CHARLES J. SIRAGUSA, District Judge.
This is an action alleging federal claims, under the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"), against the United States and the Department of Veteran's Affairs ("VA") (collectively "the United States"), and state-law claims for medical malpractice, against the University of Rochester ("U of R") and Shobha Boghani ("Boghani"). Now before the Court is a motion [# 41] by the United States to dismiss the FTCA claims for lack of jurisdiction, and a motion [# 25] by the U of R and Boghani for summary judgment. For the reasons that follow, the applications are granted. Boghani and the U of R are dismissed from the action, and Plaintiff's action against the United States may proceed solely as to the claim that VA employees were negligent in failing to reschedule Plaintiff's opthalmology appointment after his July 29, 2003 appointment was canceled.
Unless otherwise noted, the following are the undisputed facts of this case. John W. Grace ("Plaintiff") is a veteran who is blind in his right eye due to "branch retinal vein occlusion" and "neurovascular glaucoma." Plaintiff alleges that his blindness could have been prevented if it was treated properly. Plaintiff maintains that Boghani, an opthalmologist working at the Rochester VA clinic, diagnosed him with retinal vein occlusion, but failed to properly treat that condition over a period of years, resulting in his blindness.
On or about October 1, 2001, the VA and the U of R's Department of Opthalmology entered into a contract ("the contract"), for the provision of medical services to VA patients. Field Aff. [# 41-1], Ex. 2. The contract refers to the U of R as "the Contractor," and indicates that "services to be performed by the Contractor shall be under the general direction of the [VA]." Id. at 2. The contract states, in pertinent part:
Id. at 6. The regulation referred to in the previous paragraph, FAR 37.101, states, in pertinent part, that "[n]onpersonal services contract means a contract under which the personnel rendering the services are not subject, either by the contract's terms or by the manner of its administration, to the supervision and control usually prevailing in relationships between the Government and its employees." 48
The contract further states that U of R will provide opthalmology services twenty days per month, with such service divided amongst VA clinics in Rochester, New York, Bath, New York, and Canandaigua, New York. Id. Moreover, the contract specifies the following: clinic hours at VA facilities will be 8:00 am-4:00 pm (Id. at 3); certain diagnostic procedures, which the VA is not equipped to provide, will be performed at the U of R's Strong Memorial Hospital (Id. at 11); the contractor will utilize the VA's medical records system and forms (Id. at 12); the contractor will adhere to VA's customer service standards (Id.); the contractor will "adhere to VA policies and procedures and the regulations of the medical staff bylaws of the [VA] (Id. at 13); and, the VA medical director retains the right to review "the qualifications of Contractor personnel" (Id. at 13).
Pursuant to this contract, Boghani, who was primarily employed by the U of R as a physician and instructor, provided opthalmology services at VA's clinic in Rochester six days per month. Sharma Dep. at 76, 79, 81. The VA determined the number of patients for which Boghani was responsible at the VA clinic. Boghani Dep. at 169. VA clerical staff scheduled Boghani's appointments for her on the days that she worked at the VA clinic, and provided her with the list of patients to be seen each day. Boghani Dep. at 59, 130; Sharma Dep. at 82-85, 95-96.
Robert B. Babcock, M.D. ("Babcock") was Chief of Staff at the Canandaigua VA Medical Facility at all relevant times. In December 2009, Babcock was deposed in this action. Field Aff., Ex. 1. Babcock stated that contract medical providers, including Boghani, were not supervised by the VA on a day-to-day basis: "These providers are licensed independent practitioners. They're not supervised on a day to day basis." Babcock Dep. at 65; see also, id. at 65-66 ("I'm saying she [Boghani] was not supervised on a day to day basis. She was brought on board as a contract provider to make her independent professional judgments and act upon them.")
Id. at 66; see also, id. at 78 ("There was no one supervising Dr. Boghani's decision on the frequency of follow up including rescheduling patients in her clinic on a day to day basis."); id. at 104 ("Again, none of our clinicians are supervised on a day to day basis. We don't have super clinicians whose job it is to check up what is done during the day by other clinicians."). Babcock further indicated that VA staff did not review Boghani's medical notes. Id. at 101. Babcock stated that the VA reviewed contract doctors' credentials, including their licenses and board certifications, prior to the doctors beginning work, and again every two years. Id. at 128, 133. The VA mandated the number of hours that Boghani had to be available to see patients, but did not require her to see any particular number of patients per day. Id. at 147-148. The VA maintained "minimalist type" equipment at its clinics, and expected that complicated procedures would be performed at U of R's Strong Memorial Hospital. Id. at 151 ("[T]he entire framework of the contract is let's do what we can do locally in the clinic and everything else will be directed to Strong Memorial Hospital to the eye center where it will be done there.")
Krishna Sharma, M.D. ("Sharma") was the "Lead Physician" at the Rochester and Canandaigua VA Clinics at various times during the relevant period. Sharma Dep. at 6-8. In that capacity, Sharma's immediate supervisor was Babcock. Id. at 12. Sharma indicated that part of her responsibilities was "[t]o supervise all the physicians working under me." Id. at 12. However, Sharma indicated that such supervision was general in nature: "When we supervise—we don't supervise daily if that's what you mean. I don't go to every one's office daily and see, but I was responsible for the supervision." Id. at 14; see also, id. at 90-91 (Contract medical services were performed under the "general direction" of the VA). Sharma indicated that her supervision of physicians consisted generally of overseeing the periodic review of the physician's records (Id. at 14-21) and responding to any complaints received about the physicians. Id. at 75-76. Sharma indicated that she never received any complaints about Boghani. Id. Additionally, Sharma stated that she was not involved in reviewing Boghani's medical records, since Boghani was a specialist, and that such review of Boghani's records, including peer review, was performed by the U of R. Id. at 76; see also, id. at 91 ("[T]he contractor, the specialty like Dr. Boghani I depended on the references from the U of R."); id. at 109 ("There was no opthalmologist supervisor there because there were—they were University of Rochester.").
Plaintiff was seen by Boghani at the Rochester VA clinic, concerning his right eye, on October 24, 2002, February 6, 2003, and March 28, 2003. Plaintiff was given an appointment to return to see Boghani on July 29, 2003, however, the VA cancelled
More than one year later, on August 27, 2004, Plaintiff went to the VA medical facility, complaining of pain in his right eye. Because Boghani was not available, a VA Physician's Assistant scheduled Plaintiff to see a private opthalmologist, Dr. Williams ("Williams"), at Rochester Eye Associates, on an emergency basis. Williams diagnosed Plaintiff with neovascular glaucoma, and determined that Plaintiff was blind in his right eye. Williams performed a laser surgical procedure on Plaintiff's right eye, and subsequently saw Plaintiff for an unspecified number of follow-up visits. The VA declined to pay for additional treatment by Williams, since it had already contracted with Boghani to provide opthalmology services.
Subsequently, on May 24, 2005 and July 12, 2005, Plaintiff received additional treatment from Boghani. Boghani Dep. at 175. Boghani also made a change to Plaintiff's prescription on July 27, 2005. Id.
On June 6, 2006, approximately one year after Boghani's final appointment with Plaintiff, Plaintiff learned that his blindness was preventable. Thereafter, on August 9, 2006, Plaintiff filed an administrative claim against the VA. Field Aff., Ex. 5 (Form SF-95). The claim alleged that Plaintiff's right-eye blindness was "preventable, but for the Malpractice of the VA Medical Centers and their agents, employees, servants, and assigns." Id. In that regard, Plaintiff's claim stated, in pertinent part:
Id. On November 2, 2006, the VA notified Boghani that Plaintiff had filed an administrative claim alleging malpractice that she committed. Boghani Dep. at 5, 25. The notice directed Boghani not to discuss the claim with anyone outside the VA, and Boghani did not notify the U of R of the claim. On April 10, 2008, the VA denied the claim.
On January 3, 2008, Plaintiff commenced this action against the United States and the VA, pursuant to the FTCA. Plaintiff's original Complaint [# 1] alleged that, "Defendants and their employees and agents, in . . . treating or failing to treat plaintiff deviated from standard and approved practice in the medical community." Complaint [# 1], ¶ ¶ 5, 9. The Complaint did not refer specifically to Boghani by name. Instead, it alleged that the "Defendants and their employees and agents" were negligent. In September 2008, Boghani received a Notice of Deposition in this
On October 7, 2008, the United States filed a motion [# 12] for leave to commence a third-party action against Boghani and the U of R. As part of the application, the United States indicated that Boghani was an employee of the U of R who merely provided contract medical services to VA patients. Plaintiff consented to the application. On December 12, 2008, the Court granted leave for the United States to commence the third-party action.
On May 22, 2009, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint [# 21], adding Boghani and the U of R as defendants. The Amended Complaint contends, in pertinent part:
Amended Complaint ¶ ¶ 5, 8, 9, 12, 31.
On June 11, 2009, Boghani and the U of R filed the subject motion for summary judgment [#25]. The movants contend that Plaintiff's claims against them, which are state-law malpractice claims governed by the substantive law of the State of New York, are barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Specifically, movants maintain that the claims against them were not commenced within two years and six months, as required by § 214-a of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules ("CPLR"), which governs medical malpractice claims. Boghani and the U of R further argue that Plaintiff's claims against them do not "relate back" to the filing of Plaintiff's original complaint against the United States and the VA, since the parties are not united in interest, and since neither Boghani nor the U of R knew of Plaintiff's lawsuit until September 2008. Additionally, Boghani and the U of R contend that, even if the claims did relate back, the statute of limitations was not tolled by the "continuous treatment doctrine," since there was an almost-two-year-gap in the treatment that Plaintiff received from Boghani, between March 28, 2003 and May 24, 2005, during which Plaintiff received treatment from Williams.
On November 10, 2009, Plaintiff was deposed in this action. At his deposition, Plaintiff was asked questions about his theory of liability, and he indicated that Boghani was negligent in treating him. Pl. Dep. at 86. He further indicated that the "focus of [his] lawsuit [was] on Dr. Boghani's handling of [his] care." Id. When asked if he was claiming that anyone else working at the VA had been negligent, Plaintiff responded in the negative:
Pl. Dep. at 88. Plaintiff's attorney stated, however, on the record, that he was alleging a broader theory of recovery. Id. Specifically, he referred to an alleged lack of supervision over Boghani by VA officials, and a lack of "coordination of the clinic." Id. at 88-89. In response to such statement by Plaintiff's attorney, the attorney for the United States stated that he "appreciated" counsel's clarification, and the following questions and answers took place:
Id. at 89. When asked why he believed that, Plaintiff stated his belief that VA officials must have been monitoring Boghani's work. Id. at 90 ("[S]omebody must have been reviewing what she did I would think."). Later during Plaintiff's deposition, the following exchange took place:
Id. at 99. Plaintiff also indicated that he thought there was a lack of coordination of his treatment between Boghani and his vascular surgeon. Id. at 100-102. Plaintiff further testified:
Id. at 103-104.
On December 3, 2009, Plaintiff filed an "Amended Response to USA's Second Interrogatories." Field Aff. Ex. 9. The Amended Response vastly expanded Plaintiff's theory of negligence by the VA—the original interrogatory response consisted of slightly more than four pages, while the amended response was almost eleven pages. The amended response stated that, in addition to Boghani's negligence, there had been
Id.
On November 18, 2009, counsel for the parties appeared before the undersigned for a settlement conference, which the Court scheduled at the request of Plaintiff's counsel. Following the conference, the Court held the summary judgment motion in abeyance, to allow the parties the opportunity to complete additional discovery. Subsequently, the parties conducted such discovery.
In the meantime, on May 4, 2010, the United States filed the subject motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction [# 41]. In that regard, the United States seeks dismissal of all claims against the United States/VA, on the theory that Plaintiff's claims of negligence are solely against Boghani and the U of R, and are therefore barred by sovereign immunity. On this point, the United States relies on Plaintiff's initial sworn response to the United States' Second Set of Interrogatories, in which Plaintiff indicated that Boghani was the only person alleged to have been negligent.
On October 14, 2010, counsel for the parties appeared before the undersigned for oral argument of Boghani's and U of R's motion for summary judgment and the United States' motion to dismiss.
The United States' Motion to Dismiss
The United States maintains that Plaintiff's claims involving Boghani and the U of R are barred by sovereign immunity, since such claims cannot be maintained under the FTCA. The United States contends that Boghani was not an employee of the U.S. within the meaning of the FTCA, but was an independent contractor.
The United States' motion is brought pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("FRCP"). With regard to such an application, it is well settled that,
Makarova v. U.S., 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir.2000) (citations omitted).
It is clear that a party opposing a motion to dismiss may not create a triable issue of fact "merely by submitting an affidavit that disputes his own prior sworn testimony." See, Rule v. Brine, Inc., 85 F.3d 1002, 1011 (2d Cir.1996) (citations omitted). Rather, such affidavits are to be disregarded. Mack v. United States, 814 F.2d 120, 124 (2d Cir.1987) (citations omitted). This principle applies to motions for summary judgment and motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. Palazzo ex rel. Delmage v. Corio, 232 F.3d 38, 43 (2d Cir.2000) ("The Perma Research
The first issue for the Court to consider is whether Boghani was an employee of the United States, or an independent contractor. The legal principles on this point are clear:
Leone v. U.S., 910 F.2d 46, 48-49 (2d Cir.1990) (citation omitted), cert. den. 499 U.S. 905, 111 S.Ct. 1103, 113 L.Ed.2d 213 (1991). "[T]he strict control test, as well as principles of agency, govern this inquiry." Id., 910 F.2d at 49.
The strict control test requires consideration of whether the United States has the authority "to control the detailed performance of the contract." Leone v. U.S., 910 F.2d at 49 (citation omitted); see also, Logue v. U.S., 412 U.S. 521, 527, 93 S.Ct. 2215, 2219, 37 L.Ed.2d 121 (1973) ("[T]he distinction between the servant or agent relationship and that of independent contractor turn[s] on the absence of authority in the principal to control the physical conduct of the contractor in performance of the contract.").
The strict control test is not satisfied merely because a doctor provides medical services pursuant to detailed federal guidelines. For example, in Leone, the Second Circuit held that the United States was not liable for the acts of private doctors who performed medical examinations of pilots on behalf of the Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA"). As to the strict control test, the Second Circuit in Leone stated:
Leone v. U.S., 910 F.2d at 49-50 (citations omitted, emphasis added).
In addition to the strict control test, the Court must consider other principles of agency. Leone v. U.S., 910 F.2d at 49. In that regard,
Id. at 50 (citation omitted). Medical specialists "usually work without supervision," and "[t]he performance of their duties clearly requires special skill and training." Id.
Applying the applicable principles of law to the facts of this case, the Court finds that Boghani and the U of R were independent contractors. First, the Court finds that under the strict control test, the United States did not control Boghani's day-to-day activities at the VA clinic. It is true that the VA directed when and where Boghani would work, scheduled her appointments, and provided general guidelines for her to follow in performing her work. Boghani was required to see all VA patients who presented themselves for opthalmology treatment, and to use the VA's medical record system. Boghani also used the VA's basic medical equipment, unless more specialized equipment was needed, in which case she used equipment at the U or R. However, no one at the VA supervised Boghani's work on a day-to-day basis. For example, while Sharma provided general supervision of doctors at the VA clinics, she had very little interaction with Boghani, since she never received any complaints about Boghani, since she was not familiar with Boghani's specialty, and since quality control of Boghani's work was performed by the U of R. On these facts, the Court finds that the VA exercised less control over Boghani's work than the FAA exercised over the doctors in the Leone case, who were held to be independent contractors.
General principles of agency also indicate that Boghani was an independent contractor. The VA did not exercise control over the details of Plaintiff's work, nor could it, since Plaintiff's VA supervisors were not familiar with opthalmology. Boghani was engaged in a distinct, highly-skilled and specialized occupation, opthalmology, which she performed without day-to-day supervision by VA officials. Additionally, Boghani's pay and benefits were provided by the U or R. All of these factors indicate that Boghani was an independent contractor. While the fact that the VA provided the place of work, as well as tools, for the most part, weighs in favor of finding that Boghani was the VA's agent, consideration of all relevant factors leads the Court to conclude that Boghani was an independent contractor.
Plaintiff argues to the contrary, relying on cases such as Tivoli v. United States,
Plaintiff also argues that the United States should be estopped from denying that Boghani was an employee. On this point, Plaintiff contends that the United States should have promptly informed him that Boghani was an independent contractor in response to his administrative complaint. Alternatively, Plaintiff argues that the United States should have disclosed Boghani's employment status as part of its Answer to the original Complaint in this action, although, as noted earlier, the original Complaint did not mention Boghani by name. As to this position, Plaintiff suggests that the United States waited until the statute of limitations had run on Plaintiff's malpractice claim before informing him that Boghani was not a VA employee. Pl. Memo of Law [#49] at 12. Plaintiff further maintains that the United States should be estopped from arguing that Boghani was not an employee, since it reasonably appeared to Plaintiff that Boghani was a VA employee. Id. However, the doctrine of equitable estoppel cannot be applied against the United States, "except in the most serious of circumstances," which are not present here. U.S. v. RePass, 688 F.2d 154, 158 (2d Cir.1982); see also, Gildor v. U.S. Postal Service, 179 Fed.Appx. 756, 760 (2d Cir.2006) ("[E]quitable estoppel cannot be used against the government unless there has been a showing of affirmative misconduct by the government."). There is no indication that the United States engaged in inequitable conduct. In particular, the United States/VA never concealed the fact
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the United States' motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction must be granted, to the extent that Plaintiff's FTCA claims are based on the alleged negligence of Boghani and/or the U or R.
Beyond this, though, the United States maintains that all of Plaintiff's claims are based on the alleged negligence of Boghani and/or the U or R, and it therefore seeks the dismissal of all FTCA claims.
The United States insists that Plaintiff is estopped, by his original interrogatory response, from pursuing claims against anyone associated with the VA, besides Boghani. However, the Court disagrees. The Second Circuit has not ruled that interrogatory responses are binding judicial admissions, although some district courts have so held. See, e.g., Medical Educ. Dev. Servs., Inc. v. Reed Elsevier Group, PLC, No. 05 Civ. 8665(GEL), 2008 WL 4449412 at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 30, 2008) ("[I]n this Circuit, contention interrogatories are treated as judicial admissions `that generally stop the answering party from later seeking to assert positions omitted from, or otherwise at variance with, those responses.'") (quoting Wechsler v. Hunt Health Sys., Ltd., No. 94 Civ. 8294, 1999 WL 672902, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 1999)); see also, Guadagno v. Wallack Ader Levithan Assocs., 950 F.Supp. 1258, 1261 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (Observing that interrogatory responses are generally treated as judicial admissions, and that "[a] judicial admission is conclusive, unless a court allows it to be withdrawn[.]"), aff'd 125 F.3d 844 (2d Cir.1997) (table), cert. den. 522 U.S. 1122, 118 S.Ct. 1066,
Advisory Committee Note of 1970 to Amendment of FRCP Rule 33, MOORE'S FED. PRACTICE 3d, § 33 App. 03[2] (2010).
In this case, the Court observes, first, that Plaintiff's interrogatory response was given on October 13, 2009, prior to any depositions in this case of which the Court is aware. Additionally, Plaintiff's response was conditional: "At present time, the only natural person plaintiff knows to be negligent is defendant/third-party defendant Dr. Shobha Boghani." (emphasis added). Moreover, as discussed above, the United States/VA learned of Plaintiff's more expansive theory of liability during Plaintiff's deposition in November 2009, which was only one month after Plaintiff's interrogatory response.
The United States further argues that Plaintiff cannot pursue an FTCA claim involving anyone other than Boghani/U of R, because his administrative complaint was limited to a claim involving Boghani. In that regard, the United States contends that an FTCA claim involving anyone besides Boghani would be barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.
The United States is correct that Boghani was the only individual identified by name as being negligent in the administrative complaint. However, the complaint also refers to "the negligence and medical malpractice of the VA Medical Centers and their agents, employees, servants, and assigns, including but not limited to Dr. Shobha Boghani's negligence." Def. Motion to Dismiss, Ex. 5. And, significantly, the VA's written decision denying the administrative claim indicates that Plaintiff's claim was not limited to Boghani: "Please be
Nonetheless, Plaintiff's administrative complaint clearly did not give the VA adequate notice of most of the claims that he references in his amended interrogatory response. See, Romulus v. U.S., 160 F.3d 131, 132 (2d Cir.1998).
On the other hand, the Court finds that the administrative complaint arguably gave the VA notice of one aspect of Plaintiff's claim that does not directly involve Boghani, which is the alleged failure by VA staff to reschedule Plaintiff's appointment with Boghani, after the July 2003 appointment was canceled. As a result of such failure, Plaintiff allegedly did not receive any opthalmology treatment for an extended period of time, during which he went blind. The administrative complaint put the VA on notice of such a claim, when it stated that VA employees "fail[ed] to follow up with the claimant." Otherwise, though, the Court agrees with the United States that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as to the acts of negligence alleged in his amended interrogatory response.
Therefore, the Court grants summary judgment on the FTCA claims based on alleged malpractice by Boghani and the U of R, but does not dismiss Plaintiff's action against the United States in its entirety. The only properly-exhausted claim remaining under the FTCA is Plaintiff's claim that VA staff were negligent in rescheduling his follow-up appointment with Boghani. To the extent that Plaintiff is attempting to assert additional FTCA claims based on the matters described in the amended interrogatory response, they are dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.
U of R and Boghani's Motion for Summary Judgment
The U of R and Boghani maintain that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's state-law medical malpractice claims. Summary judgment may not be
Summary judgment is appropriate only where, "after drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought, no reasonable trier of fact could find in favor of the non-moving party." Leon v. Murphy, 988 F.2d 303, 308 (2d Cir.1993).
Plaintiff's claim against Boghani and the U of R is a medical malpractice claim under New York State law. The statute of limitations for such a claim is two years and six months: "An action for medical, dental or podiatric malpractice must be commenced within two years and six months of the act, omission or failure complained of or last treatment where there is continuous treatment for the same illness, injury or condition which gave rise to the said act, omission or failure, [.]" New York CPLR § 214-a (McKinney 2010) (emphasis added). Plaintiff's last medical appointment with Boghani was on July 12, 2005. A few days later, on July 27, 2005, Boghani made a change to Plaintiff's prescription medication, which was the last involvement that Boghani had in Plaintiff's medical care. Accordingly, Plaintiff's malpractice claim accrued, at the latest,
On the other hand, Plaintiff commenced his claim against the United States/VA on January 3, 2008, which is approximately two years and five months after the malpractice claim accrued at the latest. At that time, Plaintiff believed that Boghani was an employee of the VA. In any event, since the action against the United States/VA was commenced within two years and six months of when the malpractice claim accrued, Plaintiff maintains that his action against Boghani and the U of R is timely, under the "relation back" doctrine.
In deciding whether the relation back doctrine applies in a case such as this, involving supplemental jurisdiction over a state law claim, the claim will be timely if it would relate back under either state law or federal law. In that regard, FRCP 15(c) states, in pertinent part:
FRCP 15(c) (West 2010) (emphasis added). In this case, New York law "provides the applicable statute of limitations," and consequently, the claims against Boghani and the U of R will relate back to the commencement of this action if it meets either the requirements of New York's relation back doctrine or FRCP 15(c)(1)(B) & (C).
The Court will first consider New York's relation back doctrine. The relevant legal principle is as follows:
Barclay v. Poland, No. 03-CV-6585CJS, 2010 WL 3657664 at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2010) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also, Quiroz v. Beitia, 68 A.D.3d 957, 893 N.Y.S.2d 70, 73 (2d Dept.2009) ("Interests will be united only where one party is vicariously liable for the acts of the other.") (citation omitted). For the claim to relate back, the party to be added must receive actual notice of the lawsuit within the limitations period. See,
In this case, the United States/VA and Boghani/U of R are not united in interest. As discussed above, the FTCA represents a limited waiver of the United States' sovereign immunity. However, "the United States ha[s] not waived sovereign immunity with regard to vicarious liability claims." See, Gibbons v. Fronton, 661 F.Supp.2d 429, 432 (S.D.N.Y.2009). Since the Court has already determined that the United States/VA is not liable for the alleged malpractice by Boghani and the U of R, there is no vicarious liability, and the second prong of New York's relation-back test is not satisfied. Additionally, the third prong of the New York relation back doctrine is not satisfied, because it is undisputed that neither Boghani nor U of R had actual notice of this lawsuit until after the statute of limitations had expired. See, Cole v. Tat-Sum Lee, 309 A.D.2d 1165, 765 N.Y.S.2d 89 (4th Dept.2003) (Third prong of relation-back test not met where the party sought to be added had no notice of the lawsuit until after the limitations period expired). As to that, the medical malpractice limitations period expired in or about January 2008, at the latest, and Boghani and U of R did not receive any notice of this lawsuit until September 2008, when Boghani received a deposition notice. Consequently, under New York's relation-back rule, Plaintiff's claims against Boghani and the U of R do not relate back to the commencement of this action.
Similarly, under the federal relation-back rule, Plaintiff's claims against Boghani and the U of R do not relate back. In that regard, Boghani and the U of R did not receive notice of this lawsuit, "within the period provided by Rule 4(m) for serving the summons and complaint," which is "120 days after the complaint is filed." FRCP 15(c)(1)(C); FRCP 4(m); see also, Aslanidis v. U.S. Lines, Inc., 7 F.3d 1067, 1076 (2d Cir.1993) (Observing that one of the requirements under Rule 15(c) is that the party to be added receive notice of the lawsuit within 120 days of the filing of the complaint: "Under [Rule 15(c) ] an amended complaint relates back to the time of the original if the new party was aware of the action within 120 days of the filing of the original complaint."). Plaintiff commenced this action on January 3, 2008, and Boghani and the U of R did not receive notice of the action until nine months later.
Additionally, even assuming that Boghani and the U of R had notice of this lawsuit within 120 days, Plaintiff has not shown that they would have known that their exclusion from the lawsuit was due to a "mistake concerning the proper party's identity." On this point, a "mistake" under Rule 15(c) can include a "legal mistake," in certain narrow circumstances. Harris v. Butler, No. 91 CIV. 6352(SAS), 1996 WL 403053 at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jul. 18, 1996) ("The Second Circuit has consistently held that mistake under Rule 15(c) requires a showing either of factual mistake as to the name of the party to be joined or a narrowly circumscribed class of legal mistake.") (citations omitted). For example, in Soto v. Brooklyn Correctional Facility, 80 F.3d 34, 36 (2d Cir.1996), the Second Circuit allowed a complaint to relate back, where the plaintiff mistakenly sued a correctional facility, in a Section 1983 action, rather than the individual corrections officers who allegedly violated his
In this case, there is no reason to believe that Boghani would have realized that Plaintiff's lawsuit against the United States/VA should have been brought against her, but for Plaintiff's mistake in believing that she was an employee of the VA. See, Krupski v. Costa Crociere S.p. A., ___ U.S. ____, 130 S.Ct. 2485, 177 L.Ed.2d 48 (2010) ("[R]elation back under Rule 15(c)(1)(C) depends on what the party to be added knew or should have known, not on the amending party's knowledge[.]"). In order for her to have had such an awareness, Boghani would have needed to be familiar with the technicalities of the FTCA and the law of agency. However, unlike the corrections officers in Soto, Boghani cannot be charged with knowing the law, and there is no indication that she would have had such knowledge.
Consequently, Plaintiff's medical malpractice claims against Boghani and the U of R do not relate back. Such claims are therefore time-barred, and Boghani and the U of R are entitled to summary judgment.
Defendants' applications [# 25] [# 41] are granted. The Clerk of the Court is directed to terminate Boghani and the U of R as parties to this action. Plaintiff's action against the United States may proceed solely as to the claim that VA employees were negligent in failing to reschedule Plaintiff's opthalmology appointment after the July 29, 2003 appointment was canceled.
SO ORDERED.
