, he was the victim of inaccurate representations made to him by Uber's in-house counsel that, while negligent (maybe even grossly negligent), did not evidence intentional falsity. Finally, the Court denied plaintiff's application to take the deposition of Uber's General Counsel Salle Yoo on the basis that the relevant facts concerning her involvement were clearly a matter of record, and the risk that her deposition would involve potential invasion of the remaining attorney-client privilege was high.

PLAINTIFF'S PRAYER FOR RELIEF

Following the foregoing discovery, plaintiff, on June 29, 2016, moved for the following relief:

Notice of Motion and Motion for Relief Related to the Ergo Investigation, Dkt. 96. On July 6, 2016, defendants Uber and Kalanick jointly opposed plaintiff's motion in part, directing their opposition primarily against plaintiff's request for monetary sanctions. See Defs. Opp. Br.8 On July 7, 2016, third party Ergo also submitted a response to plaintiff's motion. See Ergo Opp. Br. Ergo consented to plaintiff's request for an order enjoining Ergo from undertaking further background investigations in connection with this litigation, but opposed further relief against Ergo. See id. at 10. Plaintiff submitted reply papers on July 8, 2016, and the Court heard oral argument on July 14, 2016. See Tr. Plaintiff and Ergo, as noted supra, had also previously sent letters to the Court regarding the legality and ethical status of Ergo's investigation. See Ergo Letter dated June 16, 2016; Plaintiff Letter dated June 21, 2016; Ergo Letter dated June 23, 2016.

Largely through the commendable subsequent efforts of the parties' outside counsel, however, plaintiff's requests for relief have now been resolved, as follows:

Plaintiff first requests "an order prohibiting Defendants from using any of the information obtained through Ergo's investigation in any manner, including by presenting arguments or seeking discovery concerning the same." See Notice of Motion. Defendants Uber and Kalanick confirmed at oral argument that they did not object to such an order, provided that it did not involve a concession of wrongdoing on defendants' part. See Tr. 55:9-56:4, 57:7-10. In addition to the fact that defendants do not oppose plaintiff's first request for relief, the Court finds perfectly appropriate an order enjoining defendants from making use of the fruits of their own troubling conduct. See Fayemi v. Hambrecht & Quist, Inc., 174 F.R.D. 319, 324 (S.D.N.Y. 1997). For these reasons, the Court hereby enjoins defendants Uber and Kalanick from using in any manner in connection with this case any of the information obtained through Ergo's investigation, including by presenting arguments or seeking discovery concerning the same.

Plaintiff next seeks "an order enjoining Defendants and Ergo from undertaking any further personal background investigations of individuals involved in this litigation through the use of false pretenses, unlicensed investigators, illegal secret recordings, or other unlawful means." See Notice of Motion. Ergo, for its part, immediately consented to an order enjoining "any further background investigation of any individuals involved in this litigation." See Ergo Opp. Br. at 1; see also Tr. 26:20-25. Uber and Mr. Kalanick also consented to plaintiff's second request for relief, subject to the limitation that defendants would be able to seek information about plaintiff for purposes genuinely relevant to the litigation, such as information that would bear on whether plaintiff Meyer is an appropriate class representative. See Tr. 56:9-57:2; see also Uber Opp. Br. at 20. The Court is of the view that such a limitation is appropriate, and that the clearest way to enforce such a limitation is to enter the following injunction. Specifically, the Court hereby enjoins both defendants and Ergo from undertaking any further personal background investigations of individuals involved in this litigation through the use of false pretenses, unlicensed investigators, illegal secret recordings, or other unlawful, fraudulent, or unethical means.

Plaintiff's third request, which was made against defendants Uber and Kalanick, was for monetary sanctions including reimbursement of plaintiff's attorneys' fees and expenses incurred in connection with the aforementioned conduct. See Tr. 27:6-11. A federal district court is authorized to sanction "improper conduct" through its "inherent power," including by assessing attorneys' fees and costs against a party when that party "has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons." United States v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., AFL-CIO, 948 F.2d 1338, 1345 (2d Cir.1991) (internal quotation marks omitted).

If the Court were to reach the issue of whether such sanctions were warranted here, it would have to address whether Uber acted with, at least, wanton disregard for its ethical and legal obligations. Ergo, as noted supra, carried out its investigation in a blatantly fraudulent and arguably criminal manner. Furthermore, Uber lawyers were required by New York's Rules of Professional Conduct to adequately supervise the Ergo non-lawyers that Uber hired to do work. See N.Y. Rules of Professional Conduct § 5.3. As it happens, however, the Court need not determine whether Uber failed in these duties, because the defendants have reached agreement to pay plaintiff a reasonable (though publicly undisclosed) sum in reimbursement of plaintiff's attorneys' fees and expenses incurred in conjunction with these matters.

While pleased that the parties have resolved the last prong of plaintiff's requested relief, the Court cannot help but be troubled by this whole dismal incident. Potential plaintiffs and their counsel need to know that they can sue companies they perceive to be violating the law without having lies told to their friends and colleagues so that their litigation adversaries can identify "derogatories." Further, the processes of justice before the Court require parties to conduct themselves in an ethical and responsible manner, and the conduct here fell far short of that standard. As the Supreme Court long ago stated, "courts of law" have inherent "equitable powers ... over their own process, to prevent abuses, oppression, and injustice," Gumbel v. Pitkin, 124 U.S. 131, 144, 8 S.Ct. 379, 31 S.Ct. 374 (1888). This Court will not hesitate to invoke that power if any further misconduct occurs.

In sum, for the foregoing reasons, the Court, on consent, hereby enjoins defendants Uber and Mr. Kalanick from using any of the information obtained through Ergo's investigation in any manner, including by presenting arguments or seeking discovery concerning the same; enjoins both defendants and Ergo from undertaking any further personal background investigations of individuals involved in this litigation through the use of false pretenses, unlicensed investigators, illegal secret recordings, or other unlawful, fraudulent, or unethical means; and retains jurisdiction to enforce Uber's agreement to reimburse plaintiff in the sum agreed to by the parties.

The Clerk of Court is directed to close docket entry 96. SO ORDERED.