DUNCAN, J.

Plaintiff, a plumber, fell on a construction worksite and was injured. He filed suit against defendant Jones,1 who owned the property and was overseeing the construction project, and defendants Rossetto and Brown, who were framing subcontractors on the project, alleging that (1) all three defendants' negligence caused his injuries, (2) Jones was liable for his injuries under a theory of premises-liability, and (3) he was entitled to recover from each defendant under the Employer Liability Law (ELL), ORS 654.305 to 654.336. The trial court granted each defendant's motion for summary judgment and entered a general judgment of dismissal. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for each defendant on each of plaintiff's claims. We reverse and remand.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

When reviewing the grant of a motion for summary judgment, we view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. ORCP 47 C; Jones v. General Motors Corp., 325 Or. 404, 420, 939 P.2d 608 (1997). The record, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, establishes the following facts: Plaintiff's employer, Randy's Plumbing, contracted with Jones to do the plumbing work on a house that Jones was building. On November 5, 2007, plaintiff went to the house to do plumbing work, which included putting vents through the roof. He went to the second floor, drilled the necessary holes in the roof, and then walked back toward the stairs along a hallway that was open to the lower level. There was no barrier or other fall protection in place along the edge of the hallway. Plaintiff turned right, intending to go down the stairs, and stepped off the edge. He fell to the ground floor, approximately nine feet below, and was injured.

Jones, who lived in Eureka, California, was building the house for his son and daughter-in-law on property that the Jones 1996 Family Trust owned in Medford. Jones was an experienced general contractor with extensive knowledge of fall protection, but he was not licensed in Oregon.2 Jones oversaw the construction of the house by obtaining the necessary permits, hiring subcontractors, and arranging some of the inspections. He had been to the site only a few times before plaintiff fell, and he was not present when the accident occurred.

Jones orally agreed with Rossetto that Rossetto would frame the house. Rossetto was an experienced framer and had also acted as the general contractor on numerous home construction projects. In the past, as part of his responsibilities as a framing subcontractor, he had held safety meetings regarding fall protection and had installed fall protection along second-floor hallways exposed to the first floor. That fall protection had remained in place while other subcontractors worked on the site until Rossetto's work was complete.

Rossetto testified that, in this case, he did not install fall protection because he had no employees working on the project. For his part, Jones assumed that, as part of Rossetto's responsibility for framing, Rossetto would provide fall protection for areas around the stairwell before other subcontractors began performing interior work. However, Jones and Rossetto did not discuss fall protection at any time before plaintiff was injured.

Rossetto engaged Brown to help him frame the house. He paid Brown a flat fee and the two worked on the project together.3 Brown also had extensive construction experience, including experience installing fall protection. Brown's practice was to install fall protection in areas where the drop was 10 feet or more. In this case, Brown testified that he "probably" measured the distance from the second-floor hallway to the first floor and concluded that, because the distance was less than 10 feet, no fall protection was needed.4

As noted, Jones contracted with plaintiff's employer to plumb the house. The record does not reflect whether that contract was oral or written or what its terms were. When the interior framing was about 90 percent complete, Rossetto notified Jones, who contacted plaintiff's employer and requested that the company send someone out to do the necessary plumbing work. Plaintiff was notified that he should go to the site. At the time of the accident, plaintiff was the only person at the site.

When Jones learned of plaintiff's injury, he was surprised that there was no fall protection installed. The same day, he contacted Rossetto and told him to put up temporary barriers. Rossetto did so, and the barriers remained in place until a permanent system was installed.

Plaintiff had worked on the construction of numerous multi-story buildings, many of which had lacked fall protection, and he did not expect fall protection at the site. He knew that there was a danger of falling off of exposed ledges. However, he had never taken precautions against falling — for example, by installing temporary railings or using a spotter — when working at sites without fall protection.

Plaintiff's expert, Baird, stated that, as the framing contractors, Rossetto and Brown were responsible for installing fall protection on the second floor, including the area where plaintiff fell, and that installation of fall protection by framers is standard industry practice. Baird also stated that it is not the responsibility of a plumbing subcontractor like plaintiff's employer to install fall protection. Plaintiff submitted OAR 437-003-1501(3) and American National Standard (ANSI/ASSE) Rule A10.18-2007, which require the use of fall protection in the area where plaintiff fell, as evidence of the standard of care.

As to Jones, the owner-builder, plaintiff alleged (1) a claim of common-law negligence, essentially for failing to provide fall protection or make sure that Rossetto and Brown provided it;5 (2) a premises-liability claim, for failing to inspect for and remedy, or warn plaintiff of, the lack of fall protection; and (3) a claim that Jones was liable as plaintiff's indirect employer under the ELL. As to Rossetto, plaintiff alleged (1) a claim of common-law negligence, essentially for failing to provide fall protection,6 and (2) a claim that Rossetto was liable as plaintiff's indirect employer under the ELL. Plaintiff's allegations against Brown were the same as those against Rossetto. All three defendants moved for summary judgment on all of plaintiff's claims.

The trial court concluded that plaintiff's common-law negligence claims against all three defendants and his premises-liability claim against Jones failed because the "specialized expertise and knowledge doctrine" first employed in Yowell v. General Tire & Rubber, 260 Or. 319, 490 P.2d 145 (1971), barred recovery. It also concluded that the ELL was inapplicable because none of the defendants was engaged in a common enterprise with plaintiff's employer and no defendant retained the right to control or actually exercised control over plaintiff's work. Accordingly, it granted summary judgment to all defendants on all claims.

Plaintiff appeals. In five assignments of error, he challenges the trial court's conclusion as to each defendant on each claim. We must determine whether there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Jones, 325 Or. at 420, 939 P.2d 608. First we address plaintiff's common-law claims for negligence and premises-liability and then we consider his ELL claims.

II. COMMON-LAW CLAIMS

1. Background

We begin by summarizing the background legal principles underlying plaintiff's common-law claims. Then we discuss the Yowell doctrine, which affects both plaintiff's common-law negligence claims and his premises-liability claim. As explained above, plaintiff alleged (1) a common-law negligence claim against each defendant; (2) a premises-liability claim against Jones only; and (3) an ELL claim against each defendant.

Underlying plaintiff's common-law negligence claims is the premise that, "unless the parties invoke a status, a relationship, or a particular standard of conduct that creates, defines, or limits the defendant's duty, the issue of liability for harm actually resulting from [a] defendant's conduct properly depends on whether that conduct unreasonably created a foreseeable risk to a protected interest of the kind of harm that befell the plaintiff." Fazzolari v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J, 303 Or. 1, 17, 734 P.2d 1326 (1987). Plaintiff contends that the "specialized expertise and knowledge" doctrine established in Yowell — which, in a post-Fazzolari world, creates a special relationship between a landowner or general contractor and the employee of a subcontractor that limits liability7 — does not apply here. Consequently, he asserts, the appropriate test for each of his common-law negligence claims is "whether [each defendant's] conduct unreasonably created a foreseeable risk to a protected interest of the kind of harm that befell * * * plaintiff." Fazzolari, 303 Or. at 17, 734 P.2d 1326.

As to the premises-liability claim against Jones, plaintiff invokes the special relationship between a landowner and an invitee on the property. See Hughes v. Wilson, 345 Or. 491, 497, 199 P.3d 305 (2008) ("The common law imposes a general, nondiscretionary duty on landowners to make their property reasonably safe for their invitees."). He contends that, in this case, the special relationship described in Yowell does not supersede the landowner-invitee relationship. Consequently, he argues, Jones owed plaintiff a duty to make the premises reasonably safe, and his failure to do so caused plaintiff's injury.

In light of those claims, our task is to determine whether, as a matter of law, the relationship between plaintiff and each defendant meets the requirements for the special relationship first established by Yowell and, as discussed below, modified in subsequent cases. If it does not meet those requirements, the parties do not dispute that, as to the negligence claims, Fazzolari's general foreseeability principle governs defendants' potential liability to plaintiff, and, as to the premises-liability claim, the landowner-invitee relationship governs Jones's potential liability to plaintiff.

2. The Yowell Doctrine

In Yowell, the plaintiff, an electrician who worked for a company that repaired signs, was injured while repairing a sign for the defendant, a tire business. 260 Or. at 320-21, 490 P.2d 145. In the course of repairing a sign that was installed on a pole, the plaintiff leaned his ladder against a second sign that was on the same pole. The second sign, which had been installed two years earlier by another sign company, had been installed improperly, and it rotated around the pole, causing the ladder to fall and injure the plaintiff. Id. at 321, 490 P.2d 145. The plaintiff sued the defendant, contending that "[the plaintiff] was upon the defendant's premises as an invitee to whom the defendant owed a duty to exercise reasonable care to provide a safe place to work" and that the defendant had failed to exercise reasonable care by failing to install the sign properly and failing to warn the plaintiff. Id. at 322-23, 490 P.2d 145.

The trial court granted an involuntary nonsuit at the conclusion of the plaintiff's case-in-chief, and the plaintiff appealed. Id. at 320, 490 P.2d 145. On appeal, the defendant defended the trial court's ruling, arguing that it did not owe any duty to the plaintiff, the employee of an independent contractor, under a rule set out in 31 A.L.R.2d 1375, 1381-82 (1958). That rule provided that "`the owner or occupier [of property] is under no duty to protect [the employees of an independent contractor] against risks arising from or intimately connected with defects of the premises, or of machinery or appliances located thereon, which the contractor has undertaken to repair.'" Yowell, 260 Or. at 323, 490 P.2d 145. The plaintiff remonstrated that, while the exception might apply if he had been injured by a defect in the sign that he was repairing, it did not apply because the injury had been caused by a defect in a different sign, which the plaintiff's employer had not agreed to repair. Id.

The Supreme Court first noted that, under Oregon law, it was not settled that an occupier of land owed any duty to the employee of an independent contractor, regardless of whether the defect that caused the injury was related to the independent contractor's area of expertise. Id. at 324, 490 P.2d 145. However, for purposes of deciding the case, the court assumed that the occupier of the land could owe a duty to the employee of an independent contractor. It held:

Yowell, 260 Or. at 324-25, 490 P.2d 145 (footnote omitted). The court affirmed the trial court's grant of the involuntary nonsuit. Id. at 328, 490 P.2d 145.

We discussed Yowell in Brown v. Boise-Cascade Corp., 150 Or.App. 391, 946 P.2d 324 (1997), rev. den., 327 Or. 317, 966 P.2d 220 (1998). In Brown, the plaintiff, a painter who worked for a painting company, was injured when he fell off a roof while he was painting the defendant's paper mill. There was no fall protection in the area where the plaintiff was working. On appeal, the defendant invoked the Yowell doctrine, and the plaintiff responded that, where the hazard was obvious — as it was where the plaintiff was injured by falling off an unprotected roof — Yowell did not apply.

We suggested, in a footnote, that the holding of Yowell might extend to obvious risks. We stated:

Id. at 402 n. 7, 946 P.2d 324. In other words, we did not believe that a defendant who has no special expertise in an area should have a duty to provide protection from an obvious risk that is inherent in the plaintiff's work — for example, a roofer's risk of falling off a roof — before allowing the plaintiff to begin working. The nature of risks inherent in the plaintiff's specialized task and the safety measures that will best protect the plaintiff under the circumstances are matters "peculiarly within [the plaintiff's employer's] `special expertise or knowledge.'" Id. at 401, 946 P.2d 324 (quoting Yowell, 260 Or. at 325, 490 P.2d 145).

In George v. Myers, 169 Or.App. 472, 10 P.3d 265 (2000), rev. den., 331 Or. 692, 26 P.3d 149 (2001), we extended Yowell in the way suggested by the footnote in Brown. There, the plaintiff, an employee of a framing contractor, was injured when he fell from the third floor of a partially framed house while he was moving a bundle of lumber, which was to be used for framing, that was in the framing crew's way. He sought to recover from the defendant, the general contractor on the project. Id. at 474-75, 10 P.3d 265. When the plaintiff fell, there was no fall protection of any kind at the construction site. The defendant was not involved in placing the pile of lumber and "had nothing to do with" the plaintiff's employer's decision to move the lumber or the method by which the plaintiff was moving it. Id. at 475, 10 P.3d 265. The defendant had hired the plaintiff's employer because of its expertise in framing. Id. at 474, 10 P.3d 265. The trial court held that Yowell precluded liability on the plaintiff's common-law negligence claim, which alleged failure to provide safety equipment and failure to adequately inspect and supervise the work and the worksite.

On appeal, the plaintiff asserted that Yowell did not apply because, unlike the risk in Yowell, which was created by a latent defect, the risk of falling from the unprotected third floor of the house was obvious. We agreed with the plaintiff that the risk was obvious, but we concluded that, in light of the concern that we had expressed in Brown, Yowell was nevertheless applicable:

George, 169 Or.App. at 487-88, 10 P.3d 265 (footnotes omitted). Thus, George established that, (1) when a risk is obvious and "inextricably intertwined with [the plaintiff's employer's] performance of a specialized task"; (2) the defendant lacks expertise regarding and control over the specialized task and, consequently, the risk; and (3) the defendant hired the plaintiff's employer because of its expertise in that work, the defendant cannot be liable for an injury to the plaintiff resulting from the risk.

We applied and extended the doctrine again in Boothby v. D.R. Johnson Lumber Co., 184 Or.App. 138, 55 P.3d 1113 (2002), aff'd, 341 Or. 35, 137 P.3d 699 (2006). There, the decedent, a logger, had been crushed to death by a log loader while he was working at a logging site. His personal representative filed an action against a logging company that had contracted with the State of Washington to log the area. The defendant had subcontracted responsibility for the logging project — including responsibility for safety procedures — to the decedent's employer, a second logging company.

We concluded that, just as the risk of falling while framing in George was "inextricably intertwined with" the framing company's specialized task of framing the house, 169 Or.App. at 487, 10 P.3d 265, the risk that the decedent would be killed by logging equipment was inextricably intertwined with the expert work that the defendant had hired the decedent's employer to perform — viz., the logging operation. Boothby, 184 Or.App. at 159, 55 P.3d 1113. The link between the risk that caused the decedent's death and the decedent's employer's specialized task was evidenced by a contract between the defendant and the decedent's employer that assigned responsibility for day-to-day operations at the site, including safety procedures, to the decedent's employer. The contract demonstrated that the decedent's employer's specialized task included sole responsibility for safety procedures like the ones that could have prevented the decedent's death, and other evidence demonstrated that the plaintiff's employer actually carried out that responsibility. Id. at 161, 55 P.3d 1113. Proof of that delegation of responsibility for safety procedures was essential because the defendant had previously exercised expertise in logging and safe operation of logging equipment. The Yowell doctrine applied despite that expertise because the risk was inextricably intertwined with the specialized task for which the defendant had hired the decedent's employer. Id.8

3. Application

Here, there is a genuine issue of material fact about whether plaintiff's risk of falling from the second floor was inextricably intertwined with his performance of the specialized task for which Jones hired plaintiff's employer. Defendants' position is that, similar to the hypothetical roofers discussed in Brown, whose risk of falling from the roof was indisputably part of their work as roofers, plaintiff's risk of falling from the second floor was part of his employer's specialized task because plumbing a multi-story building necessarily includes going up to the second floor. That is, they contend that part of plaintiff's job as a plumber — and, consequently, part of the job for which Jones hired plaintiff's employer — is to move around construction sites, including elevated areas that may lack fall protection. On the other hand, plaintiff asserts that his risk of falling was not inextricably intertwined with his employer's specialized task because there is nothing about plumbing — as opposed to, for example, the work of an electrician or another interior subcontractor — that necessarily involves the risk of falling.9

We cannot choose between those competing views because they implicate an unresolved question of fact about the scope of plaintiff's employer's specialized task in this case. As demonstrated by George and Boothby, the considerations relevant to whether a risk is inextricably intertwined with the plaintiff's employer's specialized task include the terms of the agreement between the defendant and the plaintiff's employer, Boothby, 184 Or.App. at 159, 55 P.3d 1113, and the defendant's reliance on the plaintiff's employer's expertise in the area and lack of involvement in or responsibility for the risk, id.; George, 169 Or.App. at 475, 487, 10 P.3d 265.

Here there is evidence supporting both the view that plaintiff's employer was responsible for providing fall protection and the opposite view — that is, that Jones, and, through him, Rossetto and Brown, were responsible for providing fall protection. For example, in favor of the view that plaintiff's employer was responsible for protecting against falls like plaintiff's are the facts that plaintiff did not expect fall protection to be installed, had often worked at sites without fall protection, and knew of the risks of falling from exposed areas. On the other hand, facts suggesting that Jones and, through an agreement with him, Rossetto and Brown, were responsible for protecting against falls like plaintiff's include plaintiff's expert's statement that the industry standard is for a framing contractor, not a plumbing contractor, to provide fall protection and Jones's expectation that Rossetto would install fall protection before other interior contractors began their work.

In Yowell, George, and Boothby, it was beyond dispute that the causes of the plaintiffs' injuries were inextricably intertwined with the specialized tasks for which the defendants had hired the plaintiffs' employers. In Yowell, the plaintiff's employer held itself out to the public as expert in all aspects of sign installation and repair, and the defendant hired the plaintiff's employer with the expectation that its employees would be experts able to avoid any injury from defects in signs. In George, the defendant hired the plaintiff's employer for its expertise in framing, and the plaintiff was injured by a fall that took place in an area that was being framed under the exclusive control of the framer. In Boothby, the defendant hired the decedent's employer for its expertise in logging, including safety procedures, and memorialized that reliance in a contract delegating sole control over safety procedures to the decendent's employer.

In this case, Jones hired plaintiff's employer to plumb the house. In doing so, he may have relied on plaintiff's employer — the plumbing subcontractor — to make judgments about the necessity and advisability of fall protection on the second floor. But that is not the only way to understand the record. It is also possible that the parties intended, in keeping with industry custom, for the framers, not the plumber, to provide fall protection. If that is the case, then the risk of falling from the unprotected second floor was not inextricably intertwined with plaintiff's plumbing work; instead, it was a risk that plaintiff faced only because Jones, Rossetto, and Brown had failed to provide fall protection.

Because a genuine question of material fact remains to be resolved, defendants were not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiff's common-law negligence claims on the basis of the Yowell doctrine. For the same reason, Jones was not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiff's premises-liability claim on the basis of the Yowell doctrine.

III. EMPLOYER LIABILITY LAW

Next we consider whether the trial court properly granted summary judgment on plaintiff's ELL claim against all three defendants. The ELL imposes a heightened standard of care on a person "having charge of, or responsibility for, any work involving a risk or danger to the employees or the public." ORS 654.305.10 Although the statute uses the term "employees," its application is not limited to direct employees. The ELL also protects "`those whose employment or duties require them to be about machinery of an employer other than his own or whose duties may require such person to expose himself in or about hazardous conditions or structures of such other employer which are prohibited or circumscribed by the Act.'" Sacher v. Bohemia, Inc., 302 Or. 477, 482-83, 731 P.2d 434 (1987) (quoting Byers v. Hardy, 216 Or. 42, 48, 337 P.2d 806 (1959)).

The Supreme Court has identified three routes to ELL liability for an indirect employer:

Woodbury v. CH2M Hill, Inc., 335 Or. 154, 160, 61 P.3d 918 (2003); see also Wilson v. P.G.E. Company, 252 Or. 385, 391-92, 448 P.2d 562 (1968) (describing the three routes to indirect employer liability under the ELL). Plaintiff alleged in the trial court, and contends on appeal, that all three defendants are subject to the ELL under each of those theories: (1) defendants and plaintiff's employer were engaged in a common enterprise; (2) defendants retained the right to control the manner or method in which the risk-producing activity was performed; and (3) defendants actually controlled the manner or method in which the risk-producing activity was performed. We conclude that a genuine issue of material fact remains to be resolved on the latter two theories, and, therefore, that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on plaintiff's ELL claim. As a result, we do not discuss plaintiff's common-enterprise theory.

Here, plaintiff argues that the risk-producing activity was his "walking along the hallway in an area that lacked fall protection," which was part of his plumbing work. He contends that defendants retained control over that activity because "they controlled the work site and conditions that [plaintiff] encountered." Defendants remonstrate that they did not retain control over the manner or method in which plaintiff performed his plumbing work because they did not direct his choice of how or where to install plumbing fixtures or what safety measures to take.

Plaintiff's view is correct under Supreme Court case law. In Woodbury, the Supreme Court explained how to determine the scope of the "work involving a risk or danger to the employees," ORS 654.305, or the "risk-producing activity," Woodbury, 335 Or. at 160, 61 P.3d 918, over which the defendant must maintain or exercise control. In Woodbury, the plaintiff was injured when he fell from a platform that his employer, a subcontractor, and the defendant, the general contractor, had decided to use to facilitate installation of a pipeline over a sunken concrete corridor. The fall took place while the plaintiff was removing a board during disassembly of the platform. We held that "the work" that the plaintiff was performing — that is, the risk-producing activity — was the act of disassembling the platform. Woodbury, 335 Or. at 160, 61 P.3d 918. We concluded that the defendant lacked control over that activity because the plaintiff and his employer had decided how to remove the platform without any input from the defendant.

The Supreme Court explained that the relevant determination was the scope of the "work involving a risk or danger," ORS 654.305. With that understanding, our characterization of the work had been too narrow.11 The court explained:

335 Or. at 161-62, 61 P.3d 918. Thus, the defendant had exercised control over the "work involving a risk or danger" by participating in the decision to use a platform to minimize the risk of falling during installation of that portion of the pipeline.

On the facts of this case, under Woodbury, the "work involving a risk or danger" — specifically, the work involving a risk of falling — included not only plaintiff's installation of plumbing fixtures on the second floor, but also his walk along the unprotected second-floor hallway. Thus, that walk was part of the risk-producing activity that plaintiff was required to perform as part of his plumbing work on the house. Plaintiff contends that his exposure to the risk of falling was a result of defendants' failure to install or inspect for fall protection in the hallway. As explained above, whether defendants were responsible for plaintiff's exposure to that risk is a disputed question of fact. If Rossetto and Brown should have installed fall protection, or if Jones should have inspected for fall protection, then they controlled the risk-producing activity. Woodbury, 335 Or. at 161-62, 61 P.3d 918; see also Boothby v. D.R. Johnson Lumber Co., 341 Or. 35, 40-41, 137 P.3d 699 (2006) (risk-producing activity was operation of the log loader that killed the decedent rather than the decedent's activity at the time of his death).

In sum, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for defendants on plaintiff's ELL claim because a genuine issue of material fact remains on plaintiff's theory that defendants had actual control over, or the right to control, the risk-producing activity.

Reversed and remanded.