MEMORANDUM OPINION

KATZ, District Judge.

Plaintiff Michael Corwin brings this action for a declaratory judgment and accounting of profits against Defendant Wesley Quinonez. Plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment that he and Defendant are joint owners of thirty-one songs created during their membership in the band "Rediscover." Further, Plaintiff contends that as joint authors, he and Defendant are co-owners of the copyrights for the songs at issue, and that he is therefore entitled to an accounting of any profits Defendant has derived therefrom. Defendant counterclaimed for a declaration that he is the sole author and sole owner of the songs in question, and further counterclaimed for an accounting of any profits Plaintiff derived from the songs.

The matter is currently before the Court on Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to the parties' competing requests for a declaration of authorship. (Doc. 30). For the reasons stated herein. Defendant's motion is granted and Plaintiff's complaint is dismissed.1

I. Background

Defendant is the founder and original member of Rediscover. Defendant styles Rediscover's music as "electro-pop;" i.e., pop music that is predominately created electronically, but that may also include vocal and instrumental components. Prior to Plaintiff's membership. Defendant, as the sole member of Rediscover, had "written, produced, performed," and was selling a compact disc ("CD") album titled "The Ocean is Calling Us." (Plaintiff's Deposition, Doc. 46 at 21:10-22:11) (hereinafter, "Pl's. Dep."). Plaintiff joined Rediscover in January 2005 and remained a member through June 2008. In addition to Plaintiff and Defendant, Rediscover included band members Robert Wagner and Daaren Davis.

During Plaintiff's membership, Rediscover went on tour, had a short-lived relationship with a record label (Unborn Media Records, d/b/a One Big Spark, (hereinafter, "One Big Spark," or "the record label")), and recorded three albums: "Out of Touch,"2 "Call Me When You Get This,"3 and "Sleepless Nights."4 Additionally, a fourth album, "Lost Songs,"5 was produced sometime after Plaintiff's membership ended. Combined, these four albums include the thirty-one songs currently in dispute, as reflected by a stipulation the parties filed with the Court. (Doc. 51).

The first two albums, "Out of Touch" and "Call Me When You Get This," were both recorded in Defendant's basement studio using recording equipment and computer software provided by Defendant. "Out of Touch" was finished sometime in 2005, and "Call Me When You Get This" was finished sometime in 2006. The parties disagree about the extent of Plaintiff's input and control over the writing and recording process, but with the exception of three songs — "Dance Transylvania," "I Consume You," and "Baby Got Her Gun Out" — Plaintiff agrees that Defendant independently programed and recorded each basic electronic song using music production software called FL Studio. Once the basic song was created, Plaintiff and Defendant collaborated on how Plaintiff could perform live instrumental components on top of the basic track. For "Dance Transylvania," "I Consume You," and "Baby Got Her Gun Out," Plaintiff apparently contends that he brought the original idea for these songs to Defendant,6 but concedes that he had no working knowledge of FL Studio during the production of the first album, and only limited knowledge during production of the second.

Sometime prior to production of the third album, "Sleepless Nights," Rediscover became affiliated with the record label One Big Spark. "Sleepless Nights" was subsequently recorded with the assistance of the label.7 In addition to pre-production work in Baltimore, Defendant again independently programed and recorded each of the basic electronic songs for "Sleepless Nights" using FL Studio. Plaintiff, Defendant, and band members Robert Wagner and Daaron Davis then traveled to Florida to finish recording the album alongside record producer Pete Thornton. As with the previous two albums, the four band members collaborated on how to add instrumental and vocal components to the already existing tracks. Moreover, Plaintiff and Defendant worked with Thornton on technical production aspects throughout recording.

At some point after the Florida recording sessions it was determined that portions of the album were unsatisfactory. It is unclear from the briefs who made this determination but, in any event. Defendant traveled to Boston to re-master the album with producers from One Big Spark. While there, Defendant re-wrote portions of songs and altered or omitted portions of the other band members' contributions, including Plaintiff's. Neither Plaintiff nor the other two band members traveled to Boston or otherwise participated in the remastering process, though they were aware of Defendant's activities.

At some point after the re-mastering process, Rediscover's affiliation with One Big Spark "fell apart" in 2008. Despite this, One Big Spark agreed to give the final master recordings to Rediscover for the band's use.

The recording process for, and Plaintiff's involvement in, the final album, "Lost Songs," is unclear, as the parties' briefs do not mention the album by name. What is clear is that Plaintiff's membership in Rediscover ended in mid-2008, apparently before "Lost Songs" was recorded. Even so, the parties' stipulation lists the "Lost Songs" album and each of its eleven songs as disputed. (Doc. 51). Moreover, Plaintiff's affidavit enumerates contributions he made to ten of the album's eleven songs.

In addition to the parties' above-described involvement in the recording process, it should be noted that several songs were registered with Broadcast Music, Inc. ("BMI"), a performance rights society that manages licensing negotiations for the music of member composers. Specifically, composers can register songs with BMI, and BMI then "negotiates blanket licenses which grant the operator of a bar, radio station, etc., the right to play any of the thousands of songs in [BMI's] stable for a fixed fee. BMI distributes 80 percent of the money received for such licenses back to the composers based on the popularity of their songs." Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Star Amusements, 44 F.3d 485, 486 (7th Cir.1995). In this case, "Baby Got Her Gun Out," "Shake It," "Do You Think," and "Kiss Me" were registered with BMI in four equal shares — one share for each of Rediscover's four members — so that each band member would receive an equal portion of the royalties. It is unclear who registered these four songs, but Plaintiff stated at deposition that band member Robert Wagner was the first to begin BMI registrations, and that Defendant also registered songs.8 (Pl's. Dep. at 140:18-141:1).

Finally, on December 13, 2010 — after Plaintiff filed this lawsuit — Defendant secured four copyright registrations, one for each of the four albums at issue.9 (Doc. 31-1 at 1-12). All four registrations denote "Wesley James Quinonez, dba Rediscover" as the author and copyright claimant, and state that Quinonez dba Rediscover created the "sound recording, music, [and] lyrics" for all four albums. Id.

II. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate where "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). The moving party bears the initial responsibility of "informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of `the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,' which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The movant may meet this burden by demonstrating the absence of evidence supporting one or more essential elements of the non-movant's claim. Id. at 323-25., 106 S.Ct. 2548 Once the movant meets this burden, the opposing party "must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (quoting FED. R. CIV P. 56(e)).

Once the burden of production has so shifted, the party opposing summary judgment cannot rest on its pleadings or merely reassert its previous allegations. It is not sufficient "simply [to] show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). Rather, Rule 56(e) "requires the nonmoving party to go beyond the pleadings" and present some type of evidentiary material in support of its position. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. at 2553; see also Harris v. General Motors Corp., 201 F.3d 800, 802 (6th Cir.2000). Summary judgment must be entered "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. at 2552.

"In considering a motion for summary judgment, the Court must view the facts and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Williams v. Belknap, 154 F.Supp.2d 1069, 1071 (E.D.Mich.2001) (citing 60 Ivy Street Corp. v. Alexander, 822 F.2d 1432, 1435 (6th Cir.1987)). However, "`at the summary judgment stage the judge's function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter,'" Wiley v. U.S., 20 F.3d 222, 227 (6th Cir.1994) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505); therefore, "[t]he Court is not required or permitted ... to judge the evidence or make findings of fact." Williams, 154 F.Supp.2d at 1071. The purpose of summary judgment "is not to resolve factual issues, but to determine if there are genuine issues of fact to be tried." Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. v. Am. Eagle Outfitters, Inc., 130 F.Supp.2d 928, 930 (S.D.Ohio 1999). Ultimately, this Court must determine "whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505; see also Atchley v. RK Co., 224 F.3d 537, 539 (6th Cir.2000).

III. Discussion

A. Preliminary Issues

1. Absence of Copyright Registration by Plaintiff

As a threshold matter, Defendant argues that Plaintiff's lawsuit is barred by 17 U.S.C. § 411(a), which requires that "no action for infringement of the copyright in any United States work shall be instituted until registration of the copyright claim has been made in accordance with this title." (Doc. 50 at 1). Noting that Plaintiff has failed to produce a registered copyright. Defendant contends that Plaintiff's claims must be dismissed.

Defendant's argument is inapposite, as Plaintiff did not file a copyright infringement lawsuit. Rather, Plaintiff filed a declaratory judgment claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 requesting a declaration that he and Defendant are joint authors of the songs in question. See Gaiman v. McFarlane, 360 F.3d 644, 648, 652 (7th Cir.2004) (suit for declaration of joint authorship "is not a suit for infringement."); see also Severe Records v. Rich, 658 F.3d 571, 581-82 (6th Cir.2011) (citing Goodman, infra, at 1032); Zuill v. Shanahan, 80 F.3d 1366, 1369 (9th Cir.1996) (distinguishing claims of joint authorship and claims of infringement); Goodman v. Lee, 815 F.2d 1030, 1031-32 (5th Cir.1987) (joint author sought declaratory judgment of joint authorship); Brown v. Flowers, 297 F.Supp.2d 846, 851 (M.D.N.C.2003), aff'd 196 Fed.Appx. 178 (4th Cir.2006) (Section 411(a) not applicable where "[plaintiff] is not bringing an infringement action ... [but instead] alleges that the partnership had ownership rights in the songs created ...."). Defendant's invocation of Section 411(a) as a bar to Plaintiff's lawsuit is therefore unpersuasive.

2. Distinction Between Sound Recordings and the Underlying Compositions

At the outset, the Court notes that copyright law recognizes a distinction between sound recordings and the underlying composition. BTE, ET, CIE, LLC v. Bonnecaze, 43 F.Supp.2d 619, 627-28 (E.D.L.A. 1999). The District of New Jersey explained this distinction as follows:

T.B. Harms Co. v. Jem Records, Inc., 655 F.Supp. 1575, 1577 n. 1 (D.N.J.1987) (internal citations omitted).

In this case, Defendant's counterclaim unambiguously seeks a declaration of sole ownership both as to the sound recordings and the underlying compositions. (Doc. 26 at ¶¶ 3-4). The relief sought by Plaintiff, however, is less clear. Plaintiff's Complaint refers exclusively to "the compositions," or "the musical compositions." Similarly, Plaintiff's response to Defendant's motion for summary judgment refers exclusively to "the compositions" in the statement of facts section, (Doc. 47 at 3-7), and otherwise seems to use the words "song," "work," "track," and "composition" interchangeably. The exception to this is two places in which Plaintiff's brief reads: "Plaintiff states the following as his contributions to the final recording of the following tracks," (Doc. 47 at 7) (emphasis added), and "the evidence is on Plaintiff's favor to indicate that his contributions to the final work were indeed significant enough to create a joint work...." Id. at 12 (emphasis added). Whether the Court construes Plaintiff's request as involving the sound recordings, the underlying compositions, or both is moot because, as explained below, Plaintiff is unable to establish joint authorship.

B. Plaintiff's Assertion of Joint Authorship

Copyright ownership of a protected work initially vests in the work's author. 17 U.S.C. § 201(a). When a work is "prepared by two or more authors with the intention that their contributions be merged into inseparable or interdependent parts of a unitary whole," 17 U.S.C. § 101, the authors create a "joint work," id., and are considered to be "joint authors." Childress v. Taylor, 945 F.2d 500, 505 (2d Cir.1991). Thus, joint authors are entitled to "equal undivided interests in the whole work — in other words, each joint author has the right to use or to license the work as he or she wishes, subject only to the obligation to account to the other joint owner for any profits that are made." Thomson v. Larson, 147 F.3d 195, 199 (2d Cir.1998) (citing 17 U.S.C. § 201(a)); (Childress, 945 F.2d at 508). Further, because joint authors own an undivided interest, they are not liable to one another for copyright infringement. See Newman v. Crowell, 1979 WL 1078, at *2, 1979 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9343, at *4-*5 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 4, 1979) (joint copyright owners cannot sue each other for infringement "because a copyright owner cannot infringe his own copyright.").

In an unpublished opinion, BancTraining Video Sys. v. First Am. Corp., 1992 WL 42345, 1992 U.S.App. LEXIS 3677 (6th Cir. Mar. 3, 1992), the Sixth Circuit analyzed joint authorship, but did not establish a specific test for courts to apply when determining the issue. The parties do not cite BancTraining or otherwise suggest what the Sixth Circuit's joint authorship test is or should be. Instead, they argue under the Second Circuit's Childress v. Taylor test, which requires a party claiming joint authorship to show that (1) each party intended to be joint authors, and (2) each party made an independently copyrightable contribution to the work. See Childress v. Taylor, supra, 945 F.2d at 505-06; see also Thomson v. Larson, supra, 147 F.3d 195 (refining Childress' joint authorship test). After examination, this Court believes Childress states the appropriate test for determining joint authorship.

In adopting the Childress test, this Court finds persuasive the Seventh Circuit's reasoning for doing so in Erickson v. Trinity Theatre, Inc., 13 F.3d 1061 (7th Cir.1994). See Erickson at 1067-71 (Childress best satisfies statutory definition of joint work, Childress' "independently copyrightable contribution" requirement provides consistency, promotes judicial efficiency, and reinforces goals of Copyright Act, and majority of courts considering joint authorship have applied Childress). Moreover, this Court notes that several other district courts in the Sixth Circuit have applied Childress and Erickson when confronting claims of joint authorship. See Downey v. Downey, 2010 WL 3781715, at *2, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99828, at *5 (S.D.Ohio Aug. 26, 2010); Tang v. Putruss, 521 F.Supp.2d 600, 606 (E.D.Mich.2007); Perry v. Herd, 2006 WL 335522, at *18*19, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17404, at *57 (E.D.Tenn. Feb. 14, 2006); Balkin v. Wilson, 863 F.Supp. 523, 528 (W.D.Mich.1994). Therefore, this Court will apply the Childress test to Plaintiff's claim of joint authorship.

As explained above, Childress requires a party claiming joint authorship to show that (1) each party intended to be joint authors, and (2) each party made an independently copyrightable contribution to the work. 945 F.2d at 505-06. With regard to intent, it is not enough that the parties intend their contributions to be merged into "inseparable or interdependent parts of a unitary whole." See Bonnecaze, supra, 43 F.Supp.2d at 623 (citing Childress, 945 F.2d at 507-08). Rather, the parties must "entertain in their minds the concept of joint authorship." Childress, 945 F.2d at 508; see also Thomson, 147 F.3d at 201 (citing Childress, 945 F.2d at 508) ("since coauthors are afforded equal rights in the co-authored work, the `equal sharing of rights should be reserved for relationships in which all participants fully intend to be joint authors.'"). Further, in Thomson v. Larson, the Second Circuit explained that "the intention standard is not strictly subjective." 147 F.3d at 201 ("co-authorship intent does not turn solely on the parties' own words or professed state of mind."). Instead, Childress requires "a nuanced inquiry into the factual indicia of ownership," which includes decision making authority over the work, the way in which contributors bill or credit themselves for the work, control of written agreements related to the work, and any other evidence. Id. (emphasis added). With regard to Childress' second prong, a putative joint author's contribution must be independently copyrightable. Erickson, 13 F.3d at 1072. As such, "ideas, refinements, and suggestions, standing alone," are not sufficient. Id. Rather, a party asserting joint authorship must point to specific contributions that were fixed in a tangible medium. Id. at 1071; see also Bonnecaze, 43 F.Supp.2d at 628 (ideas and insights contributed by drummer of rock band insufficient to establish joint authorship of underlying compositions, and drummer's contributions to sound recordings cannot serve as the required tangible expression for establishing joint authorship of underlying compositions).

Applying the Childress test to the facts of this case, the Court finds that Plaintiff is unable to establish joint authorship for failure to satisfy the first prong: a showing of intent. Plaintiff advances three substantive arguments to demonstrate Defendant's intent. First, several portions of Plaintiff's complaint and (Opposition brief claim that Defendant acknowledged Plaintiff as a joint author and coowner:

The only evidence Plaintiff offers in support of these unsubstantiated claims is another unsubstantiated claim; namely, his affidavit, which states that "[Defendant] acknowledged my contribution in the past. [Defendant] then repudiated my co-ownership to copywritten [sic] works in August of 2010." (Doc. 47-2 at ¶¶ 6-7). Such a conclusory allegation is insufficient to create a genuine dispute of fact regarding Defendant's intent to be joint authors with Plaintiff. See Sigmon v. Appalachian Coal Props., 400 Fed.Appx. 43, 48-49 (6th Cir.2010) ("While an affidavit may certainly be sufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact ... that is not the case if the affidavit contains only conclusory allegations and naked conclusions of law...."). This is especially true given that Plaintiff claims Defendant acknowledged his joint authorship status both publicly, (Doc. 47 at 15), and in letters to "other individuals," (Doc. 1 at ¶ 15), yet he fails to provide any evidence aside from his own conclusory affidavit. To the contrary. Defendant produced the affidavit of fellow band member, Robert Wagner, which states:

(Doc. 40-1 at p. 4, ¶¶ 5-6). Plaintiff's baseless assertion that Defendant conceded joint authorship is therefore not persuasive.11

Second, Plaintiff claims he and Defendant shared decision making authority sufficient to demonstrate a mutual intent to be joint authors. Specifically, Plaintiff cites a portion of Defendant's deposition that describes the process by which Plaintiff recorded live instrumental components on top of Defendant's pre-recorded electronic song:

(Doc. 45, Defendant's Deposition, at 58:3-12) (hereinafter, "Def's. Dep."). Citing this exchange. Plaintiff claims that "Defendant's own words show his intention at the time the songs were created that the parts created by Plaintiff were to be absorbed or combined into an integrated unit the song itself." (Doc. 47 at 7).

Setting aside the fact that this deposition excerpt limits Defendant's statement to a description of Plaintiff's lead guitar contributions, and that Plaintiff has claimed guitar contributions in only nineteen songs — all of which appear on the third and fourth albums only, (Doc. 47 at 7-8) — Defendant's statement does not satisfy Childress' intent requirement. As explained above, it is not enough that the parties intend their contributions to be merged into "inseparable or interdependent parts of a unitary whole." See Bonnecaze, 43 F.Supp.2d at 623 (citing Childress, 945 F.2d at 507-08). The parties must "entertain in their minds the concept of joint authorship." Childress, 945 F.2d at 508. When reading past the excerpt cited by Plaintiff, it is clear that "Defendant's own words" do not establish that he entertained the concept of joint authorship in his mind, because Defendant's words do not describe a scenario in which he ceded control of the recordings to Plaintiff:

(Def's. Dep. at 58:19-59:5). See Erickson, 13 F.3d at 1072 (no intent for joint authorship where minor suggestions made by putative joint author, but final decision belonged "entirely" to principal playwright); cf. Janky, 576 F.3d at 362 (sufficient joint authorship intent where putative joint author "wielded considerable control over what the song finally looked like; one could even say he demanded the changes.").12 Further, Plaintiff concedes that when Defendant traveled to Boston to re-master the "Sleepless Nights" album, Defendant re-wrote portions of songs and altered or omitted portions of the other band members' contributions, including Plaintiff's. Plaintiff further concedes that neither he nor the other two band members traveled to Boston or participated in this process. Thus, Plaintiff cannot show that he exercised decision making authority sufficient to demonstrate a mutual intent to be joint authors.

Finally, Plaintiff points to the band's four songs that were registered with BMI in each of the four band members' names. Plaintiff maintains that the profit sharing and mutual recognition resulting therefrom demonstrates joint authorship intent. This argument is not persuasive. Plaintiff concedes that he does not even know who registered the songs, let alone that Defendant did so contemplating that the two of them should be joint authors. Moreover, even if Defendant did register the songs, doing so in each of the four members' names hardly evinces an intent that only two of them be joint authors. Further, Plaintiff points to only four songs registered with BMI, leaving twenty-seven songs unaccounted for. Simply put, a reasonable jury could not find that the four-way registration of four songs demonstrates intent of joint authorship.

For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that Plaintiff cannot satisfy the requisite showing of intent under Childress' joint authorship test, and the Court therefore need not examine the "independent copyrightable contribution" prong. Moreover, Plaintiff's claim for a declaration of joint authorship must be dismissed and, because Plaintiff's claims for an accounting and constructive trust are not cognizable without a showing of joint authorship, the remainder of Plaintiff's complaint must also be dismissed.

C. Defendant's Assertion of Sole Authorship

Defendant's third amended counterclaim seeks a declaratory judgment that he is the sole author of the compositions at issue, and the sole owner of the sound recordings at issue. (Doc. 23 at ¶¶ 3-4).

Under Section 410(a) of the Copyright Act, a copyright registration made within five years after publication of a work is prima facie evidence and creates a rebuttable presumption of the registration's validity and of the facts stated therein. BancTraining, 1992 WL 42345, at *3, 1992 U.S.App. LEXIS 3677, at *7-*8 (citing 17 U.S.C. § 410(a)). In this case, the copyright registrations for the "Shake It, et al.," "Sleepless Nights," and "Lost Songs" albums were made within five years. (Doc. 31-1 at 1-9). Defendant has therefore proffered prima facie evidence of sole authorship, and Plaintiff has failed to rebut this evidence with his assertion of joint authorship.

Defendant concedes that the copyright registration for the "Out of Touch" album was made some five and a half years after its first publication. Id. at 10-12. Despite this delay, "[t]he evidentiary weight to be accorded the certificate of registration made [after five years] shall be within the discretion of the court." 17 U.S.C. § 410(a). In this case, the Court finds the copyright registration, coupled with Defendant's song-by-song description of his authorship, (Doc. 30 at 14-36), satisfies Defendant's burden of demonstrating authorship, and Plaintiff again has failed to rebut this showing with his assertion of joint authorship.

In light of the above, the Court finds that Defendant is the sole author of the compositions at issue, and the sole owner of the sound recordings at issue.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons stated herein, Defendant's motion for summary judgment is granted. (Doc. 30). The Court hereby declares that Defendant is the sole author of the compositions at issue, and the sole owner of the sound recordings at issue (Copyright Registrations SR 670-739; SR 669-420; SR 670-722; and SR 670-714). Further, Plaintiff's complaint is dismissed. (Doc. 1). Counts II and III of Defendant's third amended counterclaim remain pending. (Doc. 23).

IT IS SO ORDERED.