OPINION AND ORDER

HENRY PITMAN, Magistrate Judge.

I. Introduction

By motion dated January 5, 2017 (Motion to Disqualify Magistrate Pitman for Bias & as a Material Witness, dated Jan. 5, 2017 (Docket Item ("D.I.") 21) ("Motion to Disqualify")), defendant moves pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 144, 455 to disqualify me for being both biased and a material witness; defendant also raises a host of other, unrelated legal issues. For the reasons set forth below, defendant's motion is denied in all respects.

II. Facts

On January 28, 2016, defendant allegedly pushed a Court Security Officer on the 20th floor of the United States Court-house located at 500 Pearl Street, New York, New York (the "Courthouse") after being directed by court security personnel not to enter an elevator. As a result, defendant was issued a United States District Court Violation Notice, citing her for a violation of 18 U.S.C. 111(a)(1) (Government's Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Disqualify, dated Jan. 19, 2017 (D.I. 27) ("Gov.'s Mem."), Ex. A).

In a separate incident, on July 7, 2016, defendant allegedly refused to comply with an instruction from court security personnel to leave the Courthouse. She also allegedly yelled and screamed in the lobby of the Courthouse. As a result, defendant was issued two additional United States District Court Violation Notices, citing her for violations of 41 C.F.R. §§ 102-74.385, 102-74.390(a) (Gov.'s Mem., Ex. B).

On September 26, 2016, the Government filed a Superseding Misdemeanor Information against defendant with respect to the January 28 and July 7, 2016 incidents. Counts One and Three charged defendant with violating 41 C.F.R. § 102-74.385, a Class C misdemeanor. Count Two charged defendant with violating 41 C.F.R. § 102-74.390(a), also a Class C misdemeanor (Superseding Misdemeanor Information, filed Sept. 26, 2016 (D.I. 12)).

Defendant was arraigned on the Superseding Misdemeanor Information on November 10, 2016. Because defendant refused to enter a plea, I entered a plea of not guilty on her behalf (November 10, 2016 Transcript (D.I. 25) ("Nov. Tr."), at 5:19-5:22).

Defendant has been advised of her rights, including her right to counsel, on multiple occasions. Nevertheless, defendant has refused representation at all times and is proceeding pro se (July 7, 2016 Transcript (D.I. 16), at 8:2-8:12, 10:18-10:24; August 26, 2016 Transcript (D.I. 18), at 7:3-8:15; September 23, 2016 Transcript (D.I. 23), at 4:2-4:15).

III. Analysis

In addition to her claim that I am biased and will be a material witness, defendant also alludes to a number of other arguments in her sprawling submissions. Each of defendant's arguments, to the extent they can be discerned from her submissions, will be addressed in turn.

A. Disqualification

Defendant appears to assert two grounds for disqualification. First, defendant claims that I "colluded and conspired with [the Honorable Debra] Freeman and [Andrew J.] Peck[, United States Magistrate Judges,] in trying to deceive [defendant] that [Judge] Peck had signed an Order on October 20, 2015 dismissing the case against [defendant] in federal district court in [ticket number] H5118158 . . . thereby disqualifying [me] from any ruling in [defendant's] case(s)" and that my courtroom deputy and I are witnesses to the alleged conduct that gives rise to the charges against defendant (Motion to Disqualify, at 12). Second, defendant claims that I "colluded and conspired in more sham proceedings" by refusing to allow defendant's associates to sit in the well of the courtroom during a pretrial conference (Motion to Disqualify, at 11).

Title 28, United States Code, Section 144 provides that "[w]henever a party to any proceeding in a district court makes and files a timely and sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal bias or prejudice either against [her] or in favor of any adverse party, such judge shall proceed no further therein."1 Title 28, United States Code, Section 455(a) and (b)(1) provides, in pertinent part, that "[a]ny justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned," or "[w]here he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding." In assessing a motion for recusal, the relevant inquiry is "whether an objective, disinterested observer fully informed of the underlying facts, [would] entertain significant doubt that justice would be done absent recusal, or alternatively, whether a reasonable person, knowing all the facts, would question the judge's impartiality." United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 169 (2d Cir. 2003) (alteration in original; internal quotation marks omitted); accord Dekom v. New York, 583 F. App'x 15, 17 (2d Cir. 2014) (summary order).

All of defendant's assertions of misconduct are factually baseless and based on misrepresentations of the record. With respect to her first claim, I did not deceive defendant in any way. When defendant asked where prior Violation Notices had been filed, I explained that I did not know the answer and that defendant could go to the Clerk's Office to inquire (Nov. Tr., at 9:5-11:3). When defendant presented a document, which was presumably an order dismissing a prior Violation Notice, I read from the document and noted that it "says so ordered, [so] this is an order" (Nov. Tr., at 11:15-12:3).2 Far from deceiving defendant, I clarified the record and addressed the issues she had raised.

Additionally, defendant has not set forth any facts demonstrating that my courtroom deputy or I have personal knowledge of any of the events in the Superseding Misdemeanor Information. Neither my courtroom deputy nor I witnessed either the January 28 or July 7 incidents.

Defendant's claim of bias is legally deficient. In order to constitute a basis for recusal, the alleged bias must have an extrajudicial source, i.e., the claim must be based on something other than the judge's in-court rulings and case management decisions.

Watkins v. Smith, 561 F. App'x 46, 47 (2d Cir. 2014) (summary order) (second alteration in original); see Securities & Exch. Comm'n v. Razmilovic, 738 F.3d 14, 29-30 (2d Cir. 2013) ("Accordingly, recusal is not warranted where the only challenged conduct `consist[s] of judicial rulings, routine trial administration efforts, and ordinary admonishments . . . to counsel and to witnesses,' where the conduct occurs during judicial proceedings, and where the judge `neither (1) relie[s] upon knowledge acquired outside such proceedings nor (2) display[s] deep-seated and unequivocal antagonism that would render fair judgment impossible.'" (alterations in original)), quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994); ISC Holding AG v. Nobel Biocare Fin. AG, 688 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir. 2012); Weisshaus v. Fagan, 456 F. App'x 32, 35 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order); Gallop v. Cheney, 645 F.3d 519, 520-21 (2d Cir. 2011) (per curiam); Chen v. Chen Qualified Settlement Fund, 552 F.3d 218, 227-28 (2d Cir. 2009) (per curiam); LoCascio v. United States, 473 F.3d 493, 495-96 (2d Cir. 2007) (per curiam); Smith v. City of New York, 14 Civ. 2690 (NRB), 2015 WL 1539049 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 7, 2015) (Buchwald, D.J.). See generally 1 Michael Silberberg, Edward M. Spiro & Judith L. Mogul, Civil Practice in the Southern District of New York § 3:12 (2016-2017 ed.). Because defendant's second claim is based on events that occurred in the course of judicial proceedings, it is not a ground for recusal.

Accordingly, defendant's motion to disqualify me is denied.

B. Sixth Amendment

Defendant argues that her Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel was violated when Judges Freeman and Peck and I refused to let her associates, who are not lawyers, sit in the well of the courtroom during a conference (Motion to Disqualify, at 6-7, 9, 11).

The Sixth Amendment provides that H[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for [her] defen[s]e." U.S. Const. amend. VI. Although the Second Circuit has never addressed the issue, both the Fifth and Ninth Circuits have held that a defendant has no right to be represented, or joined in the well of a courtroom, by a non-lawyer. See United States v. Martin, 790 F.2d 1215, 1218 (5th Cir. 1986) (defendant "had no constitutional right to standby counsel, or appointed counsel of his choosing. He had no right to be represented in this litigation by a non-lawyer of his choice" (citations omitted)); United States v. Kelley, 539 F.2d 1199, 1201-03 (9th Cir. 1976) (affirming decision to deny defendant's request for layperson to sit at counsel table or consult with defendant during trial); see also Bourdon v. Loughren, 386 F.3d 88, 96-97 (2d Cir. 2004) ("The phrase `effective assistance of counsel' means, quite plainly, that the defendant is entitled to assistance by a competent attorney who, through his or her representation of the defendant, plays the role necessary to ensure that the trial is fair." (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).3 Defendant has never claimed that any of her associates are attorneys admitted to practice in this Court. Therefore, defendant's Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel was not violated.

C. Procedural Rules

Defendant next argues that there has been no showing of probable cause in this action. Specifically, she argues that she was arrested without a warrant and was charged by information. As a result, defendant argues she was entitled to a preliminary hearing on whether there was probable cause to believe she committed the charged offenses (Motion to Disqualify, at 2, 10). She also argues that the Government was required to file a "statement of probable cause" (Supplement to Amended Motion to Disqualify Magistrate Pitman, dated Apr. 12, 2017 (D.I. 52) ("Supplement to Amended Motion to Disqualify"), at 24).

At no time was defendant placed under arrest. On January 28 and July 7, 2016, defendant was issued Violation Notices. The Superseding Misdemeanor Information charges defendant with Class C misdemeanors, which are considered "petty offenses." 18 U.S.C. §§ 19, 3559. Petty offense trials may proceed on an information. Fed.R.Crim.P. 58(b)(1). Moreover, a defendant is not entitled to a preliminary hearing on a petty offense. Fed.R.Crim.P. 5(a); Deandrade v. United States, 11 Civ. 3233 (LBS), 2011 WL 4359930 at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 19, 2011) (Sand, D.J.).5 Therefore, defendant's argument has no merit.

D. Jurisdiction

Defendant also raises several arguments concerning jurisdiction. She appears to argue that the Court lacks both subject matter jurisdiction (Motion to Disqualify, at 6; Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 1, 3, 5-7, 13) and personal jurisdiction over defendant (Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 2).6 Defendant also argues that I do not have jurisdiction to try her because she did not consent to a magistrate judge presiding over her case (Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 6).

1. Subject Matter and Personal Jurisdiction

"Article III of the Constitution vests in the federal courts the power to adjudicate `all cases . . . arising under . . . the laws of the United States, and Congress has conferred on the federal district courts `original jurisdiction . . . of all offenses against the laws of the United States." United States v. Ingram, 397 F. App'x 691, 692 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary order) (alterations in original), citing U.S. Const. art. III, § 2 and 18 U.S.C. § 3231; see United States v. Acquest Dev., LLC, 932 F.Supp.2d 453, 458-59 (W.D.N.Y. 2013) ("Subject-matter jurisdiction in every federal criminal prosecution comes from 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and there can be no doubt that Article III permits Congress to assign federal criminal prosecutions to federal courts. That's the beginning and the end of the jurisdictional inquiry. [D]istrict judges always have subjectmatter jurisdiction based on any indictment purporting to charge a violation of federal criminal law." (alteration and emphases in original; internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). Title 41, Code of Federal Regulations, Sections 102-74.385 and 102-74.390(a) were promulgated pursuant to Title 40, United States Code, Section 121(c), a federal statute. Therefore, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this prosecution. See United States v. Stone, 121 F. App'x 812, 813 (10th Cir. 2005) (unpublished decision) (because the regulation under which defendant was charged was promulgated pursuant to federal statute, jurisdictional challenge was without merit); see also United States v. Baldwin, No. 11-cr-00018 (PAB), 2013 WL 1751888 at *2 (D. Colo. Apr. 23, 2013) ("While [41 C.F.R. §§ 102-74.385, 102-74.390] (as well as their titles) reflect relevant `policies' for conduct on federal property, they also constitute rules clearly proscribing certain acts by individuals, the violation of which may lead to criminal penalties." (footnote omitted)), aff'd, 745 F.3d 1027 (10th Cir. 2014).

Because the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this action, it has personal jurisdiction over defendant. United States v. Williams, 341 U.S. 58, 65 (1951) ("The District Court had jurisdiction of offenses against the laws of the United States. Hence, it had jurisdiction . . . of the persons charged." (footnote and citations omitted)); accord United States v. Yousef, 750 F.3d 254, 259 (2d Cir. 2014); United States v. Rubin, 743 F.3d 31, 37 (2d Cir. 2014); United States v. Borbon, 326 F. App'x 35, 37 (2d Cir. 2009) (summary order).

2. Magistrate Judge's Jurisdiction

Title 18, United States Code, Section 3401(a) provides that "[w]hen specially designated to exercise such jurisdiction by the district court or courts he serves, any United States magistrate judge shall have jurisdiction to try persons accused of, and sentence persons convicted of, misdemeanors committed within that judicial district." Local Criminal Rule 59.1(a) provides that "[f]ull-time Magistrate Judges are hereby specially designated to exercise the jurisdiction set forth in 18 U.S.C. 3401." Additionally, a defendant charged with petty offenses cannot elect to be tried before a district judge. 18 U.S.C. § 3401(b). Thus, because defendant has been charged with misdemeanors that are petty offenses, I have the authority to try defendant without her consent. United States v. Zenon-Encarnacion, 387 F.3d 60, 64 (1st Cir. 2004); United States v. Rivera-Negron, 201 F.R.D. 285, 286-87 (D.P.R. 2001).

E. Remaining Arguments

Defendant raises numerous objections to the content of the Misdemeanor Information that was filed in this case. However, because that Information has been superseded, it is no longer operative. Similarly, defendant argues that the bond against her should be revoked because it was obtained in connection with a Misdemeanor Information that was a "fraud on the court" (Motion to Disqualify, at 9-10; Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 4). Defendant's argument appears to stem from a misunderstanding of the effect of a revocation of her bond. If her bond were revoked, defendant would be detained in either the Metropolitan Correctional Center or the Metropolitan Detention Center until the charges against her are resolved. It is doubtful defendant wants this result, and, therefore, her application to revoke the bond is denied without prejudice. I am willing to revisit this issue if defendant truly wants her bond revoked.

Defendant also claims that the Government failed to serve defendant with the Misdemeanor Information (Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 6). However, there is no requirement in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure for service of an information. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 49.

Defendant argues that the Government violated Title 18, United States Code, Section 3161(b) because it failed to file the Misdemeanor Information in a timely manner (Supplement to Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 5). However, Section 3161(b) does not apply here because defendant is charged with petty offenses. See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(b) (limiting application of that subsection to individuals charged with an offense); 18 U.S.C. § 3172 ("As used in this chapter . . . the term `offense' means any Federal criminal offense . . . other than a Class B or C misdemeanor. . . .").

Defendant also argues that the Superseding Misdemeanor Information was filed in violation of her double jeopardy rights (Supplement to Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 3). "Generally, jeopardy is said to attach at trial once the jury has been empanelled or once the court begins to hear evidence at a bench trial." Lockett v. Montemango, 784 F.2d 78, 82 (2d Cir. 1986), citing Serfass v. United States, 420 U.S. 377, 388 (1975). Because a jury has not been empanelled and the court has not heard evidence yet, jeopardy has not attached.

Defendant also argues that the orders of dismissal in Radin v. Peck, 16 Civ. 6724 (JGK) (S.D.N.Y. 2016) and Radin v. Freeman, 16 Civ. 6307 (ALC) (S.D.N.Y. 2016) are "void for fraud" (Motion to Disqualify, at 12). If defendant wishes to challenge these decisions, her remedy lies in an appeal to the Second Circuit. The dismissals of those two civil cases are immaterial to this matter.

Defendant does not want a Southern District pro se staff attorney involved in her case (Motion to Disqualify, at 13). Defendant presents no evidence that a pro se staff attorney is involved in her case, and defendant does not cite any authority that would warrant such relief if that were the case.

Defendant contends that the Government did not comply with Local Civil Rule 7.2 because it failed to provide defendant with copies of authorities it cited in its memorandum of law in opposition to defendant's motion (Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 1). However, as its name implies, the Local Civil Rules do not apply in a criminal case, and the Local Criminal Rules do not contain a parallel provision requiring the Government to provide a pro se defendant with copies of the authorities cited in the Government's submissions.

Defendant seeks to have the Assistant United States Attorney (the "AUSA") who is prosecuting defendant "remove[d] . . . from this case for lying" (Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 1). However, defendant has not provided evidence, beyond "mere speculation" and baseless arguments, that the AUSA lied at any point. United States v. Wallach, 788 F.Supp. 739, 743 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) (Owen, D.J.), aff'd, 979 F.2d 912 (2d Cir. 1992). Moreover, there is no provision of law that permits a federal criminal defendant to challenge the Government's choice of the prosecuting attorney.

Defendant seeks to "strik[e]" my Order dated November 10, 2016 (D.I. 15) because of (1) a lack of a showing of probable cause in this action; (2) a conspiracy with Judge Peck to deceive defendant that ticket number H5118158 had been dismissed and (3) a violation of defendant's right to due process because the order limited defendant's submission for this motion to 25 pages (Motion to Disqualify, at 1, 11).7

As explained above, see supra Section III.C., the Government has complied with all applicable procedural rules. Additionally, defendant has not presented a scintilla of evidence demonstrating the existence of a conspiracy to deceive defendant. Moreover, a page limit on defendant's submission is not a violation of due process. See Watts v. Thompson, 116 F.3d 220, 224 (7th Cir. 1997) ("Enforcing page limits and other restrictions on litigants is rather ordinary practice."); Does v. Mills, 04 Civ. 2919 (RWS), 2005 WL 900620 at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 18, 2005) (Sweet, D.J.) ("Due process challenges based on page limits have been dismissed by federal courts."). Therefore, there is no basis to "strik[e]" my November 10, 2016 Order.

Defendant also argues that the Government has not shown that the federal government owns the Courthouse and, therefore, the charges against her cannot be sustained (Supplement to Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 3, 7). This is really a contention that an element of the charged offenses is lacking and is an issue for trial.

Defendant also claims that she never received Miranda warnings and, therefore, the Government cannot use any of defendant's statements against her (Supplement Regarding No Miranda Warnings, dated Apr. 17, 2017 (D.I. 53)). If defendant wishes to challenge the Government's use of defendant's statements against her, she should file a motion to suppress her statements. In addition, defendant has not identified any statements that the Government seeks to use against her.

Finally, defendant argues that she was never served with a summons "that invokes the jurisdiction of the federal district court" (Supplement to Amended Motion to Disqualify, at 5). Rule 9(a) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure states that "[t]he court must issue a warrant—or at the government's request, a summons—for each defendant named in an . . . information if" there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the offense. The government has not requested a summons, and there is no time limitation in Rule 9 for the issuance of an arrest warrant.

An arrest warrant is an order to law enforcement agencies to take a defendant into custody. The warrant can be executed during the day or at night. Arrest warrants are frequently executed during the early morning hours because that is when a defendant is most likely in his or her residence. When a defendant is arrested, he or she is transported to the courthouse in handcuffs, processed by the United States Marshals, placed in a cell with other individuals who have been arrested and presented to a judicial officer.

Given that defendant was originally charged with Class B and Class C misdemeanors (Misdemeanor Information, filed Aug. 3, 2016 (D.I. 1)) and that she has a nonviolent history, and in an effort to minimize the hardship on defendant that would result from this prosecution, this Court hoped that defendant would appear in response to an Order from the Court without a warrant. And, in fact, defendant did appear for an initial appearance before Judge Peck (D.I. 5).

Defendant, nevertheless, argues that Fed.R.Crim.P. 9(a) was violated. I do not believe plaintiff really wants to be arrested, and I shall, therefore, deny this aspect of her motion without prejudice to renewal. If plaintiff wishes to renew her motion, she may do so and I shall issue a warrant for her arrest.8

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, defendant's motion is denied in all respects. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully requested to close Docket Items 21 and 30.

SO ORDERED.