WM. C. HETHERINGTON, JR., Vice-Chief Judge:
¶ 1 In this breach of contract action filed by ATRIUM TRS II, L.P., d/b/a Renaissance Oklahoma City Convention Center Hotel ("Hotel") against Defendant University of Central Oklahoma ("UCO"), Hotel appeals the trial court's order denying its partial motion for summary judgment and granting judgment in favor of UCO. We reverse the order and remand for further proceedings.
FACTS
¶ 2 The material facts of this case are undisputed. A contract was executed by representatives of Hotel and UCO April 25, 2008, which reserved hotel rooms, meeting rooms, and banquet facilities and further arranged for food and beverages service at Hotel during a ten-day athletic event UCO was planning in July 2010 (Booking Contract). The Booking Contract's "method of payment" was by either credit, or "in the event that credit is not approved," UCO agreed to pay "an advance deposit in an amount to be determined by [Hotel]" with the outstanding balance due and payable upon receipt of Hotel's invoice.
¶ 3 It is undisputed UCO cancelled the event at the Hotel on July 6, 2009 and that "the event took place elsewhere." After UCO refused to pay Hotel's demand for payment under the Booking Contract's liquidated damages provision,1 Hotel filed its petition alleging breach of contract. UCO answered, denying the majority of allegations and raising, as affirmative defenses, invalidity of the contract under the Oklahoma Constitution and State Finance Act, or if valid, unenforceability of the contract's liquidated damages clause.
¶ 4 Hotel later moved for partial motion for summary judgment, arguing there is no substantial controversy as to any material fact essential to finding that a contract was formed, UCO breached the contract, and damages were a direct result of the breach. Hotel further argues 1) the Booking Contract is constitutional on its face because it contains a cancellation clause which UCO could exercise at any time, and 2) the payment obligations in the Booking Contract were "self-liquidating" and do not place an obligation on the Legislature to appropriate monies. Hotel lastly argues UCO is estopped from claiming the contract language was legally insufficient because its own legal counsel reviewed and approved it.
¶ 5 In UCO's two-page "Response to [Hotel's] Motion for Summary Judgment," it does not dispute any of Hotel's statement of thirteen uncontroverted material facts and again argues the Booking Contract is "void": 1) because it covers more than one fiscal year in violation of "Article X, 23 and 62 O.S. 34.412 and 34.49,"3 and 2) because it lacks non-appropriation contract language required in U.C. Leasing Inc. v. State ex rel. State Board of Public Affairs, 1987 OK 43, 737 P.2d 1191. UCO further argues "the penalty for cancellation, in and of itself, violates Article X, 23 and 62 O.S. 34.41 and 34.49 in that the penalty encumbers funds not yet appropriated" and in Oklahoma, estoppel is not applied against the State.
¶ 6 In its "Final Judgment," the trial court, upon consideration of the parties' submissions, arguments of their counsel at a hearing in open court, and review of the pleadings, concluded the Booking Contract "violates the Oklahoma Constitution Article X, 23, and is thus unenforceable." In light of that specific holding, the court ordered Final Judgment "should be and is hereby entered in favor of [UCO] and against [Hotel]."4
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶ 7 This matter stands submitted for accelerated appellate review on only trial court record pursuant to Oklahoma Supreme Court Rule 1.36, 12 O.S.2011, ch. 15, app. 1. The appellate standard of review for a trial court's grant of summary judgment is de novo. Carmichael v. Beller, 1996 OK 48, ¶ 2, 914 P.2d 1051, 1053. This court gives no deference on the legal question of whether a contract created an unconstitutional debt. In re Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority, 2005 OK 90, ¶ 5, 130 P.3d 232, 235.
ANALYSIS
¶ 8 Our research reveals no Oklahoma or other state court cases addressing whether a booking contract or similar contract for future services violates § 23 or related debt limitation provisions, § 24-265 of the Oklahoma Constitution. Although this legal question is undecided by Oklahoma courts, this appeal does not address a first impression issue in light of the Supreme Court's holding in a case reviewing the unconstitutionality of certain highway improvement bonds. In re Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority, 1998 OK 25, ¶ 32, 958 P.2d 759, 770, that "the correct analysis turns not on the type of instrument involved but, rather, on whether an enforceable obligation is created beyond the fiscal year."
¶ 9 Art. 10, 23 of the Oklahoma Constitution provides, in relevant part, "[a]ny department, institution or agency of the state operating on revenues derived from any law or laws which allocate the revenues thereof to such department, institution or agency shall not incur obligations in excess of the unencumbered balance of cash on hand." This constitutional section "requires a balanced budget and prohibits the creation of any debt against the state `regardless of its form or the source of money from which it is to be paid' except as specified in [§] 23 through [§] 25, conditions that do not apply in this situation." In re Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority, 2005 OK 90, ¶ 6, 130 P.3d 232, 235-236.
¶ 10 Both parties rely on the same case to support their respective arguments, U.C. Leasing Inc. v. State ex rel State Board of Public Affairs, 1987 OK 43, 737 P.2d 1191, in which the Supreme Court held a state agency's long-term equipment lease did not violate § 23. The decision in U.C. Leasing was based on the presence of specific language in the lease which would release the obligation of the state agency to make lease payments beyond the current fiscal year if the Legislature failed to allocate funds for payments during the next fiscal year (commonly known as a non-appropriation clause). This clause prevented violation of § 23's debt limitation, about which the Court held, "the obligation was not absolute and in all events binding upon the State at the time of [the lease's] execution, but was made contingent upon continued funding on a fiscal year basis by the Legislature continuing to appropriate funds to satisfy the obligation." (Italics added.) U.C. Leasing, 1987 OK 43, ¶ 21, 737 P.2d at 1195.
¶ 11 The Supreme Court has considered in several cases whether various bonds violate Oklahoma's constitutional debt limitation provisions, § 23-25, and has recognized "some forms of deficit financing do not offend their intent because the financing is either: (1) not a debt in the constitutional sense or (2) fits within a judicially defined exception." Id. For the same reasons, Hotel essentially contends the Booking Contract does not violate 23.
¶ 12 We agree with Hotel based on different grounds. Whether the Booking Contract between Hotel and UCO is a "debt" in the constitutional sense or fits within either of the three "exceptions" discussed in Application of Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority, 2005 OK 90, 130 P.3d 2326, is irrelevant based on the Court's following explanation:
The bonds we consider today, however, are unique and need not satisfy any of the exceptions described above. Because these bonds are payable only by the Regents, they cannot become debts of the state as a matter of law. The Regents have the sole constitutional authority to disburse funds appropriated to them in a lump sum by the Legislature. The Legislature cannot be forced to appropriate funds to repay the bonds because it has no authority to dictate such a specific expenditure to the Regents. (Italics added; citations omitted.) Id., 2005 OK 90, ¶ 7, 130 P.3d at 236.
After discussing prior case law in which the status of the bonds as "self-liquidating" and had been issued by a government entity like the Regents was found not determinative, the Court in Application of Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority further explained:
Similarly, the bonds we consider today cannot become debts of the state because the Legislature cannot dictate how the Regents allocate their annual appropriation. If the Legislature cannot dictate how the Regents allocate their appropriation, there is no legal or practical basis for compelling a future Legislature to appropriate tax money to retire the bonds. (Italics added; citations omitted.) Id., 2005 OK 90, ¶ 10, 130 P.3d at 237.
¶ 13 The "same rationale" was recently adopted by the Court in Matter of Oklahoma Development Finance Authority, 2013 OK 74, ¶ 4, 312 P.3d 926, 928, which involved a challenge to the Regent's "Master Lease Program" that provided lease financing for colleges and universities included in the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education to build various projects. As relevant here, the Court held "If these types of bonds are not debts of the state as a matter of law because the Legislature cannot be forced to appropriate funds to repay them, it follows that the same is true when the payment is coming from the colleges and universities whose allocations fall under the umbrella of the Regents." (Italics added.) Id.
¶ 14 Unlike the lessor's long-term equipment lease with a state agency in U.C. Leasing, Hotel's Booking Contract is with UCO, which is "one of the institutions of the State of Oklahoma's System of Higher Education, and is supervised, managed and controlled by the Board of Regents of Oklahoma Colleges exercising power pursuant to statutes of the State of Oklahoma and Art. 13-B of the Oklahoma Constitution."7 (Italics added.) Teeter v. City of Edmond, 2004 OK 5, ¶ 22, 85 P.3d 817, 823 (citing 70 O.S.Supp.1994 3201; 70 O.S.1991 3501.1, 3510; and Okla. Const. Art. 13-B). It therefore follows that Hotel's Booking Contract with UCO, an institution under the allocation umbrella of the Regents, is not a debt of the state as a matter of law because the Legislature cannot be forced to appropriate funds to pay UCO's agreed-to obligation, and therefore, similarly does not violate either § 23 of the Oklahoma Constitution or Oklahoma's State Finance Act.
¶ 15 The trial court's judgment in favor of UCO is reversed, and the case remanded for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
JOPLIN, P.J., and BUETTNER, J., concur.
