VERNELIS K. ARMSTRONG, United States Magistrate Judge.
The parties have consented to the Magistrate's jurisdiction in this civil rights case filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending are Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 28), Plaintiffs' Opposition (Docket No. 36) and Defendants' Reply (Docket No. 39). For the reasons that follow, the undersigned Grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment but retains jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' Excessive Force Claim.
This Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1343.
On December 10, 2010, the above named Plaintiffs filed their Complaint with Jury Demand in the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, Civil Division, Lucas County, Ohio, Case NO. CI 02010 08269, alleging deprivation of civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Docket No. 1). On December 22, 2010, Defendants filed a Notice of Removal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441, alleging federal question as the basis of jurisdiction. (Docket No. 1). On February 25, 2011, Defendants filed their Answer to Plaintiffs' Complaint with a Jury Demand (Docket No. 7).
On March 7, 2011, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and Fed.R.Civ.P. 73, U.S. District Court Judge David A. Katz issued an Order of reference, pursuant to the parties' consent, transferring this case to the undersigned for all further proceedings and entry of judgment (Docket No. 11).
On January 18, 2012, prior to the issuance of this Court's Order on Defendant's Motion for Protective Order,
The is case is presently before this Court on the matters raised in Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment.
Set forth below is a general narrative of the events that gave rise to this case
• During the evening of March 24, 2010, approximately six members of the City of Toledo Department of Police, in furtherance of the execution of a Search Warrant, entered premises located at 2082 North 12th Street, Toledo, Ohio. (Docket No. 1, 3, Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit). This action (raid) was undertaken pursuant to an ongoing investigation of the alleged sale of crack cocaine by a person named Gabrial Taylor, an alleged drug dealer (Docket No. 1, Attachment No 1, Complaint; Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit; Docket No. 36, Attachment No. 8, Sweat Deposition, 17-18).
• Plaintiffs Michael Hunt and Janet Hunt resided in, and were occupying, the North 12th premises at the time of the above referenced raid. (Docket No. 1, 3).
• Upon receiving this information Detective Sweat, assisted by Sergeant Steven Harrison, commenced surveillance of what they claimed was this location. Detective Sweat alone or with Detective Harrison surveilled what they claimed was this location on several occasions (Docket No. 36, Attachment No. 8, Sweat Deposition. at pp. 18, 21; Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit; Docket No. 18, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit for Search Warrant; Docket No. 36, Attachment No. 7, Harrison Deposition, 13-17).
• On March 22, 2010, two days before the raid, Det. Sweat orchestrated a controlled buy of crack cocaine from a location that he stated was 2082 N. 12th Street, utilizing his Confidential Informant to purchase the contraband (Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit; Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 7, Crime Report). Pursuant to a drug field test performed immediately after the controlled buy, the substance purchased by the CI was determined to be cocaine, thereby confirming the Detective's belief that criminal activity was occurring in the residence from which the substance was purchased, which apartment Detective Sweat believed to be 2082 N. 12th Street, i.e., Plaintiffs' apartment. (Docket No. 36, Attachment No. 8, Sweat Deposition, 14, 38; Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit; Docket No. 18, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit for Search Warrant). Detective Sweat's CI also advised Det. Sweat that, while he was inside the apartment making the buy, he had observed a gun in the apartment. (Docket No. 36, Attachment No. 8, Sweat Deposition, 14, 38; Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit; Docket No. 18, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit for Search Warrant).
• On March 24, 2010, Det. Sweat applied to the Toledo Municipal Court for a "night season no-knock" search warrant, supported by his affidavit, of the Plaintiffs' apartment located at 2082 N. 12th Street, the location Det. Sweat believed to have been the site of on going criminal activity (Docket No. 36, Attachment No. 8, Sweat Deposition, 36; Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit; Docket No. 18, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit for Search Warrant). On that date, a Toledo Municipal Court Judge issued the search warrant (Docket No. 18, Attachment No. 1 Sweat Affidavit for Search Warrant, Attachment No. 2, Search Warrant).
• At approximately 9:45 P.M. on March 24, 2010, Det. Sweat along with about a half a dozen members of the Toledo Police Department's Directed Patrol unit executed the Search Warrant and conducted a search of Plaintiffs' apartment. The unit made a forced entry of Plaintiffs' apartment, secured the premises and the Plaintiffs and conducted a search of Plaintiffs' apartment. (Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit). The search uncovered a small amount of marijuana, rolling papers, a marijuana joint, baggies and marijuana stems, a loaded 22 caliber handgun and rounds of ammunition. All items were seized as evidence. (Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit and Attachment No. 3, Crime Report, and Attachment No. 6, Inventory and Receipt).
• No crack cocaine, drug purchases activities or other items or materials indicative of illegal crack cocaine procession or distribution activities as referenced in the Search Warrant were observed by law enforcement
• Plaintiffs were handcuffed, arrested and charged with possession of marijuana, and obstructing official business. (Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit E. Sweat and Attachment No. 7, Crime Report), the former charge being dismissed with court costs and fine only. (Docket No. 18, 5, 14). The handgun seized by the Toledo Police Department during the raid was eventually returned to Plaintiffs (Docket No. 11). On August 27, 2010, both Plaintiffs Michael and Janet Hunt plead no contest to the obstruction charges and were found guilty of obstructing official business by a Toledo Municipal Court Judge (Docket No. 28, Attachment No. 1, Sweat Affidavit and Attachment No. 8 Journal Details).
Below are additional alleged facts relevant to the various claims raised on summary judgment.
and he never saw those people there during the day, he believed it was suspicious, and he knew that Williams had a background of drug activity, including crack. p. 10 ln. 12-17, p. 10 ln. 19-22, p. 10 ln. 23-25, p. 11, p. 12-13, p, 16 ln. 18 p.-20 ln. 5. • Bankey stated that he confronted Williams, although it was not part of his official duties, but did it out of concern for the property, p. 13-14 • Bankey knew Williams's history because she told him p. 16, ln. 9 • Concerning 2082, Bankey stated that "No, No, not late at night. There's never been any activity going on there." p. 22, ln. 20-21 • Responding to questions from Plaintiffs' counsel Tolliver; he stated that when he was on the grounds he never saw activity at 2082 similar to the activity observed at 2080, and never heard other tenants complaining about 2082. p. 25 ln. 2-15, p. 25-26.
Motions for summary judgment are governed under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The standard for summary judgment is set forth in Rule 56(a):
Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a).
Rule 56 compels summary judgment when it can be shown that a party, who
The reviewing court shall not weigh evidence or make credibility determinations. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Schreiber v. Moe, 596 F.3d 323, 333 (6th Cir.2010). Rather, the court is to peruse such evidence as has been presented with an eye toward drawing all reasonable inferences and construe the evidence and reasonable inferences in a light most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Biegas v. Quickway Carriers, Inc., 573 F.3d 365, 374 (6th Cir. 2009).
If the party moving for summary judgment has met (or appears to have met) that burden, the party against whom the motion was sought is then responsible for adducing particular facts which show the existence of a genuine dispute of material. For the non-moving party to meet this burden it must produce more than a "mere scintilla" of evidence to support its claim. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 255-56, 106 S.Ct. 2505. An opposition to a properly supported summary judgment motion may not rely exclusively on mere pleading allegations to show the existence of a genuine dispute of material fact. Fed.R.Civ. P. 56(e); Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 251, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
A plaintiff must, however, provide more than the claims asserted in the pleadings, and must identify more than just a "metaphysical doubt" or a hypothetical "plausibility" that may emerge from a murky reference to an absence of evidence. Rather a plaintiff is obliged to come forward with "specific facts," based on "discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits," showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). See Chappell v. City of Cleveland, 585 F.3d 901, 912 (6th Cir.2009). See also Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505 ("The judge's inquiry, therefore, unavoidably asks whether reasonable jurors could find by a preponderance of the evidence that the [non-moving party] is entitled to a verdict — whether there is [evidence] upon which a jury can properly proceed to find a verdict for the party producing it, upon whom the onus of proof is imposed." (emphasis in original) (internal quotations omitted)).
In the instant case Defendants assert that summary judgment should be granted in their favor because "Defendants are immune under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and RC §§ 2744.02(B) and 2744.03(A)(6)." (Docket No. 28, 6). In the context of a 42 U.S.C.
Vakilian v. Shaw, 335 F.3d 509, 515 (6th Cir.2003). (citing Higgason v. Stephens, 288 F.3d 868, 876 (6th Cir.2002); Poe v. Haydon, 853 F.2d 418, 425-26 (6th Cir. 1988)). "Summary judgment is also improper where the reasonableness of an officer's action depends on a disputed issue of fact." Scozzari v. Miedzianowski, 454 Fed.Appx. 455, 462 (6th Cir.2012). See also Leonard v. Robinson, 477 F.3d 347, 355 (6th Cir.2007).
Although not specifically denominated as such in Plaintiffs' Complaint, a reasonable construction of that Complaint shows that Plaintiff has asserted the following six causes of action. Pursuant to its review of Plaintiffs' Complaint, this Court finds itself in essential agreement with Defendants and recognizes five of the six Causes of Action outlined by Defendants extant in Plaintiffs' Complaint. However, this Court disagrees with Cause of Action No. 2 identified by Defendants, i.e. that Plaintiffs alleged Defendants Sweat and John Does subjected them cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and finds that such Cause of Action is not present in the Complaint.
This lawsuit arises under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as well as state law. The Plaintiffs assert that the Defendants have, under color of law, deprived Plaintiffs of clearly established rights, privileges and immunities secured by the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution
To prove liability under § 1983 a plaintiff must "establish (1) the deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States (2) caused by a person acting under color of state law." Sigley v. City of Parma Heights, 437 F.3d 527, 533 (6th Cir.2006) (citations omitted).
The Defendants in this action do not dispute the assertion that from the initial undertaking of the surveillance that lead to the raid of Plaintiffs' residence through the time of Plaintiffs' arrest and including all other relevant events that occurred during the execution of the search warrant that they were acting under the color of state law. This being so, the remaining question is simply whether Defendants caused the Plaintiffs to suffer a deprivation "of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States" and were harmed thereby. Id.
A general principle in evaluating § 1983 claims is that not all unfair, unwise, or imprudent actions of persons or entities acting under the color of state law are, necessarily, constitutionally unreasonable. See Kostrzewa v. City of Troy, 247 F.3d 633, 639 (6th Cir.2001). Courts routinely acknowledge that police and other law enforcement officials are allowed "latitude for honest mistakes," even when those mistakes may seem implausible or at least difficult to understand when viewed through the rear view mirror of time and from the unadorned narrative of the written record. See Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79, 87, 107 S.Ct. 1013, 94 L.Ed.2d 72 (1987).
Yet, there is a countervailing principle that also serves to guide courts in their review of these cases: that the Constitution was not created to inflate the authority of the state and its police powers over the individual, and that each and every citizen is guaranteed meaningful, constitutional rights that the state, through its police powers, and law enforcement officials, individually, may not violate. See Champion v. Outlook Nashville, Inc., 380 F.3d 893, 900 (6th Cir.2004). See, e.g., Holland v. Harrington, 268 F.3d 1179, 1194-95 (10th Cir.2001) ("At all times, SWAT officers no less than others ... must keep it clearly in mind that we are not at war with our own people.")
Lawsuits under § 1983 frequently provide "the only realistic avenue for vindication of constitutional guarantees," Champion, 380 F.3d at 901 (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 814, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982)). Yet, it is also true that such suits impose a cost on society, "including `the expenses of litigation, the diversion of official energy from pressing public issues, and the deterrence of able citizens from acceptance of public office.'" Id. In this regard it is well acknowledged that governmental officials, including, and maybe especially, law enforcement officers, will not be able to perform their jobs safely or effectively, if they are compelled to consider that their every momentary decision may be analyzed and dissected with knowledge obtained only through hindsight. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989); Kostrzewa, 247 F.3d at 639. See also Cline v. City of Mansfield, 745 F.Supp.2d 773, 788-89 (N.D.Ohio, E.D.2010).
For a plaintiff to show that such a violation occurred, they must be able to establish the propriety of recovery from any particular party. See Petty v. County of Franklin, Ohio, 478 F.3d 341, 349 (6th Cir.2007). Accordingly, the analysis of a § 1983 claim commences with the preliminary
It is the foregoing perspective that informs and justifies the doctrine of qualified immunity, which provides a balancing point to the inevitable clash of competing, fundamental interests that are invariably brought to the fore in the context of 1983 claims. This balancing principle holds that "government officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Champion, 380 F.3d at 901.
Qualified immunity is a defense not just against liability, but against suit itself. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 815, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009). Hence, the immunity questions should be resolved as early in the litigation as possible. Id. Qualified immunity "`gives ample room for mistaken judgments' by protecting `all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.'" Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991) (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 343, 341, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986)). Chappell v. City of Cleveland, 585 F.3d 901, 907 (6th Cir.2009) (citing Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991) (internal quotations omitted)). Ward v. County of Cuyahoga, 721 F.Supp.2d 677, 688 (N.D.Ohio, E.D. 2010).
Qualified immunity will serve to shield a defendant law enforcement officer from liability regardless of "whether the official's error [was] `a mistake of law, a mistake of fact, or a mistake based on mixed questions of law and fact.'" Pearson, 129 S.Ct. at 818. (citing Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 567, 124 S.Ct. 1284, 157 L.Ed.2d 1068 (2004)). In Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), the Supreme Court established a two part test for determining the applicability of qualified immunity in § 1983 actions. First, "[t]aken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right?" Id. at 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151. Second, "if a violation could be made out on a favorable view of the parties' submissions, the next ... step is to ask whether the right was clearly established." Id.
In a § 1983 action, it is the plaintiff's burden to show that the defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity. Untalan v. City of Lorain, 430 F.3d 312, 314 (6th Cir.2005). That is, viewing the
The Supreme Court and the Sixth Circuit have rejected the argument that a right is only clearly established where a plaintiff can show the existence of a "fundamentally similar" or "materially similar" case. Grawey v. Drury, 567 F.3d 302, 313-14 (6th Cir.2009) (quoting Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 153 L.Ed.2d 666 (2002), explaining that the determining issue is whether the defendant law enforcement officer had fair warning that his actions were unconstitutional).
This interpretation of the requirements for proving that the right in question was clearly established entails that law enforcement officials are to be cognizant that their conduct may violate established law even in novel factual circumstances, i.e., where no precedent exists. The crucial dispositive consideration in making the assessment of whether "a right is clearly established" is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted. See Champion, 380 F.3d at 902 ("[T]he fact that various courts have `not agreed on one verbal formulation of the controlling standard' does not by itself entitle an officer to qualified immunity." (quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 203, 121 S.Ct. 2151)). Because the emphasis of this analysis is on whether the officer had fair notice, at the time of the events under consideration, that his conduct was lawful (or otherwise), reasonableness is to be judged against the backdrop of the law that was current at the time of the conduct under examination. See Cline v. City of Mansfield, 745 F.Supp.2d 773, 798-90 (N.D.Ohio, E.D.2010), Rush v. City of Mansfield, 771 F.Supp.2d 827, 834-36 (N.D.Ohio, E.D.2011).
As a general rule, the default position is that qualified immunity applies. However, qualified immunity will not shield the officer from liability where it is obvious that no reasonably competent official would have concluded that the actions taken were lawful. Ewolski v. City of Brunswick, 287 F.3d 492, 501 (6th Cir. 2002). See also Russo v. City of Cincinnati, 953 F.2d 1036, 1042 (6th Cir.1992) ("For a right to be clearly established, `[t]he contours of the right must be sufficiently
In a § 1983 action, when a plaintiff seeks to recover damages from a municipality, it is not necessary that a particular right the plaintiff claims was violated be "clearly established," as is the case in 1983 claims against individuals. However, in an action against a municipality, the plaintiff must establish that the municipality itself was the proximate cause of the alleged deprivation. See Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 122, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992); Ford v. County of Grand Traverse, 535 F.3d 483, 495-96 (6th Cir.2008).
Concerning the municipal defendant, there is no vicarious liability for the alleged tortious acts of the municipality's agents in a 1983 action, rather:
Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); see also Board of County Commis. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 405, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997) ("Where a plaintiff claims that the municipality has not directly inflicted an injury, but nonetheless has caused an employee to do so, rigorous standards of culpability and causation must be applied to ensure that the municipality is not held liable solely for the actions of its employee.") (citation omitted).
Succinctly stated, a plaintiff must show that the municipality itself was the wrongdoer to impose § 1983 liability upon a local governmental body. Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 122, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992).
A plaintiff can establish that a municipality is the proximate cause of a violation under any of five theories: (1) express municipal policy, Monell, 436 U.S. at 660-61, 98 S.Ct. 2018, (2) "widespread practice that, although not authorized by written law or express municipal policy, is `so permanent and well settled as to constitute a custom or usage' with the force of law," City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988) (quotation omitted), (3) the decision of a person with final policy making authority, Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 481-83, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986), (4) the failure to act
In the instant case, regarding all the causes of action asserted by Plaintiffs, and having reviewed the record evidence presently before it, this Court has found no evidence that creates a genuine dispute of material fact regarding the liability of the City of Toledo as to any of Plaintiffs' claims.
Plaintiffs assert that the search warrant that lead to the raid of March 24, 2010, was invalid due to allegedly erroneous information contained in the warrant and the associated affidavit. If the warrant were invalid, then Plaintiffs were subjected to an unconstitutional search. See, e.g., Cline v. City of Mansfield, 745 F.Supp.2d 773, 800 (N.D.Ohio, E.D.2010).
When analyzing the soundness of a warrant a court will look to the affidavit for search warrant that supported the issuance of the warrant. See United States v. Frazier, 423 F.3d 526, 531 (6th Cir.2005). ("To demonstrate probable cause to justify the issuance of a search warrant, an affidavit must contain facts that indicate `a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be located on the premises of the proposed search.'" (quoting United States v. Jenkins, 396 F.3d 751, 760 (6th Cir.2005))).
Where a search warrant is issued on the basis of an invalid affidavit the warrant will, too, be invalid, and law enforcement officers may not execute a search warrant when the supporting affidavit is "so lacking in probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable' or ... where the officer's reliance on the warrant was neither in good faith nor objectively reasonable." United States v. McPhearson, 469 F.3d 518, 522 (6th Cir.2006) (quoting United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 923, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984)). See also United States v. Hodson, 543 F.3d 286, 293 (6th Cir.2008) ("[A] reasonably well trained officer in the field, upon looking at this warrant, would have realized that the search described ... did not match the probable cause described...."); cf. United States v. Washington, 380 F.3d 236, 241 (6th Cir.2004) ("[I]t is entirely possible that an affidavit could be insufficient for probable cause but sufficient for `good-faith' reliance."). "When determining whether an affidavit establishes probable
The courts have also acknowledged that, even with the best efforts of law enforcement, mistakes can happen, but not all mistakes will render a warrant invalid. See United States v. Johnson, 558 F.Supp.2d 807, 812 (E.D.Tenn.2008) ("The Supreme Court and the Sixth Circuit have recognized that despite best efforts, inaccurate information, such as a wrong address, may get into the affidavits for search warrants ...") (citing United States v. Pelayo-Landero, 285 F.3d 491 (6th Cir.2002)). However, this principle does not apply to major discrepancies. See Knott v. Sullivan, 418 F.3d 561, 569 (6th Cir.2005) ("[I]n this case, the errors in the search warrant and affidavit were so extensive that there was a reasonable probability that the wrong vehicle could have been mistakenly searched."). See Cline v. City of Mansfield, 745 F.Supp.2d 773, 800, 804 (N.D.Ohio, E.D.2010).
The Sixth Circuit's decision in United States v. Laughton, 409 F.3d 744 (6th Cir. 2005) is instructive. In Laughton, the Sixth Circuit found that police were not entitled to rely upon an affidavit that did not "turn[ ] up some modicum of evidence, however slight, to connect the criminal activity described in the affidavit to the place to be searched." Laughton, at 749. The affidavit did not contain any specific reference to the particular address identified on the face of the warrant, using only generic references to a "home" and a "residence." The Court found that such a "warrant fail[s] to establish any nexus whatsoever between the residence to be searched and the criminal activity attributed to the defendant in the affidavit." Laughton, at 746.
As to the validity of a warrant the question is whether ("a reasonably well trained officer in the field, upon looking at this warrant, would have realized that the search described ... did not match the probable cause described...."). See United States v. Hodson, 543 F.3d at 293 In determining whether a police officer's reliance on the warrant was objectively reasonable, the court must decide "whether a reasonably well-trained officer would have known that the search was illegal despite the magistrate's authorization." United States v. Weaver, 99 F.3d 1372, 1380 (6th Cir.1996). See Cline v. City of Mansfield, 745 F.Supp.2d 773, 800, 807 (N.D.Ohio, E.D.2010). ("In this case, by contrast, it is clear that any reasonable officer who: (a) read the affidavit, and (b) happened to discover that it referred exclusively to 618 Burns Street would know that the affidavit did not reflect probable cause to search 347 South.").
Addressing the veracity of search warrants the Supreme Court has stated:
Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 164-65, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 2681, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978).
While the Fourth Amendment commands that no warrant may issue but upon `probable cause,' the Supreme Court has long held that "the term `probable cause' ... means less than evidence which would justify condemnation," Locke v. United States, 7 Cranch 339, 348, 3 L.Ed. 364 (1813). Thus a determination that a warrant satisfies the `probable cause' requirement could possibly rest upon evidence which would not be legally sufficient at a criminal trial. Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 311, 79 S.Ct. 329, 332, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959). As the Court stated in Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 173, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 1309, 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949), "There is a large difference between the two things to be proved [guilt and probable cause], as well as between the tribunals which determine them, and therefore a like difference in the quanta and modes of proof required to establish them" Thus hearsay may be the basis for issuance of the warrant so long as there... (is) a substantial basis for crediting the hearsay. See Jones v. United States, supra, 362 U.S. at 272, 80 S.Ct. at 736.
Regarding the nature and sufficiency of the evidence necessary to satisfy the "quanta" of evidence and truth required to establish the validity of a warrant, the Supreme Court recognized that "an affidavit may be based on hearsay information and need not reflect the direct personal observations of the affiant," as long as the magistrate is "informed of some of the underlying circumstances" that provide support for the conclusions reached by the affiant as set forth in the warrant and as well as the affiant's belief that the informant "whose identity need not be disclosed... was `credible' or his information `reliable.'" Aguilar v. State of Texas, supra, 378 U.S. at 114, 84 S.Ct. at 1514.
What is revealed by the foregoing is the recognition by the Supreme Court that
U.S. v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108, 85 S.Ct. 741, 746, 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965)
The Sixth Circuit has held that the fact that an affidavit and a warrant contain an incorrect address does not in and of itself render the search warrant invalid. The Fourth Amendment only mandates that a warrant "particularly describ[e] the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." U.S. Const. amend. IV; see United States v. Blakeney, 942 F.2d 1001, 1026 (6th Cir.1991).
When evaluating whether a warrant had described with the requisite degree of particularity the place to be searched, the Sixth Circuit has looked to "(1) whether the place to be searched is described with sufficient particularity as to enable the executing officers to locate and identify the premises with reasonable effort; and (2) whether there is reasonable probability that some other premises may be mistakenly searched." Knott v. Sullivan, 418 F.3d 561, 568 (6th Cir.2005). Yet, the Court has acknowledged that a search warrant is not automatically invalidated due to an error in description. United States v. Pelayo-Landero, 285 F.3d 491, 496 (6th Cir.2002). "The test for determining whether a search warrant describes the premises to be searched with sufficient particularity `is not whether the description is technically accurate in every detail ...'" Id. (citing U.S. v. Prout, 526 F.2d 380, 387-88 (5th Cir.1976)). See also U.S. v. Hang Le-Thy Tran, 433 F.3d 472, 479-80 (6th Cir.2006).
Several Sixth Circuit cases have stood for the proposition that a search warrant is not necessarily invalid despite containing an erroneous address. See Key v. Grayson, 179 F.3d 996, 1000 (6th Cir. 1999); Wheeler v. City of Lansing, 677 F.Supp.2d 965, 979-80 (W.D.Mich, S.D. 2010). See also United States v. Pelayo-Landero, 285 F.3d 491, 496 (6th Cir.2002); Knott v. Sullivan, 418 F.3d 561, 568-69 (6th Cir.2005)
See United States v. Durk, 149 F.3d 464, 465 (6th Cir.1998). (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
In the present case the affidavit for search warrant, which was attached to the search warrant, contained the following relevant facts: it identified, with specificity, the location where the alleged criminal activity was believed to have been taking place, 2082 N. 12th Street, Toledo, Ohio; it also identified the premises by its location within the Beacon Place apartment complex (i.e., eleventh apartment from the corner), and described its outward physical appearance; it stated that a confidential informant had made a controlled purchase of crack cocaine within that premises; it stated that the affiant, Detective Sweat, had observed the CI enter and leave the premises at the time the controlled purchase was made, and it stated that Det. Sweat had independently observed what appeared to be conduct, i.e., foot traffic, indicative of criminal activity happening within the premises on other occasions. The search warrant identified the same premises as the premises identified
Plaintiffs have presented no evidence that creates a genuine dispute of material fact concerning the facial validity of the affidavit or the search warrant. Accordingly, as to the John Doe police officer Defendants, this Court finds that there is no genuine dispute of material fact on the issue of whether they violated Plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment rights in executing the search warrant, and Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is granted as to these Defendants on this issue.
A crucial consideration in this case is the issue of the manner in which Detective Sweat obtained the information that informed and was included in the affidavit and warrant. Instructive on how the Sixth Circuit has addressed the issues of surveillance, information gathering and affidavit/warrant formation in § 1983 cases are Williams v. City of Detroit, 843 F.Supp. 1183 (E.D.Mich, S.D.1994) and Hill v. McIntyre, 884 F.2d 271 (6th Cir.1989).
In Williams Detroit police officers broke into and raided the home of Plaintiffs Elias and Betty Williams in a search for evidence of drug trafficking. It was the wrong house. The raid was based on a search warrant and supporting affidavit that was obtained by one of the Defendant police officers, Sergeant Murphy. Three days prior to the raid Murphy sent a confidential informant to the make a drug buy. The salient circumstances of the buy, as described in Murphy's affidavit, are that Murphy instructed the CI to go to a particular location, Murphy observed the CI enter that location and return to Murphy shortly thereafter. Murphy's affidavit also stated that the CI told him that he/she went to the identified location and purchased cocaine. Williams, 843 F.Supp. at 1184.
However, in addition to the information provided in the affidavit of Murphy, summarized above, discovery also included a deposition of the CI. According to that deposition and other information, the police were investigating reports of foot traffic in the area that was suggestive of illegal drug activity. Contrary to what Murphy stated in his affidavit, the CI indicated that he was sent down an alley that ran parallel to the Williams's residence and, following the path of the foot traffic, came upon a house where a person was peering out a window behind some drapes. That individual then came outside into the back yard and sold drugs to the CI. The CI apparently never entered the location to which he had been instructed to go by Murphy. According to the CI, Murphy could not have seen him enter the residence, since that never happened. Murphy then picked up the CI after he returned from his trip down the alley. Murphy and the CI then drove down the street and the CI pointed to the location where he had been instructed to go, as the house from which the individual who had sold him cocaine had exited. Williams, 843 F.Supp. at 1184
In any event, when the Williams's house was searched it contained only the Williamses but no evidence of any drug activity. Williams v. City of Detroit, 843 F.Supp. 1183, 1184 (E.D.Mich., S.D.1994)
The Sixth Circuit has held that "[a]n action under § 1983 does lie against an officer who obtains an invalid search warrant by making in his affidavit, material
In Hill, as in Williams, police officers raided and searched the wrong house for narcotics. In Hill, the officer who had prepared the affidavit and obtained the warrant had misidentified the target location of the raid. That is in the warrant and supporting affidavit the officer had identified as the house (in which illegal drug activity was occurring) a house which was next door to the house where the drug dealing was actually occurring. The source of the mistake of the officer in Hill was information provided to the officer by an informant who had provided a description of the house to be searched. In Hill the district court a directed verdict after the close of the plaintiff's case as to the validity of the warrant. However, the Sixth Circuit reversed, determining that it was for a jury to decide whether the officer displayed a reckless disregard for the truth when he mistakenly identified the house. Hill v. McIntyre, 884 F.2d 271, 275.
The district court in Williams, supra, held that the circumstance of that case "present[ed] basically the same facts addressed by the Sixth Circuit in Hill" Williams, at 1185. That is, the Williams court concluded that Sgt. Murphy apparently replied on questionable information
Williams v. City of Detroit, 843 F.Supp. 1183, 1185-86.
In the instant case, there is evidence suggesting that Detective Sweat may have mis-identified 2082 N. 12th Street as the location within which the criminal activity was occurring as well as evidence that additional investigation could have shown that the offending location was actually 2080 N. 12th Street (see Deposition testimony of Feagins, Bankey and Brady, presented in detail, above as well as the crime report that identified the location of the March 22, 2010 buy as 525 Erie, not a 12th Street address). However, the record does not reveal any evidence that a jury could look to that would allow it to conclude that Detective Sweat either knowingly misidentified 2082 or was wanton or reckless in the manner in which he gathered evidence and reached the conclusion that 2082 was the site of the criminal activity. Unlike the Hill and Williams, supra, there is no evidence in the current case — either directly contradictory deposition testimony of the CI or conflicting statements by Detective Sweat or Sgt. Harrison — that create the possibility of a
Plaintiffs' claim that the Defendants violated Plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment rights by employing excessive force during the execution of the search. As previously noted in this Memorandum Plaintiffs asserted an excessive force claim in their Complaint. (See Plaintiffs' Complaint, Docket No. 1, Attachment No. 1, p. 6, ¶ 16.) Defendants, in their Motion for Summary Judgment addressed six causes of action they identified as claims asserted by Plaintiffs in their Complaint. Among Plaintiffs' claims for relief identified by Defendants was an Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishment claim. (See Docket No. 28, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, p. 2, Cause of Action No. 2) As discussed, infra, this Court has determined that Plaintiff did not assert an Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishment claim and, accordingly, does not address said claim herein.
As to Plaintiffs excessive force claim, however, this Court finds that Defendants, in failing to identify and address that claim, have, accordingly failed to move for summary dismissal of that claim. Thus, Plaintiffs' excessive force claim stands as originally plead and this Court retains jurisdiction over this claim.
Plaintiffs have asserted a claim of negligent training against Defendant political subdivision, the City of Toledo.
Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a municipality cannot be held liable for unconstitutional actions of its employees under the theory of respondeat superior. See, e.g., City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989); Monell v. Department of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).
In general, to establish that a municipality is liable under § 1983, a plaintiff must show an unconstitutional action that "implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body's officers" Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-59, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). or a "constitutional deprivation[ ] visited pursuant to governmental `custom' even though such a custom has not received formal approval." Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). To prevail on a § 1983 claim against a municipality, a plaintiff must show: (1) that he or she suffered a deprivation of a constitutionally protected interest; and (2) that the deprivation was caused by an official policy, custom, or usage of the municipality. Monell v. New York Dep't of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). Municipal liability for unconstitutional acts of employees cannot be established on the basis of respondeat superior, but rather requires proof that the municipality's policy or custom caused the harm. Id. at 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018.
That is, a failure to train or supervise properly under section 1983 cannot be based only on simple negligence. Hays v. Jefferson County, 668 F.2d 869, 872 (6th Cir.1982). "A failure to train amounts to `deliberate indifference' where state actors should have known, either because of a history of [constitutional rights] violations or because such likelihood was obvious, that [constitutional rights] violations were likely to result absent better training." League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Blackwell, 432 F.Supp.2d 723, 729 (N.D.Ohio 2005) (citing Harris, 489 U.S. at 390, 390 n. 4, 109 S.Ct. 1197).
Such conditions arise when "in light of the duties assigned to specific officers or employees the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need." City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, supra, 489 U.S. at 390, 109 S.Ct. 1197.
To prevail on a negligent training claim against a municipality a plaintiff must show: (1) the training or supervision was inadequate for the tasks performed; (2) the inadequacy was the result of the municipality's deliberate indifference; and (3) the inadequacy was closely related to or actually caused the injury. Ellis ex rel. Pendergrass v. Cleveland Mun. Sch. Dist., 455 F.3d 690, 700 (6th Cir.2006). See also Morrison v. Board of Trustees of Green Tp., 529 F.Supp.2d 807, 823 (S.D.Ohio, W.D.2007)
In the instant case Plaintiffs' proffered proof does not demonstrate either "a history of [constitutional rights] violations" or an obvious "likelihood ... that [constitutional rights] violations were likely to result absent better training." League of Women Voters of Ohio, 432 F.Supp.2d at 729. Morrison v. Board of Trustees of Green Tp., 529 F.Supp.2d 807, 824 (S.D.Ohio, W.D.2007). The record has revealed scant, if any, evidence that, if viewed in a light most favorable to them, would show that Defendant City of Toledo had failed to provide adequate training or supervision either as to surveillance, handling of confidential informants, preparation of affidavits for search warrants, preparation of search warrants, or, finally, the execution of search warrant and the manner of conducting a raid. Accordingly, this Court finds there is no genuine dispute as to any material facts regarding Plaintiffs' negligent training claim, and that, as to this claim, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is Granted.
Plaintiffs assert a civil conspiracy claim against Defendants Sweat and John Does.
A conspiracy is "an agreement by two or more persons to commit an unlawful act, coupled with an intent to achieve the agreement's objective, and (in most states) action or conduct that furthers the agreement; a combination for an unlawful purpose" Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009 Westlaw) A civil conspiracy is "[a]n agreement between two or more persons to commit an unlawful act that causes
The Sixth Circuit has set forth the standard for proving a civil conspiracy claim brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in Hooks v. Hooks, 771 F.2d 935 (6th Cir.1985):
Id. at 943-44.
"It is well-settled that conspiracy claims must be pled with some degree of specificity and that vague and conclusory allegations unsupported by material facts will not be sufficient to state such a claim under § 1983." Gutierrez v. Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1538 (6th Cir.1987). See also Spadafore v. Gardner, 330 F.3d 849, 854 (6th Cir.2003); Beckett v. Ford, 613 F.Supp.2d 970, 983 (N.D.Ohio, W.D.2009); Hampton v. Hanrahan, 600 F.2d 600, 620-21 (7th Cir.1979).
"Unsupported conclusions and inferences are insufficient to support a charge of conspiracy.... Absent any evidence of a plan to deprive the plaintiff of her civil rights, a conspiracy allegation cannot go to the jury. Miller v. City of Columbus, 920 F.Supp. 807, 822 (S.D.Ohio, E.D.1996), affirmed, 52 Fed.Appx. 672 (6th Cir.2002).
However, the Sixth Circuit has also indicated that because "[r]arely in a conspiracy case will there be direct evidence of an express agreement among all the conspirators to conspire, ... circumstantial evidence may provide adequate proof of conspiracy." Weberg v. Franks, 229 F.3d 514, 528 (6th Cir.2000) (alteration in original).
Civil conspiracy may also be asserted as a federal civil claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3).
To establish a conspiracy claim under § 1985(3), a plaintiff must prove: 1) a conspiracy involving two or more individuals; 2) that the conspiracy was entered into for the purpose of depriving, directly or indirectly, a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws; 3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy occurred; and 4) and such act caused injury to a person or property, or a deprivation of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States. Johnson v. Hills & Dales Gen. Hosp., 40 F.3d 837, 839 (6th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1066, 115 S.Ct. 1698, 131 L.Ed.2d 560 (1995). See also Miller v. City of Columbus, supra, 920 F.Supp. at 821-22. To establish a conspiracy under § 1985(3) a plaintiff must also prove that conspiracy was motivated by racial, or other class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus. Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102, 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1798, 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971). In the instant case there is no evidence in the record that the conduct of the City of Toledo or Defendant police officers was motivated or informed by racial or other class-based discriminatory animus. Accordingly, there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to this necessary element of a § 1985(3) conspiracy claim. Thus, as to any conspiracy claim arising out of § 1985(3), the Court finds that Defendants' motion for summary judgment is well taken and Defendants are granted summary judgment.
Plaintiff likewise fails to prove a conspiracy claim under § 1983. As discussed, above, such claims require a combination of two or more persons acting in concert to commit an unlawful act, or to commit a lawful act by unlawful means, the principal element of which is an agreement between the parties to inflict a wrong against or injury upon another, and an overt act that results in damage.
Certainly, in the instant case, there were the requisite two parties involved in the investigation leading up to the raid of March 24, 2010, and more than two individuals involved in the raid that took place that evening. It is also quite clear there was an agreement among the various parties to achieve a general objective, i.e., to investigate drug activity believed to be occurring at a certain location and to execute a search warrant at that location. Hooks v. Hooks, supra. It is also conceivable that a rational trier of fact could view the events leading up to and of March 24, 2010, as having caused Plaintiffs to suffer some kind and degree of injury. What is missing from this claim, however, is any evidence that the agreement into which Defendants entered was intended either to commit an unlawful act or to commit a lawful act by unlawful means. Hampton v. Hanrahan, 600 F.2d at 620-21. As previously noted, "[u]nsupported conclusions and inferences are insufficient to support a charge of conspiracy ..." Miller v. City of Columbus 920 F.Supp. at 822.
Accordingly, as there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to this crucial element Plaintiff's § 1983 conspiracy claim, this Court finds Defendants' motion for summary judgment well taken and grants said motion as to this claim.
The State of Ohio provides statutory immunity for its political subdivisions and their employees in civil actions. Ohio Revised Code Chapter 2744, The Political
Step one establishes the default condition, i.e., that political subdivisions of the State of Ohio are immune from liability. At step one, the issue is whether the status of the defendant and the nature of the claim asserted against it meet the preliminary requirements of establishing immunity under § 2744.02(A)(1) of the Ohio Revised Code, which states:
O.R.C. § 2744.02(A)(1)
If it is determined that the general provision of immunity applies, then the reviewing court will proceed to stage two, which involves determining whether any of the five exceptions to immunity, set forth in § 2744.02(B)(1)-(5) apply. At stage two political subdivisions loose the presumption of immunity, if injury, death, or loss to person or property:
O.R.C. § 2744.02(A)(1) & (B)(1-5).
If none of the above exceptions apply, then the political subdivision retains the presumption of immunity. However, if one (or more) of the exceptions listed in § 2744.02(B) is found to apply, then the political subdivision would lose the immunity provided by § 2744.02(A)(1)
If an exception to immunity is found, then the analysis proceeds to stage three, where the political subdivision can assert statutory defenses to the loss of immunity. At stage three the political subdivision's
In the instant case the City of Toledo, a political subdivision of the State of Ohio, is immune as provided in O.R.C. § 2744.02(A)(1). Review of the record evidence fails to show any genuine dispute of material fact that would render applicable any of the immunity exceptions of O.R.C. § 2744.02(B). Specifically, Defendant City of Toledo is immune since the present action does not involve: (1) a motor vehicle (see O.R.C. § 2744.02(B)(1)), (2) proprietary function (see O.R.C. § 2744.02(B)(2)), (3) public road (see O.R.C. § 2744.02(B)(3)), or (4) public building (see O.R.C. § 2744.02(B)(4)). As to the fifth statutory immunity exception, O.R.C. § 2744.02(B)(5), that "civil liability is expressly imposed upon the political subdivision by a section of the Revised Code ..." Plaintiffs have not pointed to any statute or section of the Revised Code that expressly imposes civil liability on the City. Accordingly, this Court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the liability of Defendant City of Toledo and, thereby, grants Defendants Motion for Summary Judgment as to Defendant City.
The determination of an individual employee's entitlement to immunity is a question of law. Conley v. Shearer, 64 Ohio St.3d 284, 292, 595 N.E.2d 862 (1992). Essentially, even as to the employees of political subdivisions, immunity is the default condition and will attach to the conduct of such employees, unless one of the exceptions applies. Miller v. Leesburg, 87 Ohio App.3d 171, 175, 621 N.E.2d 1337 (1993); Walsh v. Erie County Dept. of Job and Family Services, 240 F.Supp.2d 731, 763 (N.D.Ohio, W.D.2003).
Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03(A), at sub subsection (6), extends the grant of immunity that § 2744.01(A) affords political subdivisions to all employees of a political subdivision.
State courts in Ohio have determined that even where a police officer's actions violated an arrestee's constitutional rights, the officer was not necessarily subject to liability. The state courts have found that even though an officer's conduct is "not as thorough as it could have been," such conduct, if it is merely negligent, is not sufficient "to remove the cloak of immunity." Boyd v. Village of Lexington, No. 01-CA-64, 2002 WL 416016, at *6 (Ohio Ct.App. Mar. 14, 2002). See Radvansky v. City of Olmsted Falls, 395 F.3d 291, 316 (6th Cir. 2005).
Plaintiffs assert the state law claim that Defendants Sweat and John Does committed actionable assault and battery against them incident to the raid of March 24, 2010.
"An assault in tort is the willful threat or attempt to harm or touch another offensively, which threat or attempt reasonably places the other in fear of such contact." Vandiver v. Morgan Adhesive Co., 126 Ohio App.3d 634, 710 N.E.2d 1219, 1221 (1998) (citation and internal quotation omitted). Similar to, but distinguishable from, a civil assault is, civil battery, which goes one step beyond civil assault, and includes "an intentional, nonconsensual touching." Watkins v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 130 Ohio App.3d 262, 719 N.E.2d 1052, 1064 (1998).
In the circumstance where the person engaging in the above described behavior is not a police officer acting within the scope of his employment, a claim for civil for assault and battery could present a genuine dispute of material fact. However, where such conduct is attributed to a police officer acting in his official capacity, such as in effectuating a stop or controlling a crime scene, the law provides that a police officer is privileged to make such contact as may be necessary to execute properly his duties and is, thus, protected by governmental immunity, unless the plaintiff can establish that the officer acted "manifestly outside the scope of [her] employment or official responsibilities," acted "with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton and reckless manner," or in a manner for which liability can be imposed under some other law of the State of Ohio. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03(A)(6)(a)-(c). Hale v. Vance, 267 F.Supp.2d 725, 736 (S.D.Ohio, W.D.2003).
The question in the present case is whether Defendant officers are entitled to immunity under Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03.
The Ohio Supreme Court has held that "the issue of wanton misconduct is normally a jury question." Fabrey v. McDonald Vill. Police Dept., 70 Ohio St.3d 351, 356, 639 N.E.2d 31 (1994). See also Campbell v. City of Springboro, Ohio, 788 F.Supp.2d 637, 681-82 (S.D.Ohio, W.D.2011). Accordingly, a law enforcement officer may be found liable for the civil tort of assault and battery if it can be established that the officer used unreasonable force in the course of an arrest. See D'Agastino v. City of Warren, 75 Fed.Appx. 990, 995 (6th Cir.2003) ("If an officer uses more force than is necessary to make an arrest and protect himself from injury, he is liable for assault and battery" under Ohio law.); Knox v. Hetrick, No. 91102, 2009 WL 792357, at *8 (Ohio App. 8 Dist. Mar. 26, 2009).
Despite the pronouncement by the Ohio Supreme Court, in Fabrey, supra — that it is better left to the jury to determine whether such conduct by a police officer is wanton or reckless, and, thus, constitutes actionable assault and battery — this Court is nonetheless bound to consider the threshold question, which is whether
Having reviewed the fact sources in this case, the Court finds that there is no genuine dispute of material fact regarding Defendants' conduct during the raid of March 24, 2010 as it pertains to Plaintiffs' claims of civil assault and battery. Under the circumstances of the raid, given the conditions that the police reasonably anticipated they might likely confront, and especially considering that the Officer Sweat had been advised by the CI that he/she had observed a firearm in the premises where he/she made the purchase, the actions of the Defendants (e.g., handcuffing Plaintiffs, forcing Plaintiffs to sit, instructing Plaintiffs to be silent and not disruptive) in seeking to control the search environment fell well inside the scope of their official responsibilities of controlling what at the time they reasonably believed to be a potentially volatile, and possibly lethal, crime scene.
That Plaintiffs' protested and questioned the presence of the police in their residence is quite understandable, yet from the perspective of law enforcement at the time of the raid, such conduct only served to make that environment more chaotic and unpredictable, thereby warranting the measures used to impose control over the search environment. Accordingly, it is the view of this Court that no rational trier of fact could take the evidence thus far presented in this case, interpreted in a light most favorable to Plaintiffs, and find that, Defendant's interactions with Plaintiffs rose to the level of actionable assault and/or battery. Therefore, this Court grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim of assault and battery.
Plaintiffs claim that Defendants Sweat and John Does caused them to suffer actionable emotional distress. It is unclear from Plaintiffs' pleadings whether they are asserting that Defendants negligently, recklessly or intentionally caused them to suffer emotional distress. For purposes of completeness, this Court will address Plaintiffs' emotional distress claim as to each of these possibilities.
Under Ohio law, a plaintiff can recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress where such injuries are both serious and reasonably foreseeable. Paugh v. Hanks, 6 Ohio St.3d 72, 451 N.E.2d 759, 765 (1983). An emotional injury is serious where "a reasonable person, normally constituted, would be unable to cope adequately with the mental distress engendered by the circumstances of the case." Id. An emotional injury is reasonably foreseeable where a reasonable person in defendant's circumstance would recognize that an act is likely to result in injury to someone. Id. at 766.
Under Ohio law, reckless infliction of emotional distress and intentional infliction of emotional distress are the same cause of action. Ward v. County of Cuyahoga, 721 F.Supp.2d at 695, fn. 8; Davis v. City of East Cleveland, No. 1:03 CV 2075, 2006 WL 753129, at *15 n. 4, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11913, at *47 n. 4 (N.D.Ohio March 21, 2006) (citing Russ v. TRW, Inc., 59 Ohio St.3d 42, 570 N.E.2d 1076, 1083 (1991)).
To recover on a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must establish four elements:
Roelen v. Akron Beacon Journal, 199 F.Supp.2d 685, 696 (N.D.Ohio 2002), (quoting Pyle v. Pyle, 11 Ohio App.3d 31, 463 N.E.2d 98, 103 (1983)). See also Rodriguez v. City of Cleveland, 619 F.Supp.2d 461, 485 (N.D.Ohio, E.D.2009), affirmed in part, reversed in part, Rodriguez v. City of Cleveland, 439 Fed.Appx. 433 (6th Cir. 2011).
Conduct that is merely cruel or insensitive does not reach the threshold of the sort of extreme and outrageous conduct that is necessary to establish a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Thus, for a court to allow a plaintiff's claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress to move past the summary judgment stage, it must determine both that the claimant's alleged emotional injury was sufficiently serious and that the defendants' alleged conduct was sufficiently extreme and outrageous that proceeding to trial before a fact finder would be warranted. Popson v. Danbury Local School Dist., No. 304-cv-7056, 2005 WL 1126732, at *12 (N.D.Ohio April 28, 2005); Kovac v. Lowe's Home Ctrs., Inc., No. 5:05-cv-2276, 2006 WL 1644336, at *9 (N.D.Ohio June 7, 2006.). See also Rodriguez, supra, 619 F.Supp.2d at 485-86.
In the present case the Defendants' conduct — i.e., breaking down Plaintiffs' front door, searching through Plaintiffs' belongings, placing handcuffs on Plaintiffs, forcing Plaintiffs to sit on the floor while Defendants conducted their search of Plaintiffs' apartment, forcefully instructing Plaintiffs to stop talking — even when viewed from a standpoint that is most favorable to the Plaintiffs — does not rise to the level of presenting a genuine dispute of material fact as to the question of whether Defendants' handling of Plaintiffs was so extreme and outrageous as to go "beyond all possible bounds of decency" or to be "utterly intolerable in a civilized community." Additionally, Plaintiffs have not presented any concrete evidence, beyond the bare assertion, that raises a genuine dispute of material fact that they suffered genuine and severe mental anguish as a result of the Defendants' conduct. Therefore, the Court grants summary judgment in favor of the Defendants on Plaintiffs' emotional distress claim to the extent that Plaintiffs have asserted a claim for reckless or intentional infliction of emotional distress.
For the reasons set forth above, the Magistrate Orders that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is Granted as to Causes of Action 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 but that this Court retains jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' Cause of Action No. 2, excessive force.
Subdivision (a). Subdivision (a) carries forward the summary judgment standard expressed in former subdivision (c), changing only one word — genuine "issue" becomes genuine "dispute." "Dispute" better reflects the focus of a summary judgment determination. As explained below, "shall" also is restored to the place it held from 1938 to 2007.
The essential idea informing the second prong of Saucier (i.e., whether the right in question was "clearly established") is that "an official could not ... fairly be said to `know' that the law forbade conduct not previously identified as unlawful." Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727. It is as a consequence of the application of this principle that plaintiffs who have sued under § 1983 must show that "in the light of pre-existing law," a reasonable officer would have understood that the actions for which he now faces suit were unlawful. Champion, 380 F.3d at 902.
If two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire or go in disguise on the highway or on the premises of another, for the purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; or for the purpose of preventing or hindering the constituted authorities of any State or Territory from giving or securing to all persons within such State or Territory the equal protection of the laws; ... in any case of conspiracy set forth in this section, if one or more persons engaged therein do, or cause to be done, any act in furtherance of the object of such conspiracy, whereby another is injured in his person or property, or deprived of having and exercising any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States, the party so injured or deprived may have an action for the recovery of damages occasioned by such injury or deprivation, against any one or more of the conspirators.
42 U.S.C. § 1985(3)
When determining whether an allegedly negligently inflicted emotional injury is reasonably foreseeable courts will look to various factors including: the nearness of the plaintiff to the scene of the accident or event; whether the plaintiff directly observed the accident or event, or learned of it afterward; and whether the plaintiff and the victim were closely related. Id. To be the victim of the negligent infliction of emotional distress, it is not necessary that a plaintiff actually observe the incident: "a contemporaneous observance of the accident through the sense of hearing will enhance the likelihood that the emotional injury was reasonably foreseeable." Id. Additionally, the plaintiff and the victim need not be related by blood. Id.
Thus, for Plaintiffs to be able to maintain a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress, they each would be required to maintain that what they observed of the manner in which Toledo police personnel handled the other during the execution of the search warrant was so traumatizing that they were caused to suffer emotional distress. A review of Plaintiffs' Complaint and the evidence thus far presented to the Court does not disclose a genuine dispute of material fact as to the necessary elements of this claim.
