KAREN L. LITKOVITZ, Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiff Heather A. Wert brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) and 1383(c)(3) for judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (Commissioner) denying plaintiff's applications for disability insurance benefits (DIB) and supplemental security income (SSI). This matter is before the Court on plaintiff's Statement of Errors (Doc. 14), the Commissioner's response in opposition (Doc. 20), and plaintiff's reply (Doc. 25).
Plaintiff filed her applications for DIB and SSI in October 2013, alleging disability since October 22, 2011, due to bipolar disorder, obsessive/compulsive disorder, schizoid personality, hypothyroidism, depression, anxiety, "TMBD," and migraines. (Tr. 294). After initial administrative denials of her claim, plaintiff appeared with a non-attorney representative and testified at a hearing before administrative law judge (ALJ) Paul W. Jones on March 22, 2016. A vocational expert (VE) also testified at the hearing. On April 13, 2016, the ALJ issued a decision denying plaintiff's DIB and SSI applications. Plaintiff's request for review by the Appeals Council was denied, making the decision of the ALJ the final administrative decision of the Commissioner.
To qualify for disability benefits, a claimant must suffer from a medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months. 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A) (DIB), 1382c(a)(3)(A) (SSI). The impairment must render the claimant unable to engage in the work previously performed or in any other substantial gainful employment that exists in the national economy. 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2), 1382c(a)(3)(B).
Regulations promulgated by the Commissioner establish a five-step sequential evaluation process for disability determinations:
Rabbers v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 582 F.3d 647, 652 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(i)-(v), 404.1520(b)-(g)). The claimant has the burden of proof at the first four steps of the sequential evaluation process. Id.; Wilson v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541, 548 (6th Cir. 2004). Once the claimant establishes a prima facie case by showing an inability to perform the relevant previous employment, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to show that the claimant can perform other substantial gainful employment and that such employment exists in the national economy. Rabbers, 582 F.3d at 652; Harmon v. Apfel, 168 F.3d 289, 291 (6th Cir. 1999).
The ALJ applied the sequential evaluation process and made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
(Tr. 21-28).
Judicial review of the Commissioner's determination is limited in scope by 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and involves a twofold inquiry: (1) whether the findings of the ALJ are supported by substantial evidence, and (2) whether the ALJ applied the correct legal standards. See Blakley v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 581 F.3d 399, 406 (6th Cir. 2009); see also Bowen v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 478 F.3d 742, 745-46 (6th Cir. 2007).
The Commissioner's findings must stand if they are supported by "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (citing Consolidated Edison Co. v. N.L.R.B., 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). Substantial evidence consists of "more than a scintilla of evidence but less than a preponderance. . . ." Rogers v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 241 (6th Cir. 2007). In deciding whether the Commissioner's findings are supported by substantial evidence, the Court considers the record as a whole. Hephner v. Mathews, 574 F.2d 359 (6th Cir. 1978).
The Court must also determine whether the ALJ applied the correct legal standards in the disability determination. Even if substantial evidence supports the ALJ's conclusion that the plaintiff is not disabled, "a decision of the Commissioner will not be upheld where the SSA fails to follow its own regulations and where that error prejudices a claimant on the merits or deprives the claimant of a substantial right." Rabbers, 582 F.3d at 651 (quoting Bowen, 478 F.3d at 746). See also Wilson, 378 F.3d at 545-46 (reversal required even though ALJ's decision was otherwise supported by substantial evidence where ALJ failed to give good reasons for not giving weight to treating physician's opinion, thereby violating the agency's own regulations).
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred: (1) by failing to give controlling weight to the opinion of plaintiff's treating psychiatrist, Dr. Renu Kotwal, M.D.; (2) by failing to address the medical source statements provided by plaintiff's treating licensed therapist, Linda Houston, MA, LPCC, NCC; and (3) by determining that plaintiff's migraine headaches are not a severe impairment. (Docs. 14, 25).
Plaintiff alleges as her first assignment of error that the ALJ failed to give controlling weight to the opinion of her treating psychiatrist, Dr. Kotwal.
It is well-established that the findings and opinions of treating physicians are entitled to substantial weight. Under the treating physician rule, "greater deference is generally given to the opinions of treating physicians than to those of non-treating physicians. . . ." Rogers v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 242-43 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Soc. Sec. Rul. 96-2p
A treating source's medical opinion must be given controlling weight if it is (1) "wellsupported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques," and (2) "not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in [the] case record[.]" 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(2), 416.927(c)(2)
"A failure to follow the procedural requirement `of identifying the reasons for discounting the opinions and for explaining precisely how those reasons affected the weight accorded the opinions denotes a lack of substantial evidence, even where the conclusion of the ALJ may be justified based upon the record.'" Friend v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 375 F. App'x 543, 551 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Rogers, 486 F.3d at 243). See also Hensley v. Astrue, 573 F.3d 263, 267 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Wilson, 378 F.3d at 545) (remand is appropriate "when the Commissioner has not provided `good reasons' for the weight given to a treating physician's opinion" and the ALJ's opinion does not comprehensively set forth the reasons for the weight assigned to a treating physician's opinion.).
Remand is not necessary if the ALJ's failure to provide good reasons is a "harmless de minimis procedural violation." Blakley, 581 F.3d at 409. The Sixth Circuit has identified three situations in which harmless error might occur: "(1) where the "treating source's opinion is so patently deficient that the Commissioner could not possibly credit it," (2) where "the Commissioner adopts the opinion of the treating source or makes findings consistent with the opinion," and (3) "where the Commissioner has met the goal of . . . the procedural safeguard of reasons." Shields v. Comm'r. of Soc. Sec., No. 17-6091, 2018 WL 2193136, at *8 (6th Cir. May 14, 2018) (quoting Wilson, 378 F.3d at 547). The goal of the procedural safeguard may be met when the "`supportability' of a doctor's opinion, or its consistency with other evidence in the record, is indirectly attacked via an ALJ's analysis of a physician's other opinions or his analysis of the claimant's ailments." Id. (quoting Friend, 375 F. App'x at 551). Where the ALJ's error "makes meaningful review impossible, the violation of the good-reasons rule can never qualify as harmless error." Id. (quoting Blakley, 581 F.3d at 409).
Opinions from non-treating and nonexamining sources are never assessed for "controlling weight." A non-treating source's opinion is weighed based on the medical specialty of the source, how well-supported by evidence the opinion is, how consistent the opinion is with the record as a whole, and other factors which tend to support or contradict the opinion. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(3)-(6), 416.927(c)(3)-(6); Wilson, 378 F.3d at 544. Because a nonexamining source has no examining or treating relationship with the claimant, the weight to be afforded the opinion of a nonexamining source depends on the degree to which the source provides supporting explanations for his opinions and the degree to which his opinion considers all of the pertinent evidence in the record, including the opinions of treating and other examining sources. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(3), 416.927(c)(3). Under the Social Security regulations, the opinions of state agency medical consultants may be entitled to significant weight where they are supported by record evidence. Lee v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 529 F. App'x 706, 713 (6th Cir. 2013); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(e), 416.927(e).
Dr. Kotwal first saw plaintiff on May 21, 2013, on referral from Ms. Houston for evaluation and further medical management of symptoms of schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, schizoid personality disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). (Tr. 540-42). Plaintiff reported some suicidal ideation, delusions, and paranoia. She reported a history of mood problems from a very early age for which she saw counselors at school very early on. She reported being withdrawn, sad and weepy, and struggling with anxiety as a child. She reported long stretches in the past of not being able to sleep for four nights and five days during which her mind would race. She had been admitted to the Lindner Center of Hope for five days in April 2011. (Tr. 541). Plaintiff reported her moods were "still low" despite her current medications (Wellbutrin, Valium as needed for anxiety, Citalopram, and Benadryl); she "still struggles with anxiety, concentration is not good, daydreams a lot, all this effects [sic] her ability to work well"; and "her moods have been depressed for past 2 weeks, low energy, and also has some passive thoughts of death" but without plan or intent. Plaintiff needed Benadryl to sleep and got six hours of sleep at night. Her concentration was "[h]orrible, just can['t] get out of my own head[.]" She reported she did not "do much at home," she worked at a book store but her performance had "not been very good" and she was on an attendance action policy, and she did not have any relationships. She had a history of self-mutilation, or cutting. She also had a history of high moods lasting up to a couple of weeks characterized by insomnia, high energy, high focus, accomplishing things, becoming talkative and euphoric, and possibly spending too much money. Past medications included trials of Abilify, Seroquel and Xanax; Citalopram dose of 120 mgs was decreased after two years due to diaphoresis; and Wellbutrin was added. Mental status examination findings included depressed mood, slowed and low volume speech, constricted affect, fair attention, concentration and memory, occasional auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions, and fair to limited insight/judgment. Dr. Kotwal diagnosed schizoaffective disorder bipolar type in light of reported past hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes, off and on psychotic symptoms, underlying paranoia, and some auditory hallucinations. Dr. Kotwal recommended that plaintiff taper and discontinue antidepressants as they could be "part of the problem" and that plaintiff start a mood stabilizer to target her mood swings. Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by discontinuing Wellbutrin, decreasing Celexa to 20 mgs daily, and starting Saphris, a mood stabilizer to target mood swings. Dr. Kotwal diagnosed schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, status anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, schizoid personality disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. She assigned plaintiff a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
On June 11, 2013, plaintiff reported that she was "very low" at the end of April and in May but she was doing better with the medication changes and was doing well on the day of her appointment. (Tr. 546-48). She was getting things done. She had suicidal thoughts off and on but no plan or intent. She had experienced headaches almost daily over the past two weeks that could be related to Saphris. She had to leave work early one day because of a headache. Plaintiff took Excedrin Migraine for the headaches. Plaintiff reported stressors related to work, she was not depressed but had some anxiety during the preceding two to three weeks that felt like overstimulation, her sleep was not good as she slept four to five hours and then woke up before falling back asleep for a total of six hours of sleep each night, and her concentration was "not great" as she was "distracted easily, feels disconnected, fuzzy—mind still races." Her appetite was increased. Functionality at home was fine, and at the book store where she worked it was "50/50" and she had been getting things done there. Dr. Kotwal adjusted her medications by starting Topamax.
On July 9, 2013, plaintiff reported she was doing "okay." (Tr. 588-90). She was binge eating daily. She reported stressors related to work, and she was considering switching jobs. She reported that overall she was much better, she was not depressed, she had sporadic irritability, and she had some occasional anxiety or "overstimulation" during the past two to three weeks. She reported continuing sleep issues and concentration issues, and the same functionality as she had in June. She complained about migraines that were not so severe that she had to see a doctor. Mental status examination findings included somber expression, "good" mood, slowed and low volume speech, and constricted affect. Dr. Kotwal adjusted her medications by discontinuing Topamax, starting Geodon at a titrated dose, tapering off Citalopram, and discontinuing Saphris.
On July 30, 2013, plaintiff was "doing okay, moods are stable, concentration is good, [and] sleep needs to improve." (Tr. 543-45). She had some episodes of racing thoughts. Dr. Kotwal encouraged plaintiff to take Benadryl regularly as it helped her sleep and made that a standing order. Mental status examination findings included constricted affect, fair memory, and limited to fair insight/judgment. The plan was to continue the current medications, take Geodon to target moods and any underlying psychosis, take Benadryl for insomnia, and take Diazepam (Valium) as needed for anxiety, which plaintiff reported she "very rarely" needed.
On September 9, 2013, plaintiff reported she felt depressed, worried and irritable and her moods had been "bad." (Tr. 591-93). Plaintiff had stopped taking Geodon because it caused her to be constantly dizzy and light-headed, and she had a fall that sent her to the emergency room. Sleep was not good as she had a hard time falling asleep and staying asleep, and she was taking Benadryl to help. She had a hard time falling asleep and staying asleep. She had restarted Saphris on her own and her sleep had improved over the prior two weeks. Her concentration was "better than before" with a couple of incidents of racing thoughts. Her appetite was better and she was not eating as much and was not purging. Her functionality at work was "better" and she reported she was "getting things done." She had been "a little more active." She voiced no physical complaints and no migraines, but she had dizziness on Geodon which stopped when she discontinued the medication. Mental status examination findings included "okay" mood, slowed and low volume speech, constricted affect, fair memory, and limited to fair insight/judgment. Dr. Kotwal reported that plaintiff had difficulty staying on any one medication for long due to side effects, plaintiff struggles with anxiety and moods, and plaintiff had reported she was thinking of applying for disability and this was discussed at the appointment. Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by increasing Saphris to target mood stability and decreasing Geodon.
On October 8, 2013, Dr. Kotwal reported that plaintiff had "ongoing mood issues, swings, not able to function—plans to go on disability, difficult to function outside of home, either crying spells—or everything gets too much—sights sounds." (Tr. 549-51). Plaintiff reported that she felt she was unable to work because she could not be consistent. She had given her notice at work as "she gets stressed even with an easy job like this," she had started taking Citalopram on her own between appointments after stopping Geodon "as she felt low," and she was "experiencing mood swings at times and anxiety." (Tr. 549). Mental status examination findings included "up and down, depressed" mood, constricted affect, fair memory, and limited to fair insight/judgment. (Tr. 550). Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by decreasing Citalopram.
On December 3, 2013, plaintiff reported that she had been depressed in October but her moods were getting better despite a few low moments. (Tr. 586-87). Her energy was "so-so." Her sleep was good since restarting Saphris. She reported she was not working and that her activity level had improved since she stopped working. Her concentration was "not great" but she was not having as much anxiety as when she worked, she had read three books recently, but she was still withdrawn and kept to herself most of the time. Her appetite had been "ravenous" all through October but was back to normal. She was living with her parents and her functionality at home was "okay." Her activity level was improved since she stopped working. Plaintiff's dose of Synthroid had been increased in October due to an underactive thyroid, and Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by increasing the Citalopram dose.
On February 15, 2014, plaintiff reported she was a "little rocky—having a hard time doing anything—sleeping a lot." (Tr. 583-85). She reported that her sleep was good since she went back on Saphris, but she was taking it only once or twice per week instead of regularly due to occasional headaches, which plaintiff felt were a side effect. She reported she was a "little down[,] little depressed" and she felt anxious at times. Her concentration was "not great—having a hard time getting out of my head—phase out, half day dream[,] half just zone out." She was not working and reportedly did not engage in much activity. Dr. Kotwal reported that plaintiff was tearful at times. Her mood was depressed and somewhat anxious. Dr. Kotwal reported that plaintiff's "[m]oods are not good, more depressive theme—no psychotic symptoms at this time— more social anxiety, avoidance. Difficulty functioning." Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by discontinuing Saphris as its drawbacks outweighed its benefits and substituting Trazadone in its place for insomnia; starting a trial of Effexor to target depression and anxiety and migraines, for which plaintiff took Imitrex as needed; and continuing Diazepam as needed for anxiety.
On April 12, 2014, plaintiff reported she was doing well. (Tr. 581-82). She was not working and was living with her parents, she was taking Trazadone and getting seven to eight hours of sleep each night, her mood was better though she still had ups and downs, her concentration was better and she was able to start and complete some projects, she did not engage in much activity and did not seek social contacts, and she limited herself to solitary walks. Mental status examination findings included fair concentration, attention and memory, and limited to fair insight/judgment. Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff struggles with depression with "significant social anxiety and avoidance behaviors[;] she has tried to work several times but not [sic] able to sustain due to her depression and anxiety." Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by titrating Effexor up to target depression, anxiety and worries. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) oriented work was done during the session "to target cognitions," and Dr. Kotwal encouraged plaintiff to challenge herself to increase her social activities.
On April 2, 2015, Dr. Kotwal reported that plaintiff had returned after a long gap. (Tr. 723-24). Plaintiff had gained weight and reported she had been binge eating for a month. She had been working part-time in a music store for four days each week for one month and reported it was going well. Her moods were "so-so" and "okay" overall. March had not been good as she had a hard time pulling herself out of bed. She reported she had gone to a training that morning and was distracted, she had a difficult time staying with the subject, and she missed 10 to 15 minutes of the lecture. An ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) screen was administered and plaintiff screened positive. Her sleep was pretty good overall and she slept nine to ten hours a night. She complained that she has "racing thoughts, brain does not shut off," she has irritability, and she has impulsive behaviors mainly around eating and spending money. She complained of occasional migraine headaches for which she took Imitrex. Her affect was constricted; she did not have a smoothly flowing thought process and hesitated and had "some thought blocking at times"; her attention and insight were limited to fair; and her concentration, memory, and judgment were fair. Dr Kotwal opined that plaintiff was doing "better than before though even at this [sic] has significant limitations in her ability to function fully in different aspects of her daily activities — psychosocial, personal and work." CBT-oriented work was done during the session to "target anxiety, cognitive and psychosocially limiting/challenging cognitions." Dr. Kotwal assigned a GAF score of 55. Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by continuing Effexor at the current dose, starting Vyvanse to target symptoms of ADHD, and starting Saphris to stabilize moods.
On April 30, 2015, plaintiff reported she was not depressed, agitated or anxious and her thoughts were "not as sticky—can focus [and] move on to different things after finishing tasks, has been regular and punctual" at her job in a music store where she worked six to eight hour shifts three to four days a week, she was sleeping soundly, she was not as hungry, and her concentration had improved. (Tr. 721-22). Mental status examination findings included "so, so, okay" mood, constricted affect, a thought process without a smooth flow and with hesitation and some thought blocking at times, and fair attention, concentration, memory, and judgment, and limited to fair insight. Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff was doing better than before but had significant limitations in her ability to function fully in the psychosocial, personal and work aspects of her daily activities. The plan was to continue stimulants and monitor plaintiff's response.
On June 4, 2015, plaintiff reported that the month had been "rough," starting with a crying spell and continuing with depression or low mood for three weeks with no trigger. (Tr. 719-20). Sleep was problematic. Saphris helped her sleep but for periods of 10 to 11 hours, it was interfering with weight loss, and when she tried to hold back on the medication a little that week her energy had improved. She was up 30 hours one day when she missed a dose. Sleep had improved without the medication, but falling asleep was difficult. She had considered cutting herself the prior week but refrained. Work was "not great" as she was having anxiety and a hard time with sales. Mental status examination findings included depressed mood, constricted affect, hesitant thought process without a smooth flow and with some thought blocking, limited to fair attention and insight, and fair concentration, memory, and judgment. Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff had some cycling with lower moods. Dr. Kotwal performed some CBT-oriented work to target "anxiety, cognitive and psychosocially limiting/challenging cognitions." She adjusted plaintiff's medications by decreasing Effexor XR, increasing Vyvanse, and prescribing Saphris to stabilize moods. She continued plaintiff on Valium for anxiety on an as needed basis.
On July 9, 2015, plaintiff complained of depression, anxiety, and difficulty functioning and with interpersonal dynamics. (Tr. 717-18). She reported her moods had been good overall lately and she was "not sure why she is crying now." She was worried about money. She was still working but was getting upset, tired and anxious and "feels like she is crawling out of her skin" when she has to work extra. She had worked six days in a row and was feeling overwhelmed. She reported she did well in June but was not doing well before that. She had moved in with a friend and planned on going back to school in January. She was seeing her therapist every two weeks. Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff's moods were "better." She assigned plaintiff a GAF score of 65.
On August 13, 2015, plaintiff reported her mood was "mostly pretty good," she was a "little out of sorts" the last few days, and she had some mood swings. (Tr. 715-16).
On October 22, 2015, plaintiff presented with complaints of depression, anxiety and social anxiety. (Tr. 713-14). She reported she had been "very stressed for a few weeks," that her roommate had made a comment she could not stop thinking about, she was having an argument in her head and "seething with rage, could not sleep-tearful as she talked about it-reports she felt like she needed to jerk herself out of it so she cut herself on her wrist." Plaintiff reported "she has been a mess," her sister's wedding was done in October, she worked eight days in a row, she traveled to the west coast, and she "feels it all took its toll, chewing on her brain." She reported she felt "like a raw nerve," she could not filter, little things were bothering her more like having to clean a mess, answer extra questions from customers, and do daily chores. Mental status examination findings including "cutting behavior, raging thoughts." Dr. Kotwal assessed plaintiff as having "worse moods" and discussed cycling with plaintiff. She assigned plaintiff a GAF score of 55. Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by tapering her off Effexor XR, discontinuing Saphris, starting Depakote to stabilize moods, starting Seroquel for moods and agitation symptoms, and continuing Vyvanse.
On November 12, 2015, plaintiff reported Effexor withdrawal symptoms of dizziness, feeling weepy and nausea. (Tr. 711-12). She felt "doped" on Seroquel and it took a long time to fall asleep and forever to get moving. Her moods were up and down and she was weepy at times. Work was "okay" and she got along with the customers, but she was not sure about her concentration. Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff's moods were worse and her cycling had also elevated. Plaintiff had elevated liver function tests (LFTs) related to Depakote or an infectious process, so that lab work had to be repeated. Dr. Kotwal assessed a GAF score of 55. Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications by discontinuing Seroquel because plaintiff was not tolerating it well. Dr. Kotwal planned to consult with plaintiff's family physician, Dr. Katherine F. Dumont, M.D.
On December 17, 2015, plaintiff complained of depression, mood swings, difficulty functioning and ADHD. (Tr. 709-10). She reported that although she had felt agitated and angry for a while, she was feeling pretty good overall. She reported her sleep "is not great" and that she had "holiday stress." Her GAF score was 65.
On January 21, 2016, plaintiff reported that overall she was "doing good." (Tr. 741-48). She was in school and thinking of going further to get her Masters. She reported her "concentration is not so good in very long classes" and she has difficulty thinking or organizing her thoughts, but Vyvanse helped a lot by calming her down and allowing her to organize her thoughts and complete her projects. Her moods were good. She had been "a little weepy" since the weather was cold and grey. Plaintiff reported her migraines were better on Depakote. Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff's moods were better but she still had issues. Dr. Kotwal assigned plaintiff a GAF score of 65. Dr. Kotwal discontinued Depakote because plaintiff still had elevated LFTs.
Dr. Kotwal completed a Mental Impairment Questionnaire on March 4, 2016. (Tr. 763-67). Dr. Kotwal reported that she had seen plaintiff for medication-related sessions that sometimes included therapy. Dr. Kotwal listed plaintiff's diagnoses as Bipolar II Disorder, Anxiety Disorder NOS, H/O Binge Eating Disorder, ADHD, obesity, elevated liver function, dyslipidemia, and hypothyroidism. She assessed plaintiff's current GAF score as 55-60. She reported that plaintiff was currently on a combination of lithium, a low dose of Saphris, and Vyvanse. Plaintiff had not shown a good response to medications and she was not able to sustain a response. Dr. Kotwal reported that adverse side effects of medications and multiple comorbidities contributed to treatment resistance. (Tr. 763). She reported that Depakote was discontinued because plaintiff had adverse hepatic effects and Saphris could not be increased as it led to sedation and weight gain. Clinical and mental status examination findings included constricted affect, tearfulness, a certain awkwardness, failure to make good eye contact, a slow and hesitant thought process that causes her to pause and did not flow smoothly, suicidal ideation at times, a depressed mood "very often," careful and guarded presentation, mood swings, problems with attention, concentration and memory, and limited insight and judgment. Dr. Kotwal opined that some of plaintiff's difficulties seemed to stem from social anxiety.
Dr. Kotwal assessed plaintiff's mental abilities and functional limitations on a scale from "none" to "severe"
Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff's psychiatric condition exacerbated her headaches, that she would miss work more than four days per month, that her impairments were expected to last 12 months, and that she would be able to manage her benefits in her own best interest. (Tr. 765-66).
The ALJ gave "little weight" to Dr. Kotwal's opinions that (1) plaintiff has "moderately severe to severe limitations in many areas of work-related functioning," and (2) she "has not shown good response to her medications." (Tr. 27). The ALJ found that first, Dr. Kotwal's opinions were not consistent with her treatment notes, which the ALJ interpreted as showing that plaintiff "was doing well with her medications and they were adjusted as necessary." (Id.). Second, the ALJ indicated that Dr. Kotwal's opinions were not consistent with other evidence in the record showing that plaintiff was working and had earnings at the substantial gainful activity level during the period of alleged disability; she was attending school and had mentioned that she would like to pursue a Master's degree; and there was no evidence to show plaintiff had experienced more than six periods of decompensation. (Id.). The ALJ instead adopted the opinion of nonexamining state agency psychologist Paul Tangeman, Ph.D. (Id., citing Tr. 127-40). The ALJ did not set forth or discuss Dr. Tangeman's findings anywhere in the written decision. The ALJ stated only that after having evaluated "the entire record," the ALJ found that the reviewing psychologist's opinion "is substantially supported by the record as a whole and must therefore, be given considerable weight." (Tr. 27).
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by giving less than controlling weight and only little weight to Dr. Kotwal's assessment. (Doc. 14 at 14-18). Plaintiff alleges that contrary to the ALJ's finding, Dr. Kotwal's opinion that plaintiff had longstanding problems adjusting to medications is substantially supported by the record. (Id. at 15, citing Tr. 471, 520, 523, 525, 534, 537, 540-41, 584, 636, 678, 737). Plaintiff also alleges that the functional limitations Dr. Kotwal assessed in the areas of ability to perform activities within a schedule, maintain regular attendance, and be punctual within customary tolerances, which the VE testified would preclude work, are sufficiently supported by evidence documenting: (1) plaintiff's long history of psychiatric symptoms and treatment, (2) Dr. Kotwal's treatment notes, which document continued debilitating mental health issues with some waxing and waning in the severity of the symptoms and difficulty with successfully managing plaintiff's symptoms with medication, and (3) the treatment notes of plaintiff's therapist, Ms. Houston, who referred plaintiff to Dr. Kotwal and continued to treat plaintiff in conjunction with Dr. Kotwal.
Defendant argues that the ALJ's decision to give Dr. Kotwal's opinion "little weight" is substantially supported by the evidence. (Doc. 20 at 12-15). Defendant contends the ALJ properly found Dr. Kotwal's opinion was inconsistent with the record and relied on multiple inconsistencies between his opinion and the record, which were: (1) a lack of evidence to show that plaintiff had more than six episodes of decompensation; (2) evidence showing that plaintiff performed substantial gainful activity during her treatment, was attending school, and mentioned she would like to pursue a Master's degree; and (3) Dr. Kotwal's opinion in January 2016 that plaintiff was "doing good," which the ALJ noted earlier in his written decision when assessing plaintiff's credibility (Tr. 25). (Doc. 20 at 12-13). Defendant also alleges that the ALJ properly relied on an alleged inconsistency between Dr. Kotwal's opinion regarding treatment resistance and medication issues and Dr. Kotwal's own treatment records, which purportedly show that plaintiff had "some improvement with medications" and "was doing well with her medications. . . ." (Doc. 20 at 13, citing Tr. 581-82).
The ALJ's decision to give Dr. Kotwal's opinion less than controlling weight is not substantially supported by the record. The ALJ did not properly evaluate the evidence as a whole when weighing Dr. Kotwal's opinion and finding that it was not well-supported by her own treatment notes. (Tr. 27). The ALJ did not cite to any specific treatment records to support this finding. The ALJ did summarize certain treatment records generated by Dr. Kotwal in his written decision. However, the ALJ's review focused on select records that appear to show plaintiff made fairly steady progress after starting treatment and experienced only occasional setbacks caused by external stressors such as financial concerns, her sister's wedding, and the holidays. (Tr. 25). The ALJ also focused on only one treatment record from January 2016 when assessing plaintiff's credibility to find that plaintiff was doing well with moods, concentration and thought processes, Vyvanse helped calm her down and organize her thoughts better, and Dr. Kotwal thought that overall plaintiff was doing "good." (Tr. 26, citing Tr. 741-48). The ALJ concluded based on his selective review of the records that the "evidence as a whole" did not show that plaintiff "lacks suitable concentration, memory, adaptive, basic cognitive or interpersonal skills for vocational involvement with only occasional changes in the work setting and occasional public interaction" and that her "mental health issues appear to be adjustment related with mild to moderate anxiety and depression." (Tr. 26).
By focusing on a select number of treatment records that appear to show fairly steady progress over the course of plaintiff's treatment with Dr. Kotwal, the ALJ erroneously relied on a skewed depiction of the evidence that improperly disregards significant portions of the treatment records and failed to consider "the nature of mental health impairments, i.e., that the symptoms of such impairments wax and wane from day-to-day." Woodcock v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 201 F.Supp.3d 912, 923 (S.D. Ohio 2016). See also Winn v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 615 F. App'x 315, 322 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Hurst v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 753 F.2d 517, 519 (6th Cir. 1985) ("[F]ailure to consider the record as a whole undermines the Secretary's conclusion."); Allen v. Califano, 613 F.2d 139, 145 (6th Cir. 1980) ("Substantiality of the evidence must be based upon the record taken as a whole.")). In actuality, when read as a whole, Dr. Kotwal's treatment records show that plaintiff experienced repeated flare ups of her mental health symptoms over the course of her treatment with Dr. Kotwal.
Dr. Kotwal reported plaintiff's complaints of ongoing problems with depression and mood stabilization and made mental status examination findings and notes that documented continuing problems with focus, concentration and maintaining her school schedule into 2016. In October 2013, plaintiff reported that it was "difficult to function outside of her home, either crying spells or everything else gets too much." (Tr. 550). In April 2014, Dr. Kotwal reported that plaintiff struggles with depression with "significant social anxiety and avoidance behaviors[;] she has tried to work several times but not [sic] able to sustain due to her depression and anxiety." (Tr. 581-82). Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications to target depression, anxiety and worries, performed CBT-type work, and encouraged plaintiff to challenge herself to increase her social activities. In April of 2015, plaintiff reported that she had trouble pulling herself out of bed and she screened positive for ADHD. (Tr. 723-24). She complained of racing thoughts and impulsivity. Dr. Kotwal opined that although plaintiff was improved, she still had "significant limitations in her ability to function fully in different aspects of her daily activities — psychosocial, personal and work." (Tr. 723-24; Tr. 721-22). In June 2015, plaintiff reported that the month had been "rough," starting with a crying spell and continuing with depression or low mood for three weeks with no trigger, and sleep was problematic. (Tr. 719-20). Dr. Kotwal reported that plaintiff had some cycling with lower moods, and she performed CBT work to target "anxiety, cognitive and psychosocially limiting/challenging cognitions." (Id.). In October 2015, mental status examination findings included "cutting behavior, raging thoughts" and plaintiff was tearful during the session. (Tr. 713-14). In November 2015, plaintiff reported her moods were up and down and she was weepy at times, and Dr. Kotwal opined her moods were worse and cycling had elevated. (Tr. 711-12). In December 2015, plaintiff reported feeling agitated and angry for a while and complained of sleep issues. (Tr. 709-10). In January 2016, plaintiff reported that she was in school, her concentration was "not so good in very long classes," she had difficulty thinking or organizing her thoughts but the medication helped, her moods were good but she had been a little weepy, and her migraines were better on Depakote. (Tr. 741-48). She was thinking of pursuing a Master's degree. Dr. Kotwal opined that plaintiff's moods were better but she still had issues. (Id.).
Viewed in their entirety, Dr. Kotwal's treatment records demonstrate that although plaintiff experienced some periodic improvement in her symptoms, she also experienced ongoing issues and repeated flare ups of her symptoms. Dr. Kotwal's treatment notes document continued problems with mood cycling, attention and concentration deficits, and sleep problems, among other issues. Dr. Kotwal's treatment notes also amply document ongoing problems in the areas of understanding and memory, sustained concentration and persistence, social interaction, and adaptation. The ALJ erred by failing to consider the records as a whole when evaluating whether Dr. Kotwal's assessment was supported by her own treatment notes. Winn, 615 F. App'x at 322.
Viewed as a whole, the treatment records also support Dr. Kotwal's opinion that plaintiff had not shown a good response to her medication, she was not able to sustain a response, and adverse side effects and multiple comorbidities contributed to treatment resistance. (Tr. 763). Dr. Kotwal adjusted plaintiff's medications repeatedly over the course of her treatment because of inefficacy of the prescribed medications and adverse side effects. See Tr. 540-42, 5/21/2013-Wellbutrin decreased, Celexa prescribed, Saphris started; Tr. 546-48, 6/11/2013—Topamax started; Tr. 588-90, 7/9/2013—Topamax discontinued, Geodon started, Saphris discontinued, Citalopram tapered down; Tr. 543-45, 7/30/2013, standing order for Benadryl for insomnia issued; Tr. 591-93, 9/9/13-Saphris increased to target mood stability, Geodon decreased; Tr. 586-87, 12/3/2013—Synthroid had been decreased due to underactive thyroid, Citalopram dose was increased; Tr. 583-85, 2/15/2014—Saphris discontinued because drawbacks outweighed its benefits, Trazadone for insomnia was substituted, and Effexor trial started to target depression, anxiety and migraines; Tr. 581-82, 4/12/2014—Effexor titrated up to target depression, anxieties and worries; Tr. 723-24, 4/2/2015—Vyvanse was started to target symptoms of ADHD and Saphris was started to stabilize moods; Tr. 719-20, 6/4/2015—Effexor was decreased, Vyvanse was increased, Saphris was prescribed to stabilize moods; Tr. 713-14, 10/22/2015—Effexor tapered down, Saphris discontinued, Depakote started to stabilize moods and for symptoms of agitation; Tr. 711-12, 11/12/2015—plaintiff reported withdrawal symptoms from Effexor, feeling of being "doped" on Seroquel, which was discontinued, and liver function tests were elevated possibly related to Depakote; Tr. 741-48, 1/21/2016—Depakote discontinued because plaintiff's LFTs were still elevated; Tr. 747, 2/17/2016—Lithium added in combination with Saphris and Vyvanse in an attempt to alleviate her symptoms). The record thus substantially supports Dr. Kotwal's opinion that adverse side effects of medications and multiple comorbidities contributed to treatment resistance. (Tr. 763).
By rejecting Dr. Kotwal's opinion as to the efficacy of plaintiff's medications and by concluding that plaintiff actually "was doing well with her medications" (Tr. 27), the ALJ improperly "substituted his own lay opinion" for Dr. Kotwal's medical conclusion without relying on other medical evidence or authority in the record and despite overwhelming medical evidence showing that side effects and co-morbidities contributed to plaintiff's treatment resistance to the various medications prescribed for her. Mason v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:07-cv-51, 2008 WL 1733181, at *13 (S.D. Ohio April 14, 2008) (citations omitted). See also Hammock v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:12-cv-250, 2013 WL 1721943, at *8 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 22, 2013) (Report and Recommendation), adopted, 2013 WL 4080714 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 13, 2013).
Thus, the record does not substantially support the ALJ's finding that Dr. Kotwal's opinion is not well-supported by her treatment notes. Further, the ALJ did not properly evaluate whether Dr. Kotwal's opinion was not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the record. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(2), 416.927(c)(2); Gayheart, 710 F.3d at 376. The ALJ implicitly found that Dr. Kotwal's opinion was not consistent with evidence showing that plaintiff was working and had earnings at the substantial gainful activity level during the period of treatment; she was attending school and had mentioned that she would like to pursue a Master's degree; and there was no evidence to show plaintiff had experienced more than six periods of decompensation. (Tr. 27). However, in making these findings, the ALJ improperly failed to mention or discuss significant portions of the record bearing on this prong of the treating physician analysis. Winn, 615 F. App'x at 322 (citing Hurst, 753 F.2d at 519; Allen, 613 F.2d at 145).
First, the ALJ relied on plaintiff's work and schooling history during the period of alleged disability to reject Dr. Kotwal's assessment.
Critically, the ALJ also failed to consider whether Dr. Kotwal's assessment was consistent with the treatment notes of plaintiff's mental health therapist, Ms. Houston. As discussed more fully in connection with plaintiff's second assignment of error, Ms. Houston is not an "acceptable medical source" under the governing rules and regulations. Guyaux v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 13-12076, 2014 WL 4197353, at *22 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 22, 2014) (citing SSR 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939 (August 9, 2006)).
Here, the information provided by Ms. Houston is consistent with Dr. Kotwal's treatment records. Plaintiff began attending counseling session with Ms. Houston in June 2011. (Tr. 472). On November 18, 2013, Ms. Houston completed a medical source statement in which she described plaintiff's symptoms as lability, depression, dissociative tendencies, feelings of being disconnected, extreme discomfort around people, crying episodes, cutting behaviors, feelings of worthlessness, inadequacy, difficulty focusing, and difficulty managing money. (Tr. 553-55). Ms. Houston described plaintiff as "very bright, creative, artistic, but being around others drains her." In describing plaintiff's restrictions in daily activities, Ms. Houston noted difficulty managing a budget and staying on a job for more than a year, and frequent crying spells at work. Id. Ms. Houston emphasized that plaintiff's jobs "have typically included working with the public [and] there lies the problem." Ms. Houston believed that plaintiff was unable "to tolerate the stress of being around other people." She listed plaintiff's diagnoses as schizoid personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive tendencies "if not OCD." Id. On March 20, 2014, Ms. Houston completed a second medical source statement. (Tr. 579-80). She reported that plaintiff has dissociative tendencies, depression, social difficulties, impaired concentration, compulsive spending, and crying spells. Ms. Houston stated: "I do see a change in her since [she is] not working. Still has mood swings, but in therapy [she is] more engaged and less angry." Id. Ms. Houston wrote that plaintiff's stressors were "other people, parents, financial."
Although Ms. Houston's treatment notes comprise a substantial portion of the evidence, and her assessments document symptoms and findings that appear to be consistent with Dr. Kotwal's January 2016 opinion, the ALJ erroneously failed to consider whether Ms. Houston's treatment records and assessments were consistent with Dr. Kotwal's opinion. Further, the ALJ improperly failed to consider other evidence related to plaintiff's history of mental health symptoms and treatment which appears to be consistent with the assessments of both Dr. Kotwal and Ms. Houston. The evidence shows that plaintiff has a long psychiatric history dating back to childhood. (Tr. 358, 540-41). Her history includes treatment at Central Clinic in 2006 as a young adult for symptoms that included panic, anxiety, and trouble concentrating, which were interfering with her academic and occupational functioning. (Tr. 358-59). Plaintiff was also treated by her family physician, Dr. Dumont, beginning in June 2012 for problems with her emotions, ineffectiveness of her medication, and difficulty maintaining employment due to her mental health symptoms. (Tr. 500). Because the ALJ did not take this evidence into account when evaluating whether Dr. Kotwal's opinion was consistent with the other substantial evidence of record, the ALJ's decision to give Dr. Kotwal's opinion less than controlling weight is not substantially supported.
Even if the ALJ was not bound to give Dr. Kotwal's opinion controlling weight, the ALJ was obligated to apply the factors under 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c), 416.927(c) and give good reasons for affording Dr. Kotwal's opinion "little weight." Wilson, 378 F.3d at 544. See also Blakley, 581 F.3d at 408. The ALJ did not comply with his obligations under the regulations. The ALJ did not consider that Dr. Kotwal had seen plaintiff on a regular basis for nearly two years between May 2013 and April 2014 and between April 2015 and February 2016 (Tr. 581-609, 709-24, 741-47), and that Dr. Kotwal both prescribed medication and provided counseling. Further, the ALJ did not consider whether Dr. Kotwal's opinions were supported by the entirety of her treatment notes and whether Dr. Kotwal's records were consistent with the treatment records of plaintiff's long-time therapist, Ms. Houston, plaintiff's treating family physician Dr. Dumont, and the other medical evidence related to plaintiff's mental health impairments and treatment. Finally, the ALJ did not consider Dr. Kotwal's specialization as a psychiatrist. The ALJ did not give "good reasons" that are supported by the evidence in the case record for the weight he gave Dr. Kotwal's opinion. See Soc. Sec. Rul. 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188, at *5. Meaningful review of the ALJ's application of treating physician rule is impossible here. Wilson, 378 F.3d at 545. Plaintiff's first assignment of error should be sustained.
Plaintiff alleges as her second assignment of error that the ALJ failed to properly consider her treating therapist's opinions by not even discussing the opinions in his decision. (Doc. 14 at 18). The Commissioner maintains that the ALJ read and discussed Ms. Houston's opinions and was not obligated to assign them any particular weight. The Commissioner also contends that accepting plaintiff's argument that Ms. Houston's statements are consistent with Dr. Kotwal's opinion, the same reasons the ALJ gave for discounting Dr. Kotwal's opinion apply to Ms. Houston's statements. The Commissioner further argues that any error in this respect is harmless because Ms. Houston's statements were from an "other source," and "only acceptable medical sources can give [] medical opinions" under SSR 06-03p. (Doc. 20 at 15-17).
Under the regulations and rulings applicable to plaintiff's claim, only "acceptable medical sources" as defined under former 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(a), 416.913(a) can provide evidence which establishes the existence of a medically determinable impairment, give medical opinions, and be considered treating sources whose medical opinions may be entitled to controlling weight. See SSR 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939, *2 (Soc. Sec. Admin. Aug. 9, 2006). See also Guyaux, 2014 WL 4197353, at *19. Ms. Houston, a licensed clinical counselor, is not considered an acceptable medical source and instead falls under the category of "other sources." See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(d). 416.913(d). Although information from "other sources" cannot establish the existence of a medically determinable impairment, the information "may provide insight into the severity of the impairment(s) and how it affects the individual's ability to function." SSR 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939, at *2; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(d), 416.913(d).
While an ALJ is required to weigh and provide "good reasons" for discounting the weight given to a treating source opinion, an ALJ is not required to explain the weight given to "other sources." Gayheart, 710 F.3d at 376; Soc. Sec. Reg. No. 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939, at *6. Opinions from medical sources who are not "acceptable medical sources," such as licensed therapists, should be evaluated on key issues such as the claimant's symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, restrictions, and what the individual can still do despite the impairments. SSR 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939, *5. Factors for weighing the opinions of medical sources who are not "acceptable medical sources" include the nature and length of the treatment relationship, the consistency of the opinion with other evidence, the degree to which the source presents relevant evidence to support her opinion, how well the source explains the opinion, the source's specialty or area of expertise, and any other factors that tend to support or refute the opinion. Id., *4-5. See also Cruse v. Comm'r of Social Sec., 502 F.3d 532, 541 (6th Cir. 2007). The ALJ "should explain the weight given to opinions from these `other sources,' or otherwise ensure that the discussion of the evidence in the determination or decision allows a claimant or subsequent reviewer to follow the [ALJ's] reasoning." Id. (quoting SSR 06-03p).
The ALJ's did not consider the treatment records and assessments provided by Ms. Houston as required under the Social Security rules and regulations. The ALJ mentioned that Ms. Houston had treated plaintiff and her treatment notes were part of the record. The ALJ did not discuss Ms. Houston's notes and findings and evaluated the opinions in accordance with the applicable regulations. This was error. Plaintiff treated with Ms. Houston over the course of several years. Ms. Houston's treatment notes, objective findings and opinions appear to be quite consistent with Dr. Kotwal's objective findings and opinions. Yet, the ALJ gave no indication whatsoever that he took Ms. Houston's treatment notes and assessments into consideration. While the Commissioner is correct that the opinions of therapists are not from "acceptable medical sources," the ALJ is not free to ignore a treating therapist's assessments. Plaintiff's second assignment of error should be sustained.
Plaintiff alleges her final assignment of error that the ALJ erred in determining that her migraine headaches are not a severe impairment which could cause plaintiff to miss additional days of work. (Doc. 14 at 19).
An impairment is considered "severe" unless "the [claimant's] impairment(s) has no more than a minimal effect on his or her physical or mental ability(ies) to perform basic work activities." Social Security Ruling 85-28, 1985 WL 56856, at *3 (1985). The claimant's burden of establishing a "severe" impairment during the second step of the disability determination process is a "de minimis hurdle." Higgs v. Bowen, 880 F.2d 860, 862 (6th Cir. 1988). "Under [this] prevailing de minimis view, an impairment can be considered not severe only if it is a slight abnormality that minimally affects work ability regardless of age, education, and experience." Id.
An ALJ's failure to find a severe impairment where one exists may not constitute reversible error where the ALJ determines that a claimant has at least one other severe impairment and continues with the remaining steps of the disability evaluation. Maziarz v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 837 F.2d 240, 244 (6th Cir. 1987). This rule is predicated on the notion that the ALJ "properly could consider [the] claimant's [non-severe impairments] in determining whether [the] claimant retained sufficient residual functional capacity to allow [her] to perform substantial gainful activity." Id.
Here, the record includes evidence that plaintiff's impairments include migraine headaches. In April 2013, plaintiff's primary care physician, Dr. Dumont, opined plaintiff's complaints of "phantom smells" could be either migrainous auras or hallucinations, and Dr. Dumont prescribed Nortriptyline for migraine prevention. (Tr. 516-18). In July 2013, plaintiff reported to Dr. Kotwal she had a headache the week prior but no migraines. (Tr. 544). In June 2013, plaintiff reported she had headaches daily for the past two weeks and which caused her to leave work early one day, and she was not sure if her headaches were a side effect of Saphris. (Tr. 546-48). Dr. Kotwal started her on a trial of Topamax to target migraines. Plaintiff reported in July 2013 that her migraines were not so severe that she had to see a doctor. (Tr. 588-90). In January 2014, when plaintiff saw Dr. Dumont for medication refills, she reported that she was getting headaches daily and migraines about once a week. (Tr. 634). Other than stating that she had to leave work early one day, plaintiff did not report that her migraines interfered with her ability to function in any respect. Thus, the ALJ did not err by finding that plaintiff's migraine headaches were not a severe impairment. Plaintiff's third assignment of error should be overruled.
In determining whether this matter should be reversed outright for an award of benefits or remanded for further proceedings, the Court notes that all essential factual issues have not been resolved in this matter, nor does the current record adequately establish plaintiff's entitlement to benefits as of her alleged onset date. Faucher v. Sec'y of H.H.S., 17 F.3d 171, 176 (6th Cir. 1994). This matter should be reversed and remanded for further proceedings with instructions to the ALJ to reweigh the opinion of the treating psychiatrist, evaluate the evidence and assessments provided by plaintiff's mental health therapist, and elicit further medical and vocational testimony as warranted.
The decision of the Commissioner be
Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b),
