LEWIS, Judge.
¶ 1 Wendell Arden Grissom, Appellant, was tried by jury and found guilty of Count 1, murder in the first degree, in violation of 21 O.S.Rev.Supp.2005, § 701.7(A); Count 2, shooting with intent to kill, in violation of 21 O.S.Rev.Supp.2005, § 652(A); Count 3, grand larceny, in violation of 21 O.S.2001, § 1705; and Count 4, possession of a firearm after former conviction of a felony, in violation of 21 O.S.Rev.Supp.2005, § 1283, in Blaine County District Court, Case No. CF-2005-80.
¶ 2 On November 2, 2005, Appellant left Arkansas and headed west on Interstate 40, driving his white Chevrolet truck. Just across the Oklahoma state line, he picked up a homeless hitchhiker, Jessie Johns. As they continued west, the two men drank whiskey and got acquainted. They also discussed plans to commit some robberies or burglaries to raise money. Later that evening, Appellant checked into a hotel in Oklahoma City, paying $266.00 for a weekly rental. Appellant shared his room that evening with Jessie Johns, who slept on the floor.
¶ 3 The following morning, Jessie Johns watched as Appellant showed him how to load a .44 caliber black powder pistol, one of two firearms in Appellant's possession at the time. The other was a two-shot .22 caliber derringer. The two men drank more alcohol
¶ 4 Appellant ultimately parked his truck in the driveway of the residence of Matt and Dreu Kopf, near Hitchcock, in rural Blaine County. He told Jessie Johns to wait until the shooting was over and then come in and help him burglarize the house. Appellant approached a sliding door at the rear of the residence and knocked. Dreu Kopf was inside her home that morning with her best friend, Amber Matthews, and her two young children, eighteen month-old Rylie and infant Gracie Jo. Rylie was in her crib in the bedroom and Ms. Kopf was holding Gracie. Ms. Matthews answered the sliding glass door as Ms. Kopf turned in her glider chair to speak with Appellant. He asked Ms. Kopf if her husband was home. She replied that her husband was at work. Appellant told her he would come back later. Ms. Matthews closed the door, but seconds later Appellant reappeared. Ms. Kopf handed the baby to Ms. Matthews and approached the door again. Appellant shot a pistol round into the large glass pane and shattered it. He then stepped into the residence and fired a second shot at Ms. Kopf, striking her in the hand.
¶ 5 Amber Matthews ran with the baby into Rylie's bedroom. Ms. Kopf fought with the intruder and pushed him across the room onto a couch. While Ms. Kopf was on top of Appellant fighting him, she begged him to take what he wanted and leave. He just laughed at her as he pulled the black powder pistol from his waist and put it to her head. She grabbed at the weapon as he fired it, but a bullet tore through her hand and struck the side of her head, fracturing her skull. Appellant then stuck the big pistol in her hip and fired again. The force of this shot threw Ms. Kopf onto the floor.
¶ 6 Appellant got up and headed toward the bedroom where the children and Ms. Matthews were. Ms. Kopf then heard Ms. Matthews beg for her life, and the report from Appellant's pistol. Ms. Kopf escaped from the house to her garage and activated the overhead door. Realizing that she was leaving a blood trail for her killer to follow, she knew she could not hide. She saw the white truck in her driveway pointed toward the road for a getaway, and ran toward it.
¶ 7 Jessie Johns had left the truck and approached the residence after hearing several shots. He saw Ms. Kopf run from the house. He stepped through the shattered door and found Appellant standing over a wounded Amber Matthews. He watched as Appellant fired another shot into Ms. Matthews with the .44. Johns then told Appellant that someone had run from the house. Appellant ran toward the truck, tried to get inside, and fired his .44 pistol again at Ms. Kopf as she pulled away. Not far from her house, Dreu Kopf flagged down a trio of truckers hauling rock and told them that her friend and children were dead and she had been shot. One of the truck drivers, himself a retired police officer, got into the truck with Ms. Kopf. He reported the shooting by phone to the Kingfisher County Sheriff's Office and drove Ms. Kopf to the hospital in nearby Watonga.
¶ 8 Realizing their plans were foiled, Appellant and Johns attempted their escape from the crime scene on a red four-wheeler ATV they found in the Kopf's garage. A postal delivery man saw two men on the red four-wheeler leaving the Kopf residence with a black dog chasing them. The rock haulers, who had encountered Dreu Kopf only a few minutes earlier, saw two men speed past them on a red four-wheeler. The men on the four-wheeler ran out of gas after a short distance, but managed to hitch a ride with a passing farmer, who assumed they were laborers. He gave them a ride to the Hillstop Cafe, just over the Kingfisher County line on Highway 33.
¶ 9 The two women who were running the Hillstop Cafe that day became frightened when they noticed a pair of men looking in the windows of the store from outside and looking inside cars parked at the Hillstop. The two men then came in the store. Each bought an individual can of beer. One of the
¶ 10 Recognizing the possible connection to the report of a shooting at the nearby Kopf residence about thirty minutes earlier, Kingfisher County Sheriff's officers now raced toward the Hillstop Cafe. Not far away, emergency personnel and various officers of the Watonga Police Department, the Blaine County 4/11/2011 Sheriff's Office, and the Oklahoma Highway Patrol descended on the Kopf residence after the initial report of a shooting. Officers approached the home cautiously, but managed to enter and find the Kopf children alive. Amber Matthews was unconscious and mortally wounded. She died during a medical evacuation flight to an Oklahoma City hospital.
¶ 11 Back at the Hillstop Cafe, a Kingfisher County deputy sheriff approached Jessie Johns, who was now walking down the road, and detained him for investigation. The deputy questioned Johns briefly, searched him for weapons, and drove him back to the Hillstop Cafe. Meanwhile, law enforcement officers continued to gather information about the crimes at the Kopf residence and the suspicious persons reported at the Hillstop. About forty-five minutes after being detained, police arrested Jessie Johns for involvement in the four-wheeler theft and other crimes at the Kopf residence.
¶ 12 Investigators eventually located Appellant hiding in a rock pile near the Hillstop Cafe. They recovered a blood-stained .22 pistol and a pair of brown cotton gloves from his person. They ultimately recovered Appellant's.44 pistol and a second pair of brown cotton gloves discarded near the crime scene. The State also presented evidence that a DNA profile isolated from blood stains on Appellant's jeans matched to a DNA profile from the known blood of Dreu Kopf. Appellant did not testify at trial, but the State presented a videotape of his statement to police. On appeal, Appellant describes these crimes as "a tragedy with no discernible cause," admitting that he shot Amber Matthews and Dreu Kopf "for reasons even he does not understand." We will relate additional facts in connection with the individual propositions of error.
¶ 13 In connection with this appeal, Appellant timely filed a Motion for New Trial Based on Newly Discovered Evidence of Juror Misconduct. Rule 2.1(A)(3), Rules of the Court of Criminal Appeals, 22 O.S.Supp.2010, Ch. 18, App. We directed the State of Oklahoma to respond to the motion, and subsequently remanded the issues presented in those pleadings to the district court for evidentiary hearing to permit the development of a complete record. The evidence received in that hearing is now before us and is hereby incorporated as part of the original record on appeal. Rule 3.11(A), 22 O.S.Supp. 2010, Ch. 18, App.
¶ 14 In Appellant's Motion for New Trial Based on Newly Discovered Evidence of Juror Misconduct, he argues reversible error occurred when a prospective juror, later selected to serve on the jury, failed to disclose during voir dire examination that he was previously arrested and charged with two crimes. The record establishes that the juror was arrested in 1989 and charged with larceny of merchandise from a retailer, a felony. He entered a plea of guilty to the offense and received a deferral of sentence for one (1) year. After completion of a term of probation, the charge was dismissed. The prospective juror was arrested a second time in 2007 and charged with three misdemeanors, including possession of marijuana, possession of drug paraphernalia, and failure to maintain security verification form. Those charges were subsequently dismissed on the State's motion. Appellant also presented testimony from his trial counsel that if he had known of the prospective juror's prior arrests and charges, he would have inquired
¶ 15 During the district court's voir dire examination,
¶ 16 In Perez Enriquez v. State, 1987 OK CR 164, 740 P.2d 1204, and earlier cases, this Court has held that "[d]epriving defense counsel of information that could lead to the intelligent exercise of a peremptory challenge is a denial of an appellant's right to a fair and impartial jury." Id., 1987 OK CR 164, ¶ 7, 740 P.2d at 1206. In Perez Enriquez, a juror informed the trial court during the trial when she realized a primary defense witness—appellant's sister had—defrauded her and become pregnant while having an affair with the juror's ex-husband. The juror explained that she had previously known the witness by another name. Despite this revelation, the trial court instructed the jury and submitted the case for a decision, resulting in the appellant's conviction. Only after the verdict did the court interview the juror concerning her knowledge of the defense witness. The juror then told the court that her prior involvement with the witness made it impossible to believe her alibi testimony at trial, but that her verdict would have been the same. Id., 1987 OK CR 164, ¶¶ 4-6, 740 P.2d at 1205. This Court concluded that the facts showed "the juror was highly prejudiced towards the witness," id., 1987 OK CR 164, ¶ 5, 740 P.2d at 1205-6; and that the appellant was clearly harmed by the non-disclosure, because "his defense stood or fell with the credibility of his sister's testimony." Id., 1987 OK CR 164, ¶ 8, 740 P.2d at 1206.
Id. (internal citations omitted).
¶ 17 Perez Enriquez cited earlier opinions in Bass v. State, 1987 OK CR 29, 733 P.2d 1340, and Tibbetts v. State, 1985 OK CR 43, 698 P.2d 942. In Bass, after the jury was selected and sworn, a juror revealed that the State's eyewitness to the crime was his sister's fiance. The juror apparently had not
1987 OK CR 29, ¶ 6, 733 P.2d at 1341-42, quoting Manuel v. State, 1975 OK CR 174, 541 P.2d 233, 237 (emphasis added).
¶ 18 In Tibbetts, a prosecution for kidnapping and sexual assault, the prospective jurors were repeatedly asked if any member of their family had been the victim of similar crimes. They were also asked about relationships to any of the witnesses, parties, attorneys, or family members involved in the case; and if there was any reason they could not sit as fair and impartial jurors. Id., 1985 OK CR 43, ¶¶ 1, 6, 698 P.2d at 944. In the face of these questions, a prospective juror failed to disclose that her son-in-law was a Sheriffs deputy in the same county as the trial; that he was seeking employment with the District Attorney's office; and that her daughter had recently been a victim of a sex crime. The deputy sheriff was also in and out of the courtroom during the trial. Id., 1985 OK CR 43, ¶ 4, 698 P.2d at 944.
¶ 19 This Court again reversed the conviction and remanded for a new trial, finding it "apparent that she was not an impartial juror despite her saying she could be one;" and that although "[s]he would not be exempt from jury duty due to her relationship with the deputy . . . that information should have been made known to all parties." Id., 1985 OK CR 43, ¶ 4, 698 P.2d at 945-46. The Court reasoned that trial counsel during voir dire had made clear "the type of relationship he was looking for," and that the appellant was "effectively denied the opportunity to gain knowledge to base a potential challenge for cause, or, at least, a preemptory challenge." Id., 1985 OK CR 43, ¶ 8, 698 P.2d at 946. The Court again quoted its statement from Manuel that "we do not doubt that any defense attorney would so challenge a prospective juror with such a kinship to an employee of his adversary, when, as here, circumstances otherwise permit." Id., quoting Manuel v. State, 1975 OK CR 174, ¶ 7, 541 P.2d at 237.
¶ 20 In Allison v. State, 1983 OK CR 169, 675 P.2d 142, the appellant sought reversal of his conviction because a trial juror failed to disclose during voir dire that his mother-in-law had been employed by the District Attorney's office a year before the trial. This Court remanded the matter for an evidentiary hearing. The facts developed at the hearing showed that the juror's mother-in-law had been employed as a legal researcher and had resigned her position seven months before appellant's trial to attend law school. While an employee of the District Attorney, she had no contact with appellant's case. She never spoke with the juror about the trial of appellant's case, although she was aware of his service as a trial juror. Finally, the juror himself testified that his mother-in-law's previous employment with the District Attorney's office had no bearing on his decision in the case. Id., 1983 OK CR 169, ¶¶ 52-55, 675 P.2d at 151-52.
¶ 21 On these facts, the Court in Allison asked whether "in the absence of any demonstration of prejudice . . . is the assertion by the appellant that he would have exercised a
¶ 22 In Manuel, the appellant was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. During voir dire examination, counsel repeatedly inquired about prospective jurors' relationships with law enforcement agencies and the District Attorney's office. Counsel did not learn until the second day of trial that one of the jurors was married to the chief secretary employed by the District Attorney. Counsel objected to the verdict and moved for a new trial, which was denied. Id., 1975 OK CR 174, ¶¶ 1, 4, 541 P.2d at 235. This Court reversed, finding:
Id., 1975 OK CR 174, ¶¶ 5-7, 541 P.2d at 236-37.
¶ 23 Although defense counsel in this case had not "manifested his interest" in the topic of prospective jurors' prior arrests with specific questions on that subject during his voir dire examination, see Manuel, 1975 OK CR 174, ¶¶ 5-7, 541 P.2d at 236, counsel was entitled to rely on the candor of jurors when they gave responses to questions posed by the court and the prosecutor.
¶ 24 However, the relevant facts of Perez Enriquez, Bass, Tibbetts, and Manuel are distinguishable from the situation that confronts us today. Unlike the facts revealed about the jurors in those cases, the undisclosed information shown here does not support a challenge for cause or show any improper relationship that would "approach a challenge for cause." Allison, 1983 OK CR 169, ¶ 59, 675 P.2d at 153. And we cannot say, as the Court did in those cases, that
¶ 25 This Court said in Manuel that "it is not error alone that reverses judgments of convictions of crime in this State, but error plus injury, and the burden is upon the appellant to establish to the appellate court the fact that he was prejudiced in his substantial rights by the commission of error." Id., 1975 OK CR 174, ¶¶ 5-7, 541 P.2d at 236, quoting Thompson v. State, 1974 OK CR 15, ¶ 10, 519 P.2d 538, 541. The Court's opinion in Allison shows that an appellant must do more than simply assert that he would have used a peremptory challenge if he had known then what he knows now. Appellant does not even make that claim here. Trial counsel's testimony at the evidentiary hearing shows that he might have inquired further into the details of the arrests, and would have weighed the prospective juror's prior arrests as a factor in exercising his peremptory challenges.
¶ 26 Appellant's claim falls short of demonstrating any actual injury from the juror's non-disclosure. The juror was previously arrested and charged with crimes on two occasions: this is the sum of his nondisclosure. The charges arising from those arrests were dismissed. The juror testified at the evidentiary hearing that he honestly believed (incorrectly, it turns out) that he was not required to disclose his prior arrests. He had no knowledge of the facts of the case; no undisclosed relationship to the material witnesses or the parties. The juror testified on voir dire that he had gone to high school and played football with the lead prosecutor in this case, and knew one of the witnesses casually, which apparently raised no concerns for the defense about his impartiality.
¶ 27 At the evidentiary hearing, the juror testified that he was working as a partially commissioned salesperson at the time of the trial, had two children, and his wife was eight and a half months pregnant. He testified that he was reluctant but willing to do his duty as a juror and did not try to excuse himself from jury duty because of his job or family circumstances. He denied having any intention to mislead the court or counsel. These circumstances dispel the inference, so imaginatively urged by Appellant, that this juror corruptly concealed the truth about his arrests to get himself seated on this jury. While we do not condone the juror's nondisclosure, we find that Appellant suffered no prejudice from it. No relief is warranted under the controlling authorities. Appellant's Motion For A New Trial Based On Newly Discovered Evidence of Juror Misconduct is denied.
¶ 28 In Proposition One, Appellant argues the district court committed reversible error by failing to instruct the jury on
¶ 29 Appellant bases his argument for these lesser-included offense instructions on his alleged intoxication at the time of the crimes. He points to his recorded statements that he and co-defendant Jessie Johns had consumed whiskey on the previous day while driving into Oklahoma City. He also told police that on the morning of the crimes, he drank three beers, took a prescription anti-depressant, and drank a half-pint bottle of vodka. He argues that his consumption of intoxicants created a prima facie case of voluntary intoxication, which could have negated the respective elements of specific intent required to convict him of malice aforethought murder, first degree felony murder in the commission of first degree burglary, shooting with intent to kill, and grand larceny. He concludes that if the jury had been required to determine whether he lacked the requisite intent to commit these crimes as a result of voluntary intoxication and given applicable lesser-included offense instructions, he would have been found guilty of manslaughter or, at most, second degree murder. In a related argument, Proposition Two claims that the court's incomplete instructions to the jury on the defense of voluntary intoxication caused reversible error in both the capital and non-capital charges.
¶ 30 Counsel for Appellant manages to avoid any mention of a fact that this Court finds significant to the issue before us: Appellant effectively conceded his guilt to all of these charges at trial. In the beginning of defense voir dire, and with Appellant's express consent,
¶ 31 During his voir dire examination, trial counsel described Appellant's crime as "a cold-blooded, calculated, premeditated act of murder." He told prospective jurors:
¶ 32 In opening statements to the jury, trial counsel continued this strategy by conceding that "there are no excuses for what Wendell Arden Grissom did that day." Counsel told the jury the facts of Appellant's life, the facts of the crimes as Appellant had admitted them, and described him as a man "whose alcoholism has spiraled out of control, and [who] has done nothing but drink since 2002." Counsel emphasized Appellant's desire to accept responsibility, saying, "Wendell has never once ran, for one second ran from this crime . . . He has always stood up and said I did it and I'm here to face it." Trial counsel concluded his opening statement by saying:
¶ 33 Defense counsel modified his strategy only slightly in his first stage closing argument, again emphasizing Appellant's "acceptance of responsibility," but referencing his consumption of alcohol and suggesting that jurors could find Appellant did not act with malice aforethought. Counsel told jurors:
¶ 34 Defense counsel at no point contested Appellant's guilt of first degree murder or the non-capital charges. The record is replete with counsel's statements that Appellant was admitting he committed first degree murder and the other crimes alleged, and was simply seeking to persuade the jury to spare his life due to his remorse and other mitigation evidence. The Supreme Court aptly described the point of such a strategy in Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 125 S.Ct. 551, 160 L.Ed.2d 565 (2004):
Id., 543 U.S. at 192, 125 S.Ct. at 563, quoting United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 654, n. 9, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 2044, n. 9, 80 L.Ed.2d 657, n. 9 (1984). The Tenth Circuit Court of
Id., 37 Fed.Appx. at 480 (internal citations omitted); see also, Turrentine v. Mullin, 390 F.3d 1181, 1208 (10th Cir.2004)(finding trial counsel faced with overwhelming evidence of guilt could reasonably concede guilt of two counts of premeditated murder to persuasively argue remaining counts and retain credibility for sentencing phase).
¶ 35 This Court follows the "well established rule that when a defendant, who has a right of election as to several defenses, takes the stand as a witness and makes such admissions as to render every theory of defense unavailable save one, he will be deemed to have elected that one." Williamson v. State, 1991 OK CR 63, ¶ 55, 812 P.2d 384, 399; Sayers v. State, 10 Okl.Cr. 233, 246, 135 P. 1073, 1077 (1913). Such cases usually involve defendants who give testimony of a specific defense at trial and then, on appeal, claim entitlement to instructions on some other theory of defense or a lesser-included offense.
¶ 36 The question before us is simply whether the trial court committed plain error in its failure to instruct the jury on lesser-included offenses to the capital and non-capital charges. We find that Appellant's admission of guilt to the charges, through numerous statements of his counsel during trial, constituted a valid strategic election to present only a sentencing stage defense. By electing a sentencing stage defense, Appellant foreclosed his claim to first-stage jury instructions on lesser-included offenses. The district court's failure to instruct the jury on lesser-included offenses did not "go to the foundation of the case" or take from the Appellant any "right essential to his defense," and thus was not plain error. Simpson, 1994 OK CR 40, ¶ 12, 876 P.2d at 695. Proposition One is denied.
¶ 37 In Proposition Two, Appellant argues the trial court committed reversible error in giving incomplete instructions on voluntary intoxication. The district court, without a request from the defense or an objection from the State, gave the following instructions on the defense of voluntary intoxication
The district court did not give applicable instructions on the burden of proof for a defense of voluntary intoxication,
¶ 38 The Oklahoma Statutes provide generally that "[n]o act committed by a person while in a state of voluntary intoxication shall be deemed less criminal by reason of his having been in such condition." 21 O.S.2001, § 153. The statutes further provide that "[h]omicide committed with a design to effect death is not the less murder because the perpetrator was in a state of anger or voluntary intoxication at the time." 21 O.S.2001, § 704. Our case law has long recognized an exception to these rules where intoxication utterly negates the mens rea necessary for the crime. This Court has described the narrow parameters of the voluntary intoxication defense:
McElmurry v. State, 2002 OK CR 40, ¶ 72, 60 P.3d 4, 23, quoting Jackson v. State, 1998 OK CR 39, ¶ 67, 964 P.2d 875, 892 (emphasis added). We agree with Appellant that upon a proper showing of a prima facie case, voluntary intoxication may provide a partial defense to the specific intent crimes charged here. Malone v. State, 2007 OK CR 34, ¶ 22, 168 P.3d 185, 196 (murder); Grayson v. State, 1984 OK CR 87, ¶ 5, 687 P.2d 747, 748-49, n. 1 (shooting with intent to kill); Huffman v. State, 24 Okl.Cr. 292, 298-299, 217 P. 1070, 1072-73 (1923) (grand larceny). We also agree with Appellant that when the district court instructs on voluntary intoxication as a defense to first degree murder, the court must give a corresponding instruction on the lesser-included offenses of second degree murder or first degree manslaughter.
¶ 39 In Frederick v. State, 2001 OK CR 34, ¶ 130, 37 P.3d 908, 942, this Court said:
Based upon its examination of the facts, the Court in Frederick concluded:
Id., 2001 OK CR 34, ¶ 131, 37 P.3d at 942 (emphasis added).
¶ 40 In Taylor v. State, 2000 OK CR 6, 998 P.2d 1225, the trial court in a capital murder prosecution instructed the jury on voluntary intoxication but failed to give an instruction on the lesser-included offense of first degree manslaughter. Id., 2000 OK CR 6, ¶ 17, 998 P.2d at 1230. This Court declined to reverse the murder conviction, finding that Appellant was "able to give a detailed account of the events of the night in question," and had not shown his entitlement to the voluntary intoxication instruction. Id., 2000 OK CR 6, ¶ 20, 998 P.2d at 1230. The Court held:
Id., 2000 OK CR 6, ¶ 20, 998 P.2d at 1230-31 (emphasis added).
¶ 41 In Charm v. State, 1996 OK CR 40, 924 P.2d 754, the capital murder defendant claimed the trial court erred when it gave instructions on the defense of voluntary intoxication but refused to give defendant's requested lesser-included offense instructions on second degree murder or first degree manslaughter. Id., 1996 OK CR 40, ¶ 5, 924 P.2d at 759. The defendant argued that because of the trial court's error, "the jury's only options were convicting or acquitting him of first degree murder." Id., 1996 OK CR 40, ¶ 6, 924 P.2d at 759. This Court affirmed the murder conviction, again finding the evidence of voluntary intoxication was insufficient to warrant an instruction in the first place. The Court also held:
¶ 42 In Malone v. State, 2007 OK CR 34, 168 P.3d 185, this Court found that evidence of a capital murder defendant's methamphetamine intoxication was sufficient to create a prima facie case and warranted instructions on voluntary intoxication and manslaughter. Id., 2007 OK CR 34, ¶ 22, 168 P.3d at 196. The trial court gave those instructions, but they contained several errors, most importantly failing to inform the jury "what specific mental state was at issue, [by] referring to the general phrase `specific criminal intent,'" rather than the malice aforethought necessary for a murder conviction. Id., 2007 OK CR 34, ¶ 31, 168 P.3d at 199.
¶ 43 While the Court found a "significant error" in the jury instructions on voluntary intoxication in Malone, it ultimately concluded the error was harmless, because the jury was well aware that the defendant's only defense was lack of specific intent to kill due to intoxication; and there was "no reasonable possibility that Malone's jury would have agreed with and accepted his voluntary intoxication defense, regardless of how thoroughly the jury was instructed upon it" Id., 2007 OK CR 34, ¶¶ 28, 37, 168 P.3d at 198, 201.
Id., 2007 OK CR 34, ¶ 38, 168 P.3d at 201-202.
¶ 44 From these authorities we conclude that no relief is warranted for the apparent errors in the trial court's instructions on voluntary intoxication. While the evidence established Appellant's consumption of alcohol and prescription medication, it did not create a prima facie case that Appellant was so intoxicated that he could not form the specific intent to commit these crimes. Appellant loaded his pistols and left Oklahoma City that morning driving west. He and his accomplice bought gloves at a convenience store shortly before the crimes. He targeted an isolated rural residence for a home invasion burglary because he needed money. He parked his truck in the driveway of the home pointed toward the road for a quick getaway, telling his accomplice to follow him when the shooting stopped. He engaged his unsuspecting victims in a pretextual conversation, giving them a false name and a phony cover story, then stormed the home with gunfire. He attempted to murder the homeowner, and surely believing he had succeeded, he executed her friend with two shots to the head from his .44. He fled on a stolen four wheeler when the surviving victim took his waiting truck and made her escape. He bought and paid for a beer at a country cafe within an hour of the shootings. Appellant later surrendered and cooperated with authorities in locating the murder weapon where he had discarded it shortly after his crimes.
¶ 45 Appellant gave a detailed confession within hours after the shootings. He was able to recount the details of his recent activities and his life history leading up to the crimes. He also effectively admitted his guilt of murder at trial, hoping to avoid the extreme punishment. Under these circumstances, we find the trial court abused its discretion in even administering a voluntary intoxication instruction; and Appellant cannot use the fact that this unjustifiable instruction was given to obtain reversal. Malone, 2007 OK CR 34, ¶ 39, 168 P.3d at 202 (defendant's admission that he was solely responsible for the victim's death, and the two close-range shots fired into the victim's head, "leave no reasonable doubt" about his intent to kill); Charm, 1996 OK CR 40, ¶ 13, 924 P.2d at 761. The instructions on voluntary intoxication were not plain error. Simpson, 1994 OK CR 40, ¶ 12, 876 P.2d at 695. Proposition Two requires no relief.
¶ 46 In Proposition Three, Appellant claims the trial court erred by allowing the jury to sentence Appellant for the non-capital charges, enhanced by his prior felony convictions, during deliberations in the first stage of trial. 22 O.S.2001, § 860.1. He cites the need for "breathing space" between the jury's deliberations on his non-capital
Id., 1993 OK CR 38, ¶ 18, 866 P.2d at 1217. Appellant now argues that this Court must reverse all four counts because "there is no indication that Mr. Grissom personally waived his mandatory right to have his trial bifurcated regarding the enhanced non-capital counts . . . so as not to expose his jury to the fact that he had been previously convicted of two or more felonies."
¶ 47 We begin with the observation that the bifurcation procedure promulgated in Chapple is intended to shield a criminal defendant "from prejudicial misuse of his former convictions by the jury during their determination of guilt" in a criminal trial. Chapple, 1993 OK CR 38, ¶ 18, 866 P.2d at 1217. The "prejudicial misuse" contemplated in Chapple occurs when the fact of a prior conviction is unfairly brought to bear on the question of Appellant's guilt of the current charges. Appellant's argument again ignores the fact that he admitted both his prior convictions and his guilt of the current charges during the first stage of trial. Because appellate counsel sees "nothing to be gained for Mr. Grissom in having the jury aware of these prior felonies" while deliberating his guilt on the charge of first degree murder, he argues that the failure to bifurcate the proceedings was reversible error.
¶ 48 Despite appellate counsel's disagreement with trial counsel's strategy, Appellant's admission of his prior convictions was entirely consistent with maintaining credibility in the first stage of trial and dedicating the best efforts of the defense to avoiding capital punishment. The strategy of concluding the sentencing on non-capital charges in the first stage of trial permitted counsel to focus the jury's attention solely on the issue of capital punishment in the second stage, consistent with the overall defense strategy. Since the Court's decision in Chapple, we have reaffirmed the principle that a defendant who admits the fact of his prior convictions during testimony in the first stage of trial effectively waives the protections of a two-stage proceeding. Dodd v. State, 1999 OK CR 20, ¶ 4, 982 P.2d 1086, 1087, n. 4; see also, Ray v. State, 1990 OK CR 15, ¶ 7, 788 P.2d 1384, 1386; Wilmeth v.
¶ 49 In Proposition Four, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him of grand larceny. He also argues that under section 11(A) of Title 21, Oklahoma Statutes, because the item he took was a motor vehicle, the State should have charged him under the more specific statute for larceny of a motor vehicle. The relevant elements of grand larceny are: (1) taking; (2) and carrying away; (3) personal property of another; (4) valued at more than $500 dollars or from the person of another; (5) by fraud or stealth; (6) with the intent to deprive permanently. Instruction No. 5-93, OUJI-CR(2d); 21 O.S.2001, § 1701. The elements of the crime of larceny of a motor vehicle are: (1) trespassory; (2) taking; (3) and carrying away; (4) the automobile, aircraft, vehicle, construction or farm equipment vehicle; (5) of another; (6) with the intent to steal. Instruction No. 5-100, OUJI-CR(2d); 21 O.S.2001, § 1720.
¶ 50 In Jackson v. State, 22 Okl.Cr. 338, 353, 211 P. 1066, 1072 (1923), this Court held that by the Legislature's enactment, in 1919,
¶ 51 Appellant also argues, however, that the evidence shows he is guilty of no more than the lesser-included offense of unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, in violation of 47 O.S.2001, § 4-102. The elements of unauthorized use of a motor vehicle are: (1) taking, using, or driving; (2) a vehicle; (3) by the defendant; (4) without the consent of the owner; (5) with the intent to deprive the owner, temporarily or otherwise, of the vehicle or its possession. This crime "differs from Larceny of an Automobile only in that it requires the perpetrator intended to temporarily deprive the owner of possession of his vehicle as opposed to permanently depriving the owner of possession of his vehicle," and carries a lesser minimum punishment. Fox v. State, 1984 OK CR 83, ¶ 2, 686 P.2d 292, 293; 47 O.S.2001, § 17-102.
¶ 52 We review this sufficiency challenge to determine whether the evidence, in the light most favorable to the State, would permit any rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Spuehler v. State, 1985 OK CR 132, ¶ 7, 709 P.2d 202, 203. Appellant admits the taking of the four-wheeler, but argues that the evidence shows no intent to permanently deprive the owners of its possession, pointing to the fact that he used the vehicle solely to escape from the murder scene, then abandoned it by the side of the road.
¶ 53 We first note the statement in the Committee Comments to Instruction 5-100, OUJI-CR(2d), that the "intent to steal" element
Mitchell, 7 Okla. at 533-34, 54 P. at 784 (emphasis added).
¶ 54 In Barnes v. State, 1963 OK CR 102, 387 P.2d 146, this Court affirmed a conviction of larceny of an automobile. The car in question was for sale at a dealership. The defendant negotiated terms for a sale of the vehicle and an agreed down payment, but told the dealer he would have to get the money at his mother's house, fifteen miles away. The defendant then drove the car away from the dealership without the owner's knowledge or permission. At trial, the defendant claimed he had taken the car temporarily and without a felonious intent, and was on his way to his mother's house to get the money for a down payment. Id., 1963 OK CR 102, ¶¶ 1-4, 387 P.2d at 147. This Court found the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction, but approved the following instruction as a correct statement of the law:
Barnes, 1963 OK CR 102, ¶ 11, 387 P.2d at 148 (emphasis added).
¶ 55 In Hughes v. State, 61 Okl.Cr. 40, 44-45, 65 P.2d 544, 546 (1937), quoting Huffman v. State, 24 Okl.Cr. 292, 217 P. 1070, 1073 (1923), the Court again acknowledged that "property may be taken with an intent to return it, or be taken by mistake, or some intent other than to deprive the owner thereof, in which case larceny has not, of course, been committed" (emphasis added). While a defendants' intent to return the property to its rightful owner after a wrongful taking potentially negates the mens rea of larceny, mere abandonment of property at some point after its theft does not. Traxler v. State, 96 Okl.Cr. 231, 251 P.2d 815 (1953) well illustrates the reasons why this is not the law. In Traxler, while defendant was being pursued by officers, he took a car (and its owner, as a hostage) at the point of a gun. Convicted of robbery with a dangerous weapon, he claimed on appeal that the instructions failed to state the required element of animus
¶ 56 Like the Appellant here, he argued that "his intention at the time of taking was only to use the car to escape the officers." Id., 96 Okl.Cr. at 251, 251 P.2d at 835-36. This Court found the robbery statutes, 21 O.S., §§ 797-801, did not incorporate a mens rea element of animus furandi, and instructions in the language of the robbery statute were sufficient. Traxler, 96 Okl.Cr. at 252, 251 P.2d at 837. In a passage with pertinence to the current discussion, the Court said:
Id., 96 Okl.Cr. at 251, 251 P.2d at 836-37, and n. 11.
¶ 57 Appellant's argument here would have this Court "strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel."
¶ 58 Proposition Five argues that the trial court's admission of photographs of the crime scene was reversible error. Appellant specifically objects to exhibits depicting vomit on the jeans of Amber Matthews, the bloody shirt worn by baby Gracie Kopf at the time of the shootings, and a pool of blood in the floor of the bedroom where Appellant murdered Amber Matthews. The admission of photographs is within the trial court's discretion and will not be disturbed absent abuse of discretion. Browning v. State, 2006 OK CR 8, ¶ 32, 134 P.3d 816, 837. Trial counsel objected to the vomit stained jeans as irrelevant, the bloody baby clothing as "repetitive," and failed to object to the exhibit depicting a close-up view of the pool of Ms. Matthews' blood.
¶ 59 Photographic exhibits may be probative of the nature and location of wounds, may corroborate the testimony of witnesses, including the medical examiner, and may show the nature of the crime scene. Browning, 2006 OK CR 8, ¶ 32, 134 P.3d at 837. Gruesome crimes make for gruesome crime scene photographs, but the real issue is whether the probative value of relevant evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
¶ 60 The photograph of Amber Matthews' jeans corroborated testimony about her condition when she was found by police officers and emergency medical personnel. Considered in light of other evidence against the Appellant, the probative value of this evidence was not substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice or other factors identified in section 2403 of the Evidence Code. The bloody baby clothing established the infant's proximity to Amber Matthews at the time of the shooting. While the evidence is disturbing, it is probative of Appellant's premeditated intent to kill Ms. Matthews without the slightest regard for the defenseless child she held in her arms. We review Appellant's objection to the exhibit depicting a pool of blood and brain material for plain error only. Again, this photograph corroborates the testimony of witnesses concerning the nature of the wounds to Ms. Matthews and the issue of Appellant's intent. There is no plain error. Proposition Five requires no relief.
¶ 61 In Proposition Six, Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury's finding of the aggravating circumstance that there exists a probability that defendant will commit criminal acts of violence that will constitute a continuing threat to society. We review this challenge to determine whether the evidence, in the light most favorable to the prosecution, would permit a rational trier of fact to find the aggravating circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones v. State, 2006 OK CR 10, ¶ 4, 132 P.3d 1, 2; see also Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764, 781-83, 110 S.Ct. 3092, 3102-04, 111 L.Ed.2d 606 (1990). In Gilson v. State, 2000 OK CR 14, ¶ 157, 8 P.3d 883, 925, this Court held:
¶ 62 We find sufficient direct and circumstantial evidence to support the jury's finding of the "continuing threat" aggravating circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt. In addition to the facts of the crime itself, which show a callous and pitiless slaying, the State presented evidence of Appellant's prior burglaries, which progressed from auto burglaries to residential break-ins. Appellant told an investigator after his arrest for a residential burglary in Texas that he would have done "whatever it took" if he had been confronted by an occupant of the residence he was burglarizing. This revealed the formation of Appellant's criminal attitude and his willingness to use violence to achieve his objectives. The State also presented evidence that Appellant violently assaulted and threatened his then-wife with a loaded firearm during a domestic dispute. The jury was able to place these facts within the context of other evidence of Appellant's life history, his alcoholism, his unstable home life, unemployment, and depression. We find the evidence of Appellant's prior criminal history was properly admitted for the jury's consideration in connection with this aggravating circumstance, and the jury's finding is supported by sufficient evidence. This proposition is denied.
¶ 63 In Proposition Seven, Appellant claims the uniform jury instruction defining mitigating circumstances, Instruction No. 4-78, OUJI-CR(2d), unconstitutionally limited the jury's ability to fully consider mitigating circumstances in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments and the Oklahoma Constitution. We addressed similar concerns in Harris v. State, 2007 OK CR 28, 164 P.3d 1103, and concluded that the definition in the current uniform instruction does not prohibit jurors from properly considering mitigating evidence. Id., 2007 OK CR 28,
¶ 64 In Proposition Eight, Appellant argues that the trial court's failure to give the uniform instruction on victim impact evidence denied him a fair trial and a jury determination of his guilt of the aggravating circumstances in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. He correctly points out that the trial courts should give the uniform instruction in capital cases where victim impact evidence is introduced. Cargle v. State, 1995 OK CR 77, ¶ 77, 909 P.2d 806, 828-29; Instruction No. 9-45, OUJI-CR (2d). Trial counsel failed to object to the jury instructions on this ground or request different instructions at trial, and thus waived all but plain error. Simpson, 1994 OK CR 40, ¶ 12, 876 P.2d at 695.
¶ 65 Under the mandate set forth in Cargle, the trial court's failure to administer the uniform instruction on victim impact evidence was error. We have previously held that while the uniform instruction on victim impact evidence should be given when such evidence is introduced at trial, "the failure to give the instruction is not automatically fatal." Powell v. State, 2000 OK CR 5, ¶ 121, 995 P.2d 510, 535. In Wood v. State, 1998 OK CR 19, 959 P.2d 1, a case tried before the Cargle decision, the Court concluded that the failure to give a limiting instruction on victim impact evidence did not warrant remand for resentencing. The Court in Wood noted that no such instruction was given in Cargle itself, yet the Court had found the absence of such instruction did not require reversal. Wood, 1998 OK CR 19, ¶ 48, 959 P.2d at 13. The Court in Wood said;
The Court has reached the same conclusion in several other cases. Conover v. State, 1997 OK CR 6, ¶¶ 75-76, 933 P.2d 904, 922; Charm v. State, 1996 OK CR 40, ¶ 38, 924 P.2d 754, 766.
¶ 66 While undoubtedly powerful, the victim impact evidence in this case was brief and carefully circumscribed. Indeed, Appellant raises no claim of error on appeal with respect to the presentation of the victim impact testimony itself. These facts distinguish the present case from those in which the Court has found the failure to give a limiting instruction required reversal. Those cases involved victim impact evidence that was either "borderline" or violated the limitations established in Cargle. Malone v. State, 2007 OK CR 34, ¶¶ 62-64, 168 P.3d 185, 211-12 (holding lack of Cargle instruction was plain error requiring reversal where testimony was "well beyond" appropriate victim impact evidence, including a "highly prejudicial sentencing recommendation"); Miller v. State, 2001 OK CR 17, ¶¶ 36-39, 29 P.3d 1077, 1085 (finding lack of Cargle instruction made it impossible to find errors in admission of prejudicial victim impact testimony were harmless). Considering the instructions as a whole in light of the victim impact testimony given at trial, we find the error here did not go to the foundation of the case or take from Appellant a right essential to his defense. Simpson, 1994 OK CR 40, ¶ 12, 876 P.2d at 695. The error creates no grave doubt that it had any substantial influence on the outcome at trial, and is therefore harmless. Simpson, 1994 OK CR 40, ¶¶ 36-37, 876 P.2d at 702. Proposition Eight is denied.
¶ 68 We review the challenged comments here only for plain error, due to the lack of any timely objection to the comments at trial. Simpson, 1994 OK CR 40, ¶ 12, 876 P.2d at 695. In the first comment, the prosecutor in closing argument rhetorically asked jurors:
Appellant seems to construe this argument as an improper expression of the prosecutor's personal opinion. We disagree. This Court has held similar comments were not plain error where they were "not phrased in personal terms, but appealed to the jury's understanding of justice and asked that standard be upheld." Lockett v. State, 2002 OK CR 30, ¶ 21, 53 P.3d 418, 425, citing Mitchell v. State, 1994 OK CR 70, ¶ 44, 884 P.2d 1186, 1202, and Hammon v. State, 2000 OK CR 7, ¶ 62, 999 P.2d 1082, 1097. We found in Lockett that "the prosecutor basically argued to the jury that justice required the death penalty be imposed under the particular facts of this case, not based upon his personal opinion." Lockett, 2002 OK CR 30, ¶ 21, 53 P.3d at 425. We reach the same conclusion here. The argument was not plain error.
¶ 69 Appellant argues the prosecutor denigrated his mitigation evidence when he told jurors a story from childhood in which his mother would tell him "your actions have spoken so loudly I cannot hear a word your saying." He then applied this homespun saying to Appellant's mitigating evidence:
Appellant argues that these statements and others like them "attempted to destroy Mr. Grissom's right to have the jury consider relevant mitigating evidence" in violation of the protections of the Eighth Amendment as expressed in Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978).
¶ 70 In Warner v. State, 2006 OK CR 40, 144 P.3d 838, the prosecutor in a capital sentencing trial argued that no mitigation evidence could reduce Appellant's culpability for
Id., 2006 OK CR 40, ¶ 191, 144 P.3d at 890. This Court held in Warner that the challenged comments were not plain error, reasoning that prosecutors have "the right to discuss evidence during the second stage in arguing for an appropriate punishment . . . [and] may properly attempt to minimize the effect of the evidence presented by the defense." Id., 2006 OK CR 40, ¶ 192, 144 P.3d at 890-91. Like the jury in Warner, the jury in this case was "appropriately instructed as to the mitigating evidence and was not in any way precluded from considering any and all
¶ 71 Appellant next alleges that the prosecutor's closing arguments improperly elicited sympathy for the victims of his crimes. Reviewing the comments identified in Appellant's brief, we find the comments are based on the evidence properly admitted at trial and exhorted the jurors to consider particular facts in determining punishment. This is not improper argument. In his final closing argument the prosecutor said:
We find this comment was in response to defense counsel's argument that jurors could celebrate the sanctity of human life by showing mercy to the defendant with a non-capital sentence. As the argument was a proper response to the defense, there is no plain error. Andrew v. State, 2007 OK CR 23, ¶ 135, 164 P.3d 176, 203.
¶ 72 Appellant finally argues that the prosecutor improperly aligned himself with the jury in closing argument. The prosecutor's comment told jurors that after the defendant's crime, "another mission began" to bring the killers to justice. The police had carried the "torch of truth" as they sought to apprehend the perpetrators. They passed the torch on to the prosecutors, who "stood arm in arm with the Matthews family and continued that march toward justice." The prosecutor explained that after his argument "we are handing you that torch of truth, hoping and trusting that you will carry it across the line where justice awaits. Justice in this case is a death sentence."
¶ 73 This Court said in Sanchez v. State, 2009 OK CR 31, ¶ 75, 223 P.3d 980, 1005, that it "will not require counsel in such serious cases to address the jury with lifeless and timid recitations void of moral reflection or persuasive power." The comments challenged here form only a small part of a lengthy summation in which the State and defense counsel passionately argued conflicting views about the meaning of justice in this case. The jurors were well aware that the statements of counsel were not evidence and were intended to persuade the jury during its deliberations. Under these circumstances we cannot say that the challenged comments here were plain error. Even if individual comments in the State's closing argument were erroneous, we have no grave doubt that erroneous comments had a substantial influence on the outcome at trial. Simpson, 1994 OK CR 40, ¶ 37, 876 P.2d at 702. Proposition Nine requires no relief.
¶ 74 In Propositions Ten and Eleven, Appellant claims the deficient performance of his trial attorneys violated his right to the assistance of counsel under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments and Article II, section 20 of the Oklahoma Constitution. Appellant argues that counsel was ineffective in failing to request proper instructions, failing to object to inadmissible evidence and improper arguments, and in failing to discover and utilize additional mitigating evidence of Appellant's alleged dementia or brain damage resulting from alcoholism and head injuries. In connection with this latter claim, he has filed a motion to supplement the appellate record and request for evidentiary hearing as permitted by Rule 3.11(B), Rules of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, 22 O.S.Supp.2010, Ch. 18, App.
¶ 75 We address these complaints applying the familiar test required by the Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). This Court strongly presumes that counsel rendered reasonable professional assistance. Appellant must establish the contrary by showing: (1) that trial counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) that he was prejudiced by the deficient performance. Spears v. State, 1995 OK CR 36, ¶ 54, 900 P.2d 431, 445. To determine whether counsel's performance was deficient, we ask whether the challenged act or omission was objectively reasonable under prevailing professional norms. In this inquiry, Appellant must show that counsel committed errors so serious that he was not
¶ 76 Where the Appellant shows that counsel's representation was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms, he must further show that he suffered prejudice as a result of counsel's errors. The Supreme Court in Strickland defined prejudice as a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the outcome of the trial or sentencing would have been different. Hooks, id., citing Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 120 S.Ct. 1479, 146 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). We will reverse the judgment and sentence only where the record demonstrates counsel made unprofessional errors "so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. If the record before us permits resolution of a claim of ineffectiveness on the ground that Strickland's prejudice prong has not been satisfied, we will ordinarily follow this course. Phillips, 1999 OK CR 38, ¶ 103, 989 P.2d 1017, 1043.
¶ 77 With regard to counsel's failure to object to allegedly inadmissible evidence and improper jury instructions, and to request different instructions at trial, our conclusions that the evidence was properly admitted at trial, and that erroneous jury instructions did not result in prejudicial error, foreclose any claim of ineffectiveness based on these omissions. Appellant simply cannot show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's allegedly unprofessional errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Proposition Ten is therefore denied.
¶ 78 In Proposition Eleven, counsel argues that the failure to utilize mitigating evidence of his neurological deficits violated his right to effective counsel. In his accompanying request for evidentiary hearing as permitted by Rule 3.11(B), Appellant presents the affidavit and report of a neuropsychologist who evaluated Appellant for this appeal. In the report of her evaluation, the neuropsychologist concludes that Appellant meets the diagnostic criteria for dementia due to multiple etiologies, specifically possible deprivation of oxygen during his birth, a history of head injuries, and chronic abuse of alcohol. The neuropsychologist concludes that Appellant:
¶ 79 The record also reflects that Appellant retained a forensic psychologist and a
¶ 80 Under Rule 3.11(B)(3)(b)(i), this Court reviews the affidavits and evidentiary materials submitted by Appellant to determine whether they contain "sufficient information to show this Court by clear and convincing evidence there is a strong possibility trial counsel was ineffective for failing to utilize or identify the complained-of evidence." If the Court determines from the application that a strong possibility of ineffectiveness is shown, we will "remand the matter to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing, utilizing the adversarial process, and direct the trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law solely on the issues and evidence raised in the application." Rule 3.11(B)(3)(b)(ii). The evidentiary record thus created in the district court may then be admitted as part of the record on appeal and considered in connection with Appellant's claims of ineffective counsel. Rule 3.11(B)(3) and (C).
¶ 81 We have recently emphasized that our reading and application of Rule 3.11 is not inconsistent with Strickland; nor does it lade appellants with a heavier burden to demonstrate ineffectiveness on appeal than Strickland itself.
Simpson v. State, 2010 OK CR 6, ¶ 53, 230 P.3d 888, 906.
¶ 82 After considering Appellant's claim in light of the evidence offered at trial, the arguments in his brief, and his supplemental materials, the Court finds that Appellant has not shown clear and convincing evidence that suggests a strong possibility that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to develop and utilize the type of evidence presented here. The neuropsychological report largely reflects the mitigating narrative already presented at trial. Other aspects of the report are equivocal, at best: The mitigating force of Appellant's reported deficits in memory, planning, and organizational skills—as a result of his alleged dementia—is significantly diminished by other undisputed evidence of how he carried out these crimes. To borrow a phrase from his expert, if Appellant had been slightly more "cognitively efficient" in the execution of his plans, he certainly would have murdered Dreu Kopf, and might have avoided apprehension altogether, or at least long enough to endanger additional lives. The proffered evidence of Appellant's diagnosis with dementia and its accompanying deficits does not appreciably alter the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances considered by the jury at trial. We conclude that Appellant has not shown that counsel was ineffective for failing to utilize the type of evidence presented in his supplemental materials, and no evidentiary hearing is necessary.
¶ 83 Proposition Twelve argues the accumulation of errors in this case warrants reversal or modification of the sentence. This Court found error in the district court's decision to give instructions on the defense of voluntary intoxication, and in the failure to give the uniform instruction on victim impact evidence. Appellant has not shown that these errors resulted in prejudice to him. The Court also found Appellant was erroneously charged with and convicted of grand larceny, and modified the conviction to larceny of a motor vehicle. We find no other errors and conclude the errors at trial had no cumulative effect that rendered the trial unfair or the outcome unreliable. Proposition Twelve requires no relief.
¶ 84 This Court must determine in every capital case: (1) whether the sentence of death was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor; and (2) whether the evidence supports the jury's finding of the aggravating circumstances. 21 O.S.2001, § 701.13(C). The jury found the aggravating circumstances that the defendant created a great risk of death to more than one person; that he committed murder while serving a sentence of imprisonment; and the existence of a probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society. 21 O.S.2001, § 701.12(2), (5), and (7). Appellant presented substantial evidence of mitigating circumstances as detailed above. We have carefully reviewed the record and find that the jury was not improperly influenced by passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor in the determination of guilt or sentence.
¶ 85 The Judgment and Sentence of the District Court of Blaine County in Counts 1, 2, and 4 are
A. JOHNSON, P.J., and C. JOHNSON, and SMITH, JJ.: Concurs.
LUMPKIN, J.: Specially Concurs.
LUMPKIN, Judge: Specially Concur.
¶ 1 I concur in the Court's decision to affirm the judgments and sentences in this case and the modification of Count 3. However, I write to point out a statutory distinction to the general rule addressed in Proposition II. In footnote 13, addressing the issue of whether there was sufficient evidence of voluntary intoxication which necessitated the giving of a lesser included instruction, the Court quotes Wharton on Homicide for the proposition that if sufficient evidence exists to meet the voluntary intoxication requirements then either "manslaughter or murder in the second degree" would be the proper lesser included instruction. While legal treatises are valuable in conveying the general legal principles and practices, it is necessary to go to specific statutes to determine if the legislature has followed the general principles or has deviated from them through the enactment of specific penal statutes.
¶ 2 Determining whether instructions on a lesser included offense should be given is a two step analysis. First, it must be determined whether the alleged lesser offense is a legally recognized lesser included offense of the charged offense. Shrum v. State, 1999 OK CR 41, ¶ 7, 991 P.2d 1032, 1035. This Court has traditionally looked to the statutory elements of the charged crime and any lesser degree of crime to determine the existence of any lesser included offenses. Id. This determination is not case-specific and can only be made by looking at the statutory elements. Id., 1999 OK CR 41, ¶ 5, 991 P.2d at 1038 (Lumpkin, V.P.J., concurring in results). A lesser offense is a part of the greater offense when the establishment of the essential elements of the greater offense necessarily establishes all the elements required to prove the lesser included offense. 22 O.S.2001, § 916; State v. Uriarite, 1991 OK CR 80, ¶ 8, 815 P.2d 193, 195. See also
¶ 3 The second step of the analysis looks to the evidence to determine whether prima facie evidence of the legally recognized lesser included offense has been presented at trial. Bland v. State, 2000 OK CR 11, ¶ 56, 4 P.3d 702, 719-20. See also Ball v. State, 2007 OK CR 42, ¶ 32, 173 P.3d 81, 90. Prima facie evidence of a lesser included offense is that evidence which would allow a jury rationally to find the accused guilty of the lesser offense and acquit him of the greater. Eizember v. State, 2007 OK CR 29, ¶ 111, 164 P.3d 208, 236 citing Hogan v. Gibson, 197 F.3d 1297, 1305 (10th Cir.1999).
¶ 4 Historically, Second Degree Murder has been recognized as a lesser included offense of First Degree Murder.
¶ 5 Next, looking at the evidence in this case, no rational jury would have acquitted Appellant of First Degree Murder in favor of a finding of guilt of Second Degree Murder. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to submit a jury instruction on Second Degree Murder as a lesser included offense of First Degree Murder.
9 Okl.Cr. at 57-58, 130 P. at 814.
