ANDREW L. CARTER, JR., District Judge:
In 2014, Kartina Digital GmbH ("Kartina"), an Internet Protocol Television distributor, hired lawyers to investigate the potential infringement of Russian-language television broadcasts individually owned and operated by multiple Russian-language television channels (the "Channels"). Kartina quickly identified Actava TV Inc. ("Actava") — a company allegedly intercepting and re-transmitting the Channels' content — as a target of their investigation. Kartina and the Channels, the Defendants in this case,
It was smooth sailing for one month. Then, on October 19, 2016, Kartina and the Channels caught wind of the agreement between Matvil and Actava. The Channels claimed that Actava was in violation of the Settlement Agreement and was determined to pursue all relief available under the law. They began their quest by filing a contempt motion in the Southern District of New York, with Kartina's backing. That motion proved to be unfruitful, but also just one small battle in a larger war. Kartina and the Channels proceeded to pressure and induce Matvil to end the relationship with Actava — a pursuit that proved to be successful.
It is now Actava who sues both Kartina and the Channels for malicious prosecution, tortious interference with a business relationship, breach of contract, and violations of New York General Business Law § 349. Kartina and the Channels claim that Actava's Complaint is without merit, but this Court disagrees. For the following reasons, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss is denied.
Plaintiffs initiated this action on July 23, 2018. ECF No. 1. On October 2, 2018, after considering numerous letter motions and addressing service issues, Judge Richard J. Sullivan scheduled an initial conference. ECF No. 35. On October 3, 2018, Judge Sullivan vacated a Clerk's Certificate of Default previously entered as to the Channels Defendants. ECF Nos. 25, 37. On October 5, 2018, Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint ("FAC"). ECF No. 40. On October 17, 2018, the previously scheduled conference was adjourned sine die. ECF No. 47.
On October 29, 2018, this case was reassigned to the undersigned. After receiving a plethora of letters from the Parties, the Court scheduled a Status Conference. ECF Nos. 53-54, 56-60. Pursuant to the Status Conference, held on December 19, 2018, the Court granted Defendants leave to file a motion to dismiss and set a briefing schedule for the Parties. ECF No. 62. On January 7, 2019, the Court granted Plaintiffs' outstanding Motion to Compel, and denied Defendants' request to stay discovery pending adjudication of the scheduled Motion to Dismiss. ECF Nos. 57-58, 64. Shortly thereafter, the Court referred this case to Magistrate Judge Kevin N. Fox for general pre-trial purposes. ECF No. 65.
On January 29, 2019, pursuant to the briefing schedule set by the Court, Defendants filed their Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 68. On February 19, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their Opposition. ECF No. 80. On February 27, 2019, Defendants replied to Plaintiffs' Opposition. ECF No. 84. Defendants' Motion is considered fully briefed. After careful consideration, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss is hereby
Although the disputes amongst these Parties have been well-documented via a
The Parties in this case exist and operate within the television and broadcast industry. See FAC. Plaintiff Actava is a technology company that provides box-tops and other infrastructure to consumers of broadcast entertainment, Russian-language channels in particular, in the United States. Id. ¶ 3. The Channel Defendants (hereinafter, the "Channels") own, operate, and produce various Russian-language television channels that are broadcast in the Russian Federation. Id. ¶ 2. Defendant Kartina is a licensed distributor authorized to provide Internet Protocol Television ("IPTV") containing the various Channels' broadcasts to customers around the world. Id. ¶ 4.
The Complaint alleges that, on or around July 7, 2014, Defendant Kartina, with the consent of the Channels, retained a law firm to "investigate and litigate against entities that Kartina believed were infringing on the Channels Defendants' copyrights." FAC ¶ 26. The suspected infringement consisted of the interception and re-transmission of the Channels' content. Id. Plaintiffs allege that, per a business agreement between Kartina and the Channels, the Channels would initiate the filing of any lawsuits due to Kartina's lack of standing. Id. ¶ 27.
On November 4, 2015, the melodrama increased when three of the instant Channels filed suit against Actava in this district alleging trademark and copyright infringement. FAC ¶ 28. Actava insists that they were unaware of the suit due to service issues and their lack of knowledge led to a premature entry of default judgment. Id. ¶¶ 28-29. Over two months after the filing of the first lawsuit, and upon learning of its existence, Actava promptly hired counsel and moved to vacate the default judgment. Id. ¶ 29.
On February 19, 2016, subsequent Channels filed a second lawsuit against Actava similarly alleging violations of trademark and copyright laws.
As is common in complex commercial disputes, the Parties reached a settlement (the "Settlement Agreement") disposing of both cases. FAC ¶ 34. Per the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Actava agreed to pay the Channels a "substantial sum" as well as agreed not to "broadcast, copy, distribute, or otherwise use the Broadcasts in any manner, including on the Website, without the express written consent" of the Channels. Id. Two stipulated injunctions, one signed on June 3, 2016 by Magistrate Judge Barbara Moses and one signed on June 6, 2016 by Judge George B. Daniels (the "Stipulated Injunctions"), permanently enjoined and restrained Actava, and others, from:
Id. ¶ 35; see FAC Ex A-B.
The Complaint suggests that the language utilized in the Stipulated Injunctions and the Settlement Agreement left much to be desired by way of the definitions assigned to terms. FAC ¶¶ 36-37. Due to the vague nature of the various agreements, Actava states that paragraph eight (8) of the Settlement Agreement was incorporated. Id. ¶ 38. Paragraph eight states:
Id.; see Butterfield Decl. Ex 1, ECF No. 81 ("Settlement Agreement"). Actava further claims that it relied on this clause in executing the Settlement Agreement. FAC ¶ 38.
Following the enactment of the Settlement Agreement and the closure of the two initial cases, Actava and Matvil Corporation ("Matvil") began discussing a potential business opportunity. FAC ¶¶ 39-45. Like Kartina, Matvil is an IPTV provider that supplies television content to users around the world.
Matvil identified Actava as a company with the particular expertise and knowledge to allow Matvil to expand throughout the Northeast market. FAC ¶ 42. Matvil's CEO contacted Actava with a proposition that Actava become a dealer for Matvil. Id. ¶ 43. A dealer is a "sales agent[ ] who sell[s] subscriptions to new customers on behalf of licensed content providers." Id. Negotiations ensued, and the Parties entered into a referral agreement ("Referral Agreement") with two main objectives: "(a) increase Matvil's audience for its licensed
In constructing the Referral Agreement, the Complaint alleges that both Actava and Matvil carefully considered its appropriateness in light of the Settlement Agreement and Stipulated Injunctions. FAC ¶¶ 46-48. Matvil represented that its agreements with the Channels both authorized Matvil's promotion of the Russian broadcasting services and Matvil's engagement with third-party dealers. Id. ¶ 47. In return, Actava assured Matvil that acting as a third-party dealer would not violate the Settlement Agreement or Stipulated Injunctions — an assurance fully within Actava's interpretation of the Settlement Agreement and Stipulated Injunctions. Id. ¶¶ 47-48. The Referral Agreement outlined Actava's responsibilities as follows: to serve as a source of referrals; to promote Matvil's services; to sign up and register customers; to provide customer and technical support; and to manage customer payments. Id. ¶ 50. Actava was not permitted to broadcast any of the Channels' content. Id. ¶ 52. Matvil and Actava signed the Referral Agreement on or around September 8, 2016. Id. ¶ 49.
Actava alleges that it acted in accordance with the Settlement Agreement and Stipulated Injunctions by refraining from accessing, broadcasting, or otherwise using the Channels' content and data. FAC ¶¶ 53-56. Actava maintains that the extent of their involvement with Matvil consisted of loading Matvil software on to Actava hardware so Matvil users could access the offered content. Id. ¶¶ 57-58. The Complaint alleges that the narrowed business venture was successful shortly after its inception. Id. ¶¶ 60-62.
On October 19, 2016, the Channels "falsely" accused Actava of violating the Settlement Agreement via a letter sent to Mr. Tsoutiev. FAC ¶ 63. The letter warned that the Channels would pursue all judicial relief if Actava failed to cease its distribution of their content within ten (10) days of receipt of the letter. Id. Seven days after receiving the letter from the Channels Defendants, Actava replied in an effort to "clarify the nature of Actava's relationship with Matvil and to reassure [the Channels] that Actava's conduct is consistent with its obligations" under the previous agreements between the Parties. Id. ¶ 66. On November 14, 2016, the Channels responded, once again indicating that Actava was in breach of the Agreements. Id. ¶ 67. The Channels also offered to "consider" the Referral Agreement if Actava provided them with a copy, which Actava promptly agreed to do. Id. ¶¶ 67-68. Despite Actava's willingness to provide the Referral Agreement, the Channels Defendants refused to look at it. Id. ¶¶ 68-69.
Following a December 12, 2016 meeting between the Parties, at which Actava once again attempted to show the Channels the Referral Agreement, the Channels immediately filed a motion for civil contempt and sanctions ("Contempt Motion") with Magistrate Judge Moses. FAC ¶¶ 69-70. Actava contends that the Contempt Motion, like all other litigation between the Parties, was filed at Kartina's behest. Id. ¶ 70. Among other things, the Contempt Motion referred to Actava's Russian-language radio advertisements as a basis for the relief sought. Id. ¶ 72. At no point prior to the filing of the Contempt Motion had the Channels provided notice to Actava that the radio broadcasts were in violation of the Settlement Agreement and Stipulated Injunctions. Id.
The filing of the Contempt Motion caused Actava to voluntarily cease performance
On September 27, 2017, Judge Moses found that the Channels did not make out a prima facie case of contempt. FAC ¶ 79; FAC Ex C at 30 ("Moses Op."). Judge Moses determined that the Channels claims were unsupported by evidence, and she denied their motion in full. Id.
Despite a positive ruling on the Contempt Motion, Actava struggled to resume activity, as anticipated, following the contempt proceedings. FAC ¶ 80. Feeling "baselessly target[ed]," Actava initiated this action on July 23, 2018. Id. ¶ 80; ECF No. 1. On July 30, 2018, Actava claims that the Defendants "pressured and induced Matvil to end its relationship with Actava." FAC ¶ 81. As a result of the "wrongful interference," Matvil terminated the Referral Agreement. Id. Actava alleges that Defendants' interference and misconduct caused a loss in revenue in excess of $30 million. Id. ¶ 82.
Plaintiffs seek vindication for the alleged tortious interference with a prospective economic advantage and malicious prosecution at the hands of all Defendants. FAC ¶¶ 85-88, 93-94. Plaintiffs also claim that the Channels are in breach of contract by violating the notice provision of the Settlement Agreement. Id. ¶ 98. Finally, Plaintiffs allege that Kartina violated N.Y. General Business Law § 349 by engaging in deceptive practices that damaged consumers. Id. ¶¶ 103-05.
When considering a motion to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a court should "draw all reasonable inferences in [the plaintiff's] favor, assume all well-pleaded factual allegations to be true, and determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief." Faber v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 648 F.3d 98, 104 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, "[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)).
The Court's function on a motion to dismiss is "not to weigh the evidence that might be presented at a trial but merely to determine whether the complaint itself is legally sufficient." Goldman v. Belden, 754 F.2d 1059, 1067 (2d Cir. 1985). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. "The tenet that a court must accept a complaint's allegations as true is inapplicable to threadbare recitals of a cause of action's elements, supported by mere conclusory statements." Id. at 663, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs' Complaint on a wide range of theories. Defendants claim that the Complaint is barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel, the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over Defendants, and the Complaint fails
Defendants allege that this Court does not have personal jurisdiction over the Channels. Mem. Supp. Def's' Mot. 13 ("Defs' Mem.").
"In order to survive a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, a plaintiff must make a prima facie showing that jurisdiction exists." Licci ex rel. Licci v. Lebanese Canadian Bank, SAL, 732 F.3d 161, 167 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Thomas v. Ashcroft, 470 F.3d 491, 495 (2d Cir. 2006)).
Aside from the traditional bases of personal jurisdiction — namely specific and general — which require an analysis of the forum state's long-arm statute and due process concerns, a "defendant may consent to personal jurisdiction." Brown v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 814 F.3d 619, 624 (2d Cir. 2016); see Nypl v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 2018 WL 1472506, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. March 22, 2018) ("A court's exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with due process if a defendant has consented to appear in that forum."). For example, "an entity may contract or stipulate with another to permit proceedings in a state's courts, notwithstanding the remoteness from the state of its operations and organization." Brown, 814 F.3d at 625 (citing Nat'l Equip. Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent, 375 U.S. 311, 84 S.Ct. 411, 11 L.Ed.2d 354 (1964)). However, any exercise of personal jurisdiction must comport with the United States Constitution's due process guarantee requiring "that any jurisdictional exercise be consistent with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." Id. (citing International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 S.Ct. 95 (1945)).
Here, the Channels Defendants consented to jurisdiction in the Settlement Agreement executed by the Parties.
Settlement Agreement ¶ 10. Based on the facts alleged in the FAC, the instant action relates to the Settlement Agreement. See FAC. Plaintiffs allege, among other things, that the Channels Defendants breached
Plaintiffs need only make a "prima facie showing of jurisdiction through the complaint's allegations and affidavits" in order to survive Defendants' Motion to Dismiss on jurisdictional grounds. Krepps v. Reiner, 414 F.Supp.2d 403, 406 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (citing CutCo Indus., Inc. v. Naughton, 806 F.2d 361, 365 (2d Cir. 1986)). And, at this stage, the Court is to construe the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. See Faber, 648 F.3d at 104. In doing so, this Court determines that Plaintiffs have alleged facts sufficient to demonstrate that Kartina's business in this district is of a "continuous and systematic" nature. See Duravest, Inc. v. Viscardi, A.G., 581 F.Supp.2d 628, 633 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). Plaintiffs have alleged that Kartina has "purposely availed" itself of the privileges associated with conducting activities within this state, and that Kartina has actively sought the "benefits and protections of its laws." Id. (quoting Ehrenfeld v. Mahfouz, 489 F.3d 542, 548 (2d Cir. 2007)).
Specifically, Plaintiffs thoroughly allege in the FAC that Kartina is, and has been, the brains of the entire operation as well as the source of funding for the constant stream of litigation. FAC ¶¶ 6, 26, 30. Plaintiffs allege that Kartina's attempts to shield itself by refraining from naming itself as a Plaintiff in any preceding litigation are simply part of Defendants' grand scheme. Id. The Complaint indicates that Kartina seeks to benefit from Matvil's demise and continues to use the court systems in this district to accomplish their goals. Id. ¶¶ 7, 27. At this stage, Plaintiffs have alleged facts sufficient to make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction.
Defendants alleged that Plaintiff's FAC is "barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel because Actava has no right to distribute [the Channels'] content." Defs' Mem. 11. This argument is nugatory.
"Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, prevents parties or their privies from relitigating in a subsequent action an issue of fact or law that was fully and fairly litigated in a prior proceeding." Burton v. Undercover Officer, 671 Fed.Appx. 4 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Marvel Characters, Inc. v. Simon, 310 F.3d 280, 288 (2d Cir. 2002)). Collateral estoppel carries with it four requirements:
Wyly v. Weiss, 697 F.3d 131, 141 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Marvel Characters, Inc., 310 F.3d at 288-89). Here, Defendants have struck out swinging on all four requirements.
Defendants claim that their failed Contempt Motion is the basis for collateral estoppel. Defs' Mem. 11. At no point did Judge Moses rule on the issues presented by Plaintiffs today. Judge Moses' decision was strictly limited to whether Actava "violated the terms of the Stipulated Injunction by entering into a referral agreement with a former co-defendant, Matvil . . .". Moses Op. 1. Judge Moses considered whether Actava violated the terms of the
Thus, collateral estoppel does not preclude Plaintiff's FAC.
Defendants also claim that the general release contained within the Settlement Agreement "forbids" Actava from bringing the instant suit. Defs' Mem. 22. However, the plain language of the Settlement Agreement indicates that Actava released and discharged the Channels from any and all related claims "as of the [e]ffective [d]ate." Settlement Agreement ¶ 7. As stated by Plaintiffs, the Settlement Agreement was executed on April 26, 2016. FAC ¶ 34. The Contempt Motion — the earliest basis for the instant suit — was filed by Defendants on December 13, 2016. Id. ¶ 70. Thus, the general release does not preclude the instant suit.
Next, Defendants claim, in a conclusory fashion, that Kartina was not properly served. Defs' Mem. 24. Defendants are misguided in their attack of Plaintiffs' method of service.
"When a defendant moves to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(5), the plaintiff bears the burden of proving adequate service." Dickerson v. Napolitano, 604 F.3d 732, 752 (2d Cir. 2010). Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs service of a summons and complaint. See Zhang v. Baidu.com Inc., 932 F.Supp.2d 561, 564 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). "In New York, a process server's affidavit of service establishes a prima facie case of the account of the method of service." Fallman v. Hotel Insider, Ltd., 2016 WL 5875031, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2016) (quoting Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Pac. Fin. Servs. of Am., Inc., 301 F.3d 54, 57 (2d Cir. 2002)).
Plaintiffs filed the Affidavit of Di Cong Jiang, a process server, in support of their Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 82, ("Jiang Aff."). According to the Affidavit, Mr. Jiang served the Summons and Complaint at a business office located at 1202 Kings Highway, Brooklyn, NY 11229 on October 12, 2018. Jiang Aff. ¶ 2-4.
Defendants have not refuted Mr. Jiang's affidavit. As such, at this time, Plaintiffs have made a prima facie showing of adequate domestic service in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
To successfully plead a claim for tortious interference with a prospective business relationship, a Plaintiff must allege the following: (1) a business relationship with a third party; (2) the defendant's
Here, Plaintiffs have satisfactorily alleged each element. First, Plaintiffs allege a business relationship with a third party, Matvil. FAC ¶¶ 43-54. Plaintiffs extensively discuss the Referral Agreement, rendered effective no later than September 8, 2016, and the scope of their respective obligations. Id. ¶¶ 49-52. Second, Plaintiffs alleged that Defendants knew of the business relationship, as indicated by the letter sent from Defendants to Plaintiffs, and intentionally interfered in two ways: first, by initiating "baseless contempt proceedings"; and second, by pressuring and inducing Matvil into terminating the Referral Agreement with Actava.
The allegations in Plaintiffs' FAC are sufficient to state a claim for tortious interference with a prospective business relationship.
A plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to demonstrate four elements in order to adequately plead a claim of malicious prosecution: "(1) the initiation of an action by the defendant against the plaintiff; (2) begun with malice; (3) without probable cause to believe it can succeed; (4) that ends in failure or, in other words, terminates in favor of the plaintiff." Sankin v. Abeshouse, 545 F.Supp.2d 324, 327 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (citing O'Brien v. Alexander, 101 F.3d 1479 (2d Cir. 1996)). "Such a cause of action may be based upon a civil action instituted against plaintiff provided there is a showing of some interference with plaintiff's person or property . . ." O'Brien, 101 F.3d at 1485. In the event that the action on which a malicious prosecution claim is based is a civil in nature, a plaintiff "must also show [that] special damages resulted from the action." Korova Milk Bar of White Plains, Inc. v. PRE Properties, LLC, 2013 WL 417406, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2013) (citing Engel v. CBS, Inc., 93 N.Y.2d 195, 689 N.Y.S.2d 411, 711 N.E.2d 626 (N.Y. 1999)). Once again, Plaintiffs have adequately alleged all necessary elements.
Despite Defendants' attempts to muddy the facts on which Plaintiffs' claims are based, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants' initiation of contempt proceedings
Thus, the allegations in Plaintiffs' FAC are sufficient to sustain a claim for malicious prosecution at this stage in these proceedings.
Under New York Law, for a breach of contract claim to survive a motion to dismiss a plaintiff must allege "(1) the existence of an agreement, (2) adequate performance of the contract by the plaintiff, (3) breach of contract by the defendant, and (4) damages." Jill Stuart (Asia) LLC v. Sanei Intern. Co., 548 Fed. Appx. 20, 21 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Harsco Corp. v. Segui, 91 F.3d 337, 348 (2d Cir. 1996)).
Here, Plaintiffs have done as much. Plaintiffs allege the existence of a Settlement Agreement between Actava and the Channels.
Once again, Plaintiffs have alleged facts sufficient to sustain their burden at this stage.
"New York General Business Law § 349 (hereinafter, "Section 349") is directed at wrongs against the consuming public." Car-Freshner Corp. v. D & J Distributing and Mfg., Inc., 2014 WL 3900564, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug, 8, 2014) (quoting Oswego Laborers' Local 214 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland Bank, 85 N.Y.2d 20, 24, 623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d 741 (1995)). A plaintiff must satisfy three elements to state a claim under Section 349: "a plaintiff must allege (1) acts or practices that are consumer-oriented; (2) that such acts or practices are deceptive or misleading in a material way; and (3) that plaintiff has been injured by reason of those acts." Lava Trading Inc. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 326 F.Supp.2d 434, 439 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (quoting DePasquale v. Allstate Insurance Co., 179 F.Supp.2d 51, 58 (E.D.N.Y. 2002)). Deceptive acts or practices are "those likely to mislead a reasonable consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances." Harner v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2012 WL 12326459, at *7 (Sept. 7, 2012). Courts within this district have interpreted the second element as to include a materiality requirement as well. See Bildstein v. MasterCard Intern. Inc., 329 F.Supp.2d 410, 415 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ("[A] plaintiff must allege that the defendant has engaged in an act or practice that is deceptive
Here, Plaintiffs allege that "Kartina directed the Channel Defendants' pursuit of the contempt motion." FAC ¶ 102. The "coordinated attack" on Actava "caused damage to competition between Kartina and Actava, harming consumers via the reduced competition in the market for IPTV service to Russian-speaking audiences." Id. ¶¶ 102-03. Plaintiffs claim that the malicious litigation strategy employed by Kartina to eliminate the competition from the Russian-language market is both deceptive and misleading in a material way. Id. ¶¶ 102-04. Further, Plaintiffs allege a harm stemming from Kartina's conduct greater than mere consumer confusion. Narrative Ark Entertainment LLC v. Archie Comic Publications, Inc., 2017 WL 3917040, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2017) (internal quotations omitted). At this stage, the facts alleged in the FAC are sufficient to make it plausible that Kartina's conduct carries with it "significant ramifications for the public at large." Gross, 632 F.Supp.2d at 299 (quoting Shred-It USA, Inc. v. Mobile Data Shred, Inc., 228 F.Supp.2d 455, 465 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)).
As such, Plaintiffs have satisfied the necessary elements of a New York General Business Law § 349 claim.
For the aforementioned reasons, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss is hereby
