SUSAN J. DLOTT, District Judge.
Defendant Eric Zyn Ho is charged with conspiracy to commit sex trafficking of children in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591(a)(1) and 1594(c) (Count One) and conspiracy to produce child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), (e) (Count Two). (Doc. 18.)
Defendant Ho asks the Court to suppress the evidence seized—from the residence at 758 Rue Center Court, Apt. J, Cincinnati, Ohio 45245—by the Union Township Police Department, on or about May 2, 2017, in the course of executing a search warrant. (Doc. 29 at PageID 115.) He claims the search warrant violated the Fourth Amendment because it was not supported by probable cause and because the good-faith rule, articulated in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984), does not apply. (Id. at PageID 117, 123.)
On May 2, 2017, affiant John Pavia, a detective with the Union Township Police Department, sought and received a search warrant from a Clermont County Municipal Court Judge. Detective Pavia identified three state felony criminal violations in connection with the warrant: sexual battery (in violation of Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03), unlawful sexual conduct with a minor (in violation of Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.04), and interference with custody (in violation of Ohio Rev. Code § 2919.23). (Doc. 29-1, SEALED, PageID 131.) The salient facts within his supporting affidavit are as follows:
In determining whether a search warrant is supported by probable cause, a court may consider only the "four corners of the affidavit." United States v. Frazier, 423 F.3d 526, 531 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Whiteley v. Warden, Wyo. State Penitentiary, 401 U.S. 560, 565 n.8 (1971)). Thus, "information known to the officer but not conveyed to the magistrate is irrelevant." United States v. Abernathy, 843 F.3d 243, 249 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Brooks, 594 F.3d 488, 492 (6th Cir. 2010)).
An affidavit must show a "likelihood of two things" to establish probable cause for a search. Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). They are: "first, that the items sought are seizable by virtue of being connected with criminal activity; and second, that the items will be found in the place to be searched." Id. (citing United States v. Church, 823 F.3d 351, 355 (6th Cir. 2016 (citing Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 555 n.6 (1978))) (internal quotations omitted). "[E]vidence of a crime" is a critical component of a search warrant. Armstrong v. City of Melvindale, 432 F.3d 695, 700 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Zurcher). To this end, an applicant for a search warrant must recite the statutory violation for which the warrant is requested on the face of the warrant or in the affidavit in support. See United States v. Abboud, 438 F.3d 554, 569-71 (6th Cir. 2006).
Probable cause exists when "common-sense" suggests a "fair probability" that contraband or evidence of a crime "will be found in a particular place." Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983). Probable cause "is not a high bar." Kaley v. United States, 134 S.Ct. 1090, 1103 (2014). "It requires only the kind of fair probability on which reasonable and prudent [people,] not legal technicians, act." Id. (citing Florida v. Harris, 133 S.Ct. 1050, 1055 (2013) (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 231, 238)) (internal quotations omitted) (alteration in original). A reviewing court should give "great deference" to a magistrate judge's probable cause determination and reverse only if it was "arbitrarily" made. United States v. Frechette, 583 F.3d 374, 379 (6th Cir. 2009). And it should not engage in "line-by-line scrutiny of the warrant application's affidavit." United States v. Williams, 544 F.3d 683, 686 (6th Cir. 2008). The affidavit should be judged "on the adequacy of what it
"When evidence is obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, the judicially developed exclusionary rule usually precludes its use in a criminal proceeding against the victim of the illegal search and seizure." Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340, 347 (1987) (citations omitted). But courts typically should not suppress "evidence obtained in objectively reasonable reliance on a subsequently invalidated search warrant." United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922 (1984). The four specific situations in which an officer's reliance cannot be considered "objectively reasonable" are: (1) when the warrant is issued on the basis of an affidavit that an affiant knows—or is reckless in not knowing—contains false information; (2) when the issuing magistrate abandons his or her neutral and detached role and serves as a rubber stamp for police activities; (3) when the affidavit is so lacking in indicia of probable cause that a belief in its existence is objectively unreasonable; and (4) when the warrant is so facially deficient that it cannot reasonably be presumed to be valid. United States v. Laughton, 409 F.3d 744, 748 (6th Cir. 2005).
The Court agrees with the Government that the facts recited in Detective Pavia's supporting affidavit establish the kind of "fair probability" the Fourth Amendment requires. The Court also agrees that even if the search warrant was deficient, any evidence obtained from the apartment nonetheless should be saved by the Leon good-faith rule.
According to Defendant Ho, the "clear problem" with the warrant is that it does not establish probable cause to believe that the listed crimes—sexual battery, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, and interference with custody—had been committed. (Doc. 29 at PageID 118.) The first two of the three crimes require evidence of sexual acts or conduct, and "the word sex is never used once in relation to the girl." (Id.) Rather, the word "sex" is used only twice in the factual section of the affidavit, once to mention that "sex toys" were seen in a "different" bedroom in the house and once in "the affiant's description of where DNA evidence is ordinarily found in sex offenses." (Id.) The third crime is "entirely unsupported" because there is no mention of "a parent or guardian," and thus no suggestion of "whose custody was interfered with." (Id.) In the end, therefore, probable cause can be found only if the Court makes inferential leaps, a practice Defendant Ho contends is "clearly disfavored." (Id. at PageID 119.)
Two Sixth Circuit cases were discussed in the parties' respective memoranda and debated during oral argument. In United States v. Hodson, a detective swore out a search warrant to search the defendant's residence for evidence of child pornography based on a different detective's online chat with the defendant where the defendant expressed an interest in seeing young boys naked and having sex with them. 543 F.3d 286, 289 (6th Cir. 2008). The Court held that it was "beyond dispute" that the warrant was defective for lack of probable cause, because the detective "established probable cause for one crime (child molestation) but designed and requested a search for evidence of an entirely different crime (child pornography)." Id. at 292. In United States v. Brown, a district judge denied a motion to suppress evidence recovered from a known drug dealer's home even though the search warrant affidavit "contained
Id. at 384 (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 238).
In the Court's view, the facts contained within Detective Pavia's supporting affidavit— considered together—are sufficient to establish probable cause with respect to the allegation of interference with custody. In pertinent part, Ohio Rev. Code § 2919.23 states:
(Emphases added.) The affidavit identifies MINOR VICTIM A as "under the age of eighteen." Ian Smith, a man she met on the internet, arranged for her to stay with Defendant Ho and co-Defendant Otero, strangers to whom she was introduced in a public parking lot.
Defendant Ho argues against a finding of probable cause because the supporting affidavit does not state his age, or the ages of Smith and co-Defendant Otero. (Doc. 38 at PageID 163 ("For all the issuing magistrate knew, all three of these individuals were minors.").) It would defy common sense, however, for the Clermont County Municipal Judge to have questioned whether they also were minors, and, in any event, their age is irrelevant to the charge. The Court likewise rejects Defendant Ho's contention that the affidavit is flawed because it does not reference or specifically name MINOR VICTIM A's "parent, guardian, or custodian," the putative victim of this crime. It is not an inferential leap to presume that a fourteen year old has a parent, guardian, or custodian. It would be one, though, to presume that—at fourteen—she had been emancipated under Indiana law as Defendant Ho proposes. See Ind. Code § 31-37-19-27. The affidavit states that MINOR VICTIM A was "discovered missing" and "a report was filed" with the local sheriff. The affidavit additionally states that an FBI agent relayed that Smith, "from Kansas," met MINOR VICTIM A, an Indiana resident, "over social media." Consequently, it also is not an inferential leap to presume that Smith is not MINOR VICTIM A's parent, guardian, or custodian and that someone else is. Allen requires this Court to judge Detective Pavia's affidavit only on whether the facts within are adequate. Naturally the affidavit would have been more complete had it stated, for example, that MINOR VICTIM A was "discovered missing by her parents." As is, though, it suffices.
Probable cause with respect to the sex crimes charged is a closer call, but nevertheless exists. Without question, "sexual conduct" is an element of each offense, and, yet, according to Defendant Ho, "[a]t no place in the affidavit does the officer state or even directly suggest that any person committed a sex act against the girl in this case." (See Doc. 29 at PageID 118.) The Court disagrees. The following facts—again, considered together—were adequate to "suggest" that Detective Pavia believed that sexual conduct had occurred:
Defendant Ho maintains that "the presence of sex toys in the apartment" does not validate a presumption of sexual abuse "any more than it would be likely that [MINOR VICTIM A] drank coffee because of the presence of a coffee pot in the kitchen." (Doc. 38 at PageID 162.) But review of the statutory definition of "sexual conduct" undercuts this analogy:
Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.01(A) (emphasis added). A sex toy obviously qualifies as an "instrument, apparatus, or other object" that could be used to accomplish penetration, and therefore provides a "nexus" to the likelihood of abuse.
Had the Court invalidated the search warrant, it would be necessary examine "whether any other consideration—specifically, the Leon good-faith rule—can overcome the defect and justify admission of the evidence anyway." Hodson, 543 F.3d at 292. Defendant Ho claims that the rule should not apply, because "[n]o objective officer could look at this warrant and believe it was supported by probable cause where the attesting officer never even stated his belief (unsupported or otherwise) that a sex crime or custodial interference may have occurred, much less provided any facts to support it." (Doc. 29 at PageID 123.)
Exclusion is a "last resort," because it exacts "a heavy toll on both the judicial system and society at large." Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229, 237 (2011). As explained in a previous Fourth Amendment case,
Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 144 (2009). Mindful of this instruction, even if this Court had found that probable cause was lacking, it alternatively would hold that the evidence obtained pursuant to the search warrant should be saved by Leon.
Because Defendant Ho argues that the affidavit failed under the third exception to the Leon rule, the question that this Court must address is "whether the faceless, nameless `reasonably well trained officer' in the field, upon looking at this warrant, would have realized that the search described . . . did not match the probable cause described . . . and therefore the search was illegal, despite the [municipal court judge's] decision to the contrary." Hodson, 543 F.3d at 293 (quoting United States v. Helton, 314 F.3d 812, 824 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Leon, 468 U.S. at 923 n.23)). We conclude here, contrary to the outcome in Hodson, that a "reasonably well trained officer" would be satisfied of a match.
Regarding the crime of interference with custody, the affidavit stated the 14-year-old MINOR VICTIM A was reported missing from Indiana four days earlier. She was brought to Ohio by a man from Kansas whom she met on the internet. He, in turn, introduced her to Defendant Ho and co-Defendant Otero in a public parking lot. Otero sent an email to the man in the interim stating that "things" needing to "simmer" and "settle" down but she
For the reasons set forth above, the Motion to Suppress Evidence (Doc. 29) filed by Defendant Eric Zyn Ho is hereby
