TERENCE C. KERN, United States District Judge.
Before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 22) of Defendants Select Specialty Hospital—Tulsa/Midtown, LLC and Select Specialty Hospital—Tulsa, Inc. ("Defendants"). For reasons set forth below, the Motion for Summary Judgment is
Plaintiff Yolanda Raymond ("Plaintiff") is an African-American woman who was employed by Defendants as a Certified Nursing Assistant ("CNA") from approximately May 20, 2013 to July 22, 2015. (Doc. 22, ¶ 1; Doc. 28-11, pg. 1.) Plaintiff reported to Chief Nursing Officer Dawn Goetz ("Goetz"). (Doc. 33-2, pg. 2-3.) Plaintiff was employed by Defendants as a "bedside sitter" and assigned to monitor patients who have a high risk of falling or pulling out medical devices. (Doc. 22, ¶ 11, 16.) Defendants' written bedside sitter policy lists responsibilities including "constant surveillance of patient" and "assist[ing] patient with basic hygiene, oral intake, and activity
On the night of June 20, 2015, Plaintiff was working a 12-hour shift as a bedside sitter, from 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. the next morning (Doc. 22, ¶ 20.) Plaintiff had worked nearly 100 hours in that pay period including the last six days straight. (Doc. 28-4, pg. 1; Doc. 28-1, pg. 8.) During her shift on the night of June 20, 2015, she received a bathroom break around midnight, but no other breaks during her shift, despite requesting them. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 11-16.) On the morning of June 21, 2015, Plaintiff claims to have given her patient a bath somewhere between 4:30 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 34.) Between approximately 6:25 a.m. and 6:40 a.m., Charge Nurse Linda Johnson ("Johnson") discovered Plaintiff sleeping on duty. (Doc. 22, ¶ 19.) Plaintiff woke up when Johnson entered the patient's room and said "good morning." (Doc. 22, ¶ 24.) Immediately after Plaintiff awakened, Johnson told her that she needed to gather her things and meet Johnson in the Charge Nurse's office. (Doc. 22, ¶ 26; Doc. 28-1, pg. 23.)
In the Charge Nurse's office, Plaintiff was told by Johnson that it was not acceptable for her to be asleep while bedside sitting with a patient, as the patient could injure herself. (Doc. 22, ¶ 27.) Plaintiff apologized and explained that she had been tired, but it wouldn't happen again. (Doc. 22, ¶ 28.) Johnson sent Plaintiff home and told her that the incident would be reported to Goetz. At 8:03 a.m., Johnson emailed Goetz reporting finding Plaintiff asleep. (Doc. 22, ¶ 32; Doc. 28-8.) In the email Johnson noted that after she sent Plaintiff home she had returned to the patient's room to relieve the staff member she had assigned there, and found the patient had four wet blue pads and a wet sheet under her. (Doc. 28-8.)
After being sent home, Plaintiff called Goetz from the parking garage and told Goetz that Johnson had found her sleeping, and had sent her home. She apologized and said that it wouldn't happen again. (Doc. 22, ¶ 33; Doc. 28-1, pg. 29.) The following day, Plaintiff called Goetz again, and was told that Defendants were investigating. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 29.) Aside from the email that Johnson sent Goetz, however, there does not appear to be any further documentation of an investigation. (Doc. 22-6.) Goetz has stated that she did not interview the Charge Nurse who was on duty the night in question. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 21.)
All employees of Defendants are subject to the Select Medical Human Resources Employee Handbook ("employee handbook"). (Doc. 28-5, pg. 2.) While the employee handbook describes a system of progressive discipline, it also notes that "some unacceptable behaviors are so serious that they may justify immediate termination." "Sleeping while on duty," is listed among these. (Doc. 28-5, pg. 7.) Goetz testified that sleeping while on duty will always result in immediate termination. (Doc. 33-2, pg. 4.)
Goetz also testified that when administering discipline, she submitted a request for disciplinary action to Human Resources Coordinator Angelique Hampton ("Hampton"). (Doc. 28-3, pg. 3.) It was her understanding that Hampton would review the request with her regional director and once Hampton and her regional director made a decision, Goetz was told whether to move forward. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 3.)
On June 24, 2015, Goetz called Plaintiff and asked her to come in to speak with her. Goetz and Hampton met with Plaintiff in Goetz's office. (Doc. 22, ¶ 35.) At this meeting, Goetz and Hampton discussed the policy that bedside sitters must not sleep while sitting with patients. They also presented Plaintiff with a Disciplinary Action Form ("DAF"), which stated that Johnson found Plaintiff sleeping on duty at approximately 6:40 a.m. on June 21, 2015. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 33.) The form also noted that Plaintiff had told Goetz that she had "just dozed off." The form additionally stated that "[t]he patient was found to have 4 blue pads underneath her, saturated with urine—her linen sheet was also saturated with urine and the bed had a visual moisture ring noted." (Doc. 22-9.) Plaintiff contends that she must not have read the form at the time she signed it, as she had given the patient a bath around 4:30 a.m. or 5:00 a.m., and not enough time had elapsed between the bath and when she was found sleeping for the patient to soak through four blue pads and the linen sheet. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 34.) When Plaintiff signed the form, she did not contest its contents, nor did she offer any statement except an apology. (Doc. 22-9; Doc. 28-1, pg. 33-34.) Goetz and Hampton terminated Plaintiff's employment with Defendants at this meeting. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 32; Doc. 22-9.)
Dorothy Sutherland ("Sutherland"), a Caucasian woman, worked for Defendants as a "monitor tech." (Doc. 22, ¶ 46-47.) Sutherland also reported to Goetz. (Doc. 33-2, pg. 3.) As a monitor tech, Sutherland was required to watch the monitor screens that continuously report patients' vital signs for potentially lethal rhythms. (Doc. 22, ¶ 47.) Accordingly, a monitor tech's eyes should be 100% focused on those screens. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 10.)
Sutherland was accused of sleeping while on duty by CEO Linda Tiemens ("Tiemens"). (Doc. 22, ¶ 51-52; Doc. 28-3, pg. 4-5.) Goetz was out of the building at the time but on the following workday, Tiemens approached her and told her she thought Sutherland was sleeping on the job. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 4.) Goetz testified that if Sutherland was truly sleeping, Tiemens should have suspended her pending an investigation. She also indicated the investigation should have begun immediately, while memories were still fresh. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 5-6.) However, Tiemens did not suspend Sutherland and did not begin an immediate investigation. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 5-7.) Goetz testified this was a pattern of behavior with Tiemens—that she would bring Goetz things after the fact and then ask Goetz to rectify them. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 6-7.)
Upon her return to work, Goetz did, in fact, investigate. However, since Sutherland was not scheduled to work at this time, Goetz did not suspend her. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 14.) During the investigation, Goetz spoke to Sutherland, who clearly denied sleeping. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 7.) Goetz also reinterviewed Tiemens, who then said she was not 100% sure that Sutherland was sleeping. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 8.) Tiemens and Goetz even playacted the scene and determined that Tiemens would have only been able to see the side of Sutherland's face. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 9.) Johnson was asked by Goetz if she had ever had any issues with Sutherland sleeping while on duty, and Johnson reported she had not. (Doc. 28-3, pg. 12.)
Goetz gave the results of her investigation to Hampton. Hampton also spoke with the Chief Nurse and several other nurses who were on the floor the day Sutherland was accused of sleeping, but no one had
Summary judgment is proper only if "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists. See Zamora v. Elite Logistics, Inc., 449 F.3d 1106, 1112 (10th Cir. 2006). In its summary judgment analysis, the Court resolves all factual disputes and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Id. However, the party seeking to overcome a motion for summary judgment "must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).
A movant that "will not bear the burden of persuasion at trial need not negate the nonmovant's claim," but may "simply ... point[] out to the court a lack of evidence for the nonmovant on an essential element of the nonmovant's claim." Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 671 (10th Cir. 1998) (internal citations omitted). If the movant makes this prima facie showing, "the burden shifts to the nonmovant to go beyond the pleadings and `set forth specific facts' that would be admissible in evidence in the event of trial from which a rational trier of fact could find for the nonmovant." Id. (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 56(e)). To meet this burden, the nonmovant must set forth facts "by reference to affidavits, deposition transcripts, or specific exhibits incorporated therein." Id. (citing Thomas v. Wichita Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 968 F.2d 1022, 1024 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1013, 113 S.Ct. 635, 121 L.Ed.2d 566 (1992)). "In response to a motion for summary judgment, a party cannot rest on ignorance of facts, on speculation, or on suspicion, and may not escape summary judgment in the mere hope that something will turn up at trial. The mere possibility that a factual dispute may exist, without more, is not sufficient to overcome convincing presentation by the moving party." Conaway v. Smith, 853 F.2d 789, 794 (10th Cir. 1988) (internal citations omitted).
Plaintiff brings claims of discrimination and wrongful termination
Under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, Plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination. See Herrera v. United Airlines, Inc., 754 Fed.Appx. 684, 691-92 (10th Cir. 2018) (unpublished) (internal citations omitted). To establish a prima facie case of discrimination generally, Plaintiff must "show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that she is a member of a protected class, she suffered an adverse employment action, and the challenged action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination." Bennett v. Windstream Commc'ns, Inc., 792 F.3d 1261, 1266 (10th Cir. 2015).
If Plaintiff succeeds in establishing a prima facie case, the burden of production shifts to the defendant to rebut the presumption of discrimination by producing some evidence that it had legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the decision. Herrera, 754 Fed.Appx. at 689-91; Bennett, 792 F.3d at 1266. Defendant's burden at this stage is "`exceedingly light,' as its stated reasons need only be legitimate and non-discriminatory on their face." Lucas v. Office of the Colo. State Pub. Def., 705 F. App'x 700, 704 (10th Cir. 2017) (unpublished), quoting DePaula v. Easter Seals El Mirador, 859 F.3d 957, 970 (10th Cir. 2017).
The burden then shifts back to Plaintiff to show by a preponderance of the evidence that Defendants' explanation was merely pretextual. Plaintiff may establish pretext by showing "such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer's proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence and hence infer that the employer did not act for the asserted non-discriminatory reasons." Bennett, 792 F.3d at 1267, quoting Jones v. Okla. City. Pub. Sch., 617 F.3d 1273, 1280 (10th Cir. 2010).
Plaintiff has met her burden of establishing a prima facie case. Plaintiff is an African-American woman who suffered the adverse employment actions of being suspended pending an investigation of her sleeping on the job and eventually being terminated. However, Dorothy Sutherland, a Caucasian woman who was accused of sleeping on the job, was not suspended pending an investigation and was not terminated from her employment. These circumstances give rise to an inference of discrimination. Accordingly, Plaintiff has met the "not onerous" burden of establishing a prima facie case.
Similarly, Defendants have met their "exceedingly light" burden to proffer a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. Defendants contend that Plaintiff was suspended, and eventually terminated, in accordance with the employee handbook, which lists "[s]leeping while on duty" as an "unacceptable behavior [] so serious that [it] may justify immediate termination." (Doc. 22, pg. 14; Doc. 28-5, pg.7.)
Though Plaintiff is not required to use any particular means to show that Defendants' reasons are pretextual, a plaintiff typically shows pretext in one of three ways:
Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1230 (internal citations omitted).
The Court assumes, arguendo, that Plaintiff's contention that not enough time had elapsed since she had given her patient a bath for that patient to soak through four blue pads and a linen sheet would create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Defendants' reasons for termination were false. However, when evaluating pretext, the Court must look to the facts as they appeared to the person making the decision to terminate Plaintiff. See Kendrick, 220 F.3d 1220, 1231. In this case, the DAF's narrative follows closely the email that Johnson sent Goetz describing finding Plaintiff asleep, as well as Plaintiff's own statements, indicating that she was sleeping, to both Johnson and Goetz. (Doc. 22, ¶ 32, 33; Doc. 28-8.) The facts in Johnson's email, as well as Plaintiff's own admissions that she was sleeping, were known to Defendants at the time of Plaintiff's termination and could form a legitimate reason for an employment decision.
At the time Plaintiff was terminated Defendants had nothing to counter the evidence that the patient had four blue pads underneath her, saturated with urine. Plaintiff did not record the time she gave her patient a bath, because she was not able to record it until after her shift, and she was suspended before the end of her shift. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 19, 28.) Moreover, when Plaintiff had the opportunity to present Defendants with these facts, she chose not to. Plaintiff's own testimony indicates that, aside from apologizing, she did not say anything at all in her meeting with Goetz and Hampton other than apologizing. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 32.) Plaintiff's testimony also indicates that she did not object to the DAF's narrative at the time she signed it. (Doc. 28-1, pg. 33.) Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Defendants' stated reason for her termination was false, as none of the facts potentially supporting this contention
Plaintiff has failed to establish a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Defendants stated legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons were pretextual, as Plaintiff has not shown that she was treated differently from other similarly-situated employees. Though a plaintiff may establish pretext by showing disparate treatment, not all unexplained differences in treatment, or inconsistent or irrational employment practices are illegal. Rather, the law prohibits intentional discrimination based upon an employee's protected class characteristics. See EEOC v. Flasher Co., 986 F.2d 1312, 1319-21 (10th Cir. 1992) (emphasis in the original). When a Court is evaluating pretext, the Plaintiff must prove that the disadvantageous treatment was based upon the Plaintiff's membership in a protected class rather than upon either a valid, nondiscriminatory reason, or upon no particular reason at all. Id.
For an individual to be "similarly situated to Plaintiff, she must have (1) dealt with the same supervisor and (2) been subject to the same standards governing performance evaluation and discipline. Herrera v. United Airlines, Inc., 754 Fed.Appx. at 691-93 (internal citations omitted), quoting Aramburu v. Boeing Co., 112 F.3d 1398, 1404 (10th Cir. 1997). In order to establish pretext by showing differential treatment, Plaintiff must show that (1) her similarly-situated colleagues who did not belong to a protected class violated "rules of comparable seriousness," (2) Defendant treated the two colleagues differently (for example, by not suspending or terminating the nonprotected colleague's employment, as they did with Plaintiff), and (3) this differential treatment is not trivial, accidental, or explained by nondiscriminatory motives. Herrera, 754 Fed.Appx. at 691-93, quoting Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1230.
For the purposes of determining whether Plaintiff was treated differently from other similarly-situated employees, as to her suspension, Plaintiff and Sutherland are not similarly-situated employees, as they did not "deal with the same supervisor." Aramburu, 112 F.3d at 1404. In Kendrick, for example, the Court did not find disparate treatment where two employees physically threatened different intermediate-level supervisors, because "different supervisors will inevitably react differently to employee insubordination." 220 F.3d at 1233. Like in Kendrick, in this case, while both Plaintiff and Sutherland reported to Goetz, they were initially accused of sleeping while on duty by different supervisors. It was these supervisors—Johnson for Plaintiff and Tiemens for Sutherland—who made the initial decision as to their discipline, not Goetz. Accordingly, Plaintiff and Sutherland did not deal with the same supervisor as to their initial suspension, and were not similarly situated.
Plaintiff is correct that Defendants may have deviated from best practices when they failed to suspend Sutherland pending an investigation into whether she was sleeping and failed to start an investigation immediately (Doc. 28-3, pg. 5-6). Additionally, Plaintiff is correct that she was treated differently than Sutherland in this regard, as she was suspended pending an investigation, consistent with best practices. (Doc. 22, ¶ 30.) However, Plaintiff has not shown that this deviation was mere pretext for discriminatory motive. Rather, like in Kendrick, it appears that the difference in initial discipline was based on the
For the purposes of determining whether Plaintiff was treated differently from other similarly-situated employees as to Defendants' investigation into whether she was sleeping while on duty, Plaintiff and Sutherland are similarly situated. It appears that Goetz supervised Plaintiff and Sutherland, and investigated the claims against both employees. (Doc. 28-8; Doc. 28-3, pg. 7; Doc. 33-2, pg. 2-3.) Further, both employees faced potential discipline for violating the employee handbook's prohibition on sleeping while on duty. Additionally, because both employees faced potential discipline for violating the same prohibition, Plaintiff has established that, with regard to the investigation into these accusations, she and Sutherland were accused of violating rules of comparable seriousness.
However, Plaintiff has not shown a genuine dispute of material fact that she and Sutherland experienced different treatment. Plaintiff appears to argue that she experienced different treatment than Sutherland both because Goetz engaged in a more detailed investigation into the accusations against Sutherland and because there was no documentation of this investigation. Contrary to these arguments, however, the facts of each investigation demonstrate that both employees received complete investigations into the allegations against them. Though Plaintiff's investigation appears shorter than that for Sutherland—it included only an email from Johnson to Goetz and Plaintiff's own admissions to Johnson and Goetz—further investigation was not necessary, as Plaintiff admitted that she had been sleeping to both Johnson and Goetz.
Plaintiff cannot show disparate treatment simply due to the differences in documentation in the two investigations, as this difference is not based on the thoroughness of the investigation, but, as with the decision of whether or not to suspend either Plaintiff or Sutherland, based on the different reactions of different supervisors. See supra III.C.2.a. In the case of Sutherland, there was no documentation, as the investigation took place in the form of oral discussions. (Doc. 28-6, pg. 1.) By contrast, in the case of Plaintiff, Johnson emailed
Plaintiff and Sutherland are considered similarly-situated employees with regard to Defendants decision to terminate Plaintiff but not Sutherland. The decision to terminate an employee rests with Human Resources, and the two employees dealt with the same supervisor. Because both employees were accused of violating the employee handbook by sleeping while on duty, they were also subject to the same standards governing performance evaluation and discipline. Aramburu, 112 F.3d at 1404.
However, Plaintiff has not shown a genuine dispute of material fact that she and Sutherland violated "rules of comparable seriousness." Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1230. While both Plaintiff and Sutherland were accused of violating the employee handbook's prohibition of sleeping while on duty, Plaintiff must show more than the same accusation—she must show that Sutherland actually violated a rule of comparable seriousness. In this case, the undisputed facts cannot show this, as they reveal that Johnson was certain that she had witnessed Plaintiff sleeping,
Even if the Court assumes that there is a genuine dispute over whether Sutherland was in fact sleeping while on duty, this dispute will not be material. When evaluating pretext, a Court must look to the facts as they appeared to Human Resources when they made the decision whether or not to terminate either Plaintiff or Sutherland. See Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1231. The Court's inquiry is not whether the employer's proffered reasons were wise, fair, or correct, but whether it honestly believed those reasons and acted in good faith upon those beliefs. See Rivera v. City & County of Denver, 365 F.3d 912, 924-25 (10th Cir. 2004). In this case, though Plaintiff and Sutherland were accused of violating the same policy, the undisputed facts show material differences between the two situations. The facts as known to Human Resources, in light of their investigations, do not present any reason to suggest that they believed, or should have believed, that Plaintiff and Sutherland violated "rules of comparable seriousness."
Plaintiff appears to argue that it is unfair for Defendants' determination of whether either Plaintiff or Sutherland were sleeping on duty to be based on their own accounts of whether they had been sleeping, because it penalizes Plaintiff for her honesty. She appears to argue that it is unfair for Defendants to terminate Plaintiff for sleeping while on duty when so many of the factors contributing to her
For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to establish a genuine dispute of material fact as to her claims under Title VII, OADA, and § 1981.
Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 22) is
Defendants' Motion in Limine (Doc. 31) is
An order of judgment will be entered separately.
