SCHUMAN, P.J.
Plaintiffs are property owners who use only organic and sustainable farming and forestry practices. Some of their neighbors use pesticides and other chemicals that, plaintiffs allege, migrate onto their property and into their persons. In an earlier case, plaintiffs Hale and Wroncy filed an action against a neighbor alleging that the chemical intrusion was a trespass. See Hale v. Klemp, 220 Or.App. 27, 184 P.3d 1185 (2008). The neighbor raised an affirmative defense based on ORS 30.930 to 30.947, commonly known as the "Right to Farm and Right to Forest Act" (the Act), which provides immunity to property owners who are sued for trespass or nuisance resulting from agricultural and forestry practices unless the practice is alleged to have caused death or serious injury.1 Hale and Wroncy then voluntarily dismissed their action against the neighbor, pursuant to ORCP 54 A, but — based on the fact that their complaint had alleged trespass — they had to pay defendants' attorney fees. See Hale, 220 Or.App. at 34, 184 P.3d 1185 (construing ORS 30.9382).
In this case, plaintiffs name the state as defendant and seek a declaratory judgment that the Act deprives them of a remedy in violation of the Remedy Clause in Article I, section 10, of the Oregon Constitution, which provides that, "every man shall have remedy by due course of law for injury done him in his person, property, or reputation." On the state's motion under ORCP 21 A, the trial court dismissed the case with prejudice, determining that plaintiffs had not stated a justiciable controversy. Plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.
On an appeal from a grant of a motion to dismiss, we assume the truth of all well-pleaded facts alleged in the complaint. Doe v. Lake Oswego School Dist., 353 Or. 321, 297 P.3d 1287 (2013). We review legal conclusions for errors of law. Becker v. Pieper, 176 Or.App. 635, 641, 32 P.3d 912 (2001).
Plaintiffs allege that their property, crops, animals, and persons have suffered or will suffer injury caused by the drift of chemicals onto their properties from the surrounding properties. Further, plaintiffs believe that they are unable to pursue common-law remedies for their neighbors' alleged nuisance and trespass because, under the Act, generally accepted, reasonable, and prudent farm and forest practices are in most instances immune from liability for nuisance and trespass, and the availability of attorney fees acts as a deterrent. ORS 30.930(2), (4); ORS 30.936(1); ORS 30.938. They therefore brought this action against the state, seeking a declaration that the Act, by depriving them of a remedy, violates Article I, section 10. Without reaching the merits of plaintiffs' constitutional argument, the trial court concluded that plaintiffs had not alleged a justiciable controversy and granted the state's motion to dismiss on that basis. The court did not explain its reasoning orally or in writing.
On appeal, the state argues that the trial court's disposition was correct because a declaration that the Act is unconstitutional "could not affect the ability of plaintiffs' neighbors, who are not parties, to nonetheless invoke the Act's immunity provision in a future lawsuit." Plaintiffs, for their part, contend that their complaint alleges present facts — the existence of the Act and Article I, section 10 — and that a judgment in their favor would have the effect of clarifying their "rights" under the "constitution [and] statute." ORS 28.020.3 In particular, they assert that a declaration that the Act violates Article I, section 10, will clarify their right to seek relief from their neighbors.
The declaratory judgment statutes, ORS 28.010 to 28.160, have an uneasy relationship with the constitutional concept of justiciability. The statutes announce that their purpose "is to settle and to afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status and other legal relations, and [they are] to be liberally construed and administered." ORS 28.120. "Declaratory judgment is preventive justice, designed to relieve parties of uncertainty by adjudicating their rights and duties before wrongs have actually been committed." Beason v. Harcleroad, 105 Or.App. 376, 380, 805 P.2d 700 (1991) (emphasis added); see also Recall Bennett Committee v. Bennett, 196 Or. 299, 322, 249 P.2d 479 (1952) ("[T]he action for declaratory judgment `is an instrumentality to be wielded in the interest of preventative justice[.]'" (Quoting Cobb v. Harrington, 144 Tex. 360, 190 S.W.2d 709 (1945) (quoting Anderson, Declaratory Judgments § 3 at 12).)). The statutory authority to issue declaratory judgments, however, is constrained by constitutional justiciability requirements.4 The Supreme Court has held that the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act does not give courts authority to issue declaratory rulings "in a vacuum; they must resolve an actual or justiciable controversy." TVKO v. Howland, 335 Or. 527, 534, 73 P.3d 905 (2003); Brown v. Oregon State Bar, 293 Or. 446, 449, 648 P.2d 1289 (1982). Courts cannot exercise jurisdiction over nonjusticiable controversies because a court cannot render advisory opinions. Pendleton School Dist. v. State of Oregon, 345 Or. 596, 604, 200 P.3d 133 (2009). Thus, if a claim for a declaratory judgment does not involve a justiciable controversy, a court does not have jurisdiction to consider it. Hudson v. Feder, 115 Or.App. 1, 5, 836 P.2d 779, rev den, 314 Or. 727, 843 P.2d 454 (1992). The tension is apparent between declaratory judgments, which are invoked "to settle and to afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status and other legal relations," ORS 28.020, and justiciability requirements, which prohibit advisory opinions.
To accommodate the declaratory judgment statutes with the constitutional justiciability requirement, the Supreme Court and this court invoke the following language from Brown, 293 Or. at 449, 648 P.2d 1289:
"In order for a court to entertain an action for declaratory relief, the complaint must present a justiciable controversy. Justiciability is a vague standard but entails several definite considerations. A controversy is justiciable, as opposed to abstract, where there is an actual and substantial controversy between parties having adverse legal interests. Cummings Constr. v. School Dist. No. 9, 242 Or. 106, 408 P.2d 80 (1965). The controversy must involve present facts as opposed to a dispute which is based on future events of a hypothetical issue. Id. A justiciable controversy results in specific relief through a binding decree as opposed to an advisory opinion which is binding on no one. Id."
See also TVKO, 335 Or. at 534, 73 P.3d 905 ("To be justiciable, a controversy must involve a dispute based on present facts rather than on contingent or hypothetical events."); Morgan v. Sisters School Dist. # 6, 353 Or. 189, 195-96, 301 P.3d 419 (2013) (citing TVKO); Poddar v. Clatsop County, 167 Or.App. 162, 164-65, 2 P.3d 929, adh'd to on recons., 168 Or.App. 556, 7 P.3d 677, rev. den., 331 Or. 193, 10 P.3d 944 (2000) (citing Brown). The leading cases, then — despite a variety of considerations and outcomes — establish two irreducible requirements for justiciability: The dispute must involve present facts, and it must be a dispute in which a prevailing plaintiff can receive meaningful relief from a losing defendant.
Regarding the "present facts" requirement, the Supreme Court has held that, if the dispute involves the interpretation of an existing statute that could apply to a party in the future, that situation itself creates a present fact. For example, in Pendleton School Dist., the plaintiffs sought a judgment declaring that the had legislature failed adequately to fund the school district, contrary to a newly enacted constitutional amendment. The state maintained that, especially with respect to future biennia, the case did not present a justiciable controversy. The court disagreed:
"The issue whether Article VIII, section 8, imposes a duty on the legislature to fund the public school system at a specified level every biennium presents a set of present facts regarding the interpretation of a constitutional provision; it is not simply an abstract inquiry about a possible future event. See Savage [v. Munn], 317 Or. [283,] 292[, 856 P.2d 298 (1993)] (The workings of Measure 5 are "present facts," not simply possible future events.); Brown, 293 Or. at 450 [648 P.2d 1289] (`present facts' were `plaintiff's existing statutory duty' in particular factual context). Compare Tillamook [Co. v. State Board of Forestry], 302 Or. [404,] 413[, 730 P.2d 1214 (1986)] (matter not justiciable when parties sought declaratory judgment to prohibit speculative future legislation, as that would be advisory opinion)."
345 Or. at 606, 200 P.3d 133. In a situation predating Pendleton School Dist., this court reached a similar conclusion. In Advocates for Effective Regulation v. City of Eugene, 160 Or.App. 292, 981 P.2d 368 (1999), the plaintiffs challenged a local initiative imposing limits on the use of toxic substances and creating a Toxics Board to implement the limitation. Plaintiffs claimed (among other things) that the initiative conflicted with state law. Id. at 298, 981 P.2d 368. At the time of the challenge, the local initiative had never been enforced; in fact, the Toxics Board had not even promulgated implementing rules. Id. In rejecting the city's claim that the question was merely hypothetical and therefore not justiciable, we first observed, "A facial challenge to the validity of an enactment generally presents * * * a concrete controversy" and is therefore justiciable. Id. at 299, 981 P.2d 368. We went on to identify the issue as "whether the Initiative — independent of any future action by the Toxics Board —" conflicted with state law. We held, "That question is not hypothetical, and its answer requires no speculation as to future facts. Either the Initiative on its face conflicts with state law, or it does not." Id.
We are unable to discern a meaningful distinction between the present case and Pendleton School Dist. and Advocates for Effective Regulation. Indeed, the facts in this case are more compelling than the facts in those cases. In Pendleton School Dist., the court held that an action not yet taken by the legislature — failure to appropriate sufficient funds in future biennia to meet constitutional requirements — created a present, concrete controversy. In Advocates for Effective Regulation, the allegedly unlawful local action had not even been completely implemented. Here, the legislature has already acted and plaintiffs seek only a judgment declaring that the enactment is unconstitutional. Under Pendleton School Dist. and Advocates for Effective Regulation, the controversy between plaintiffs and the state involves "present facts."
Thus, the question here reduces to whether the court can provide plaintiffs "specific relief through a binding decree as opposed to an advisory opinion which is binding on no one." Brown, 293 Or. at 449, 648 P.2d 1289. As the state correctly points out, plaintiffs' neighbors are not parties to this case and are, for that reason, technically speaking, not bound by its outcome:
"Because plaintiffs' neighbors are not parties to this case, a declaratory judgment against the state cannot bind them and will not provide plaintiffs with the relief they seek — the ability to sue their neighbors. In other words, even if plaintiffs obtained a judgment against the state declaring the Act unconstitutional, their neighbors could nonetheless raise the Act's [grant of] immunity in any future nuisance or trespass action that plaintiffs file. Because plaintiffs cannot obtain a meaningful judicial remedy in this action, the case is not justiciable."
(Emphasis added.) We are reluctant to attribute to the state the untenable position that a judicial decision declaring a statute to be unconstitutional has no effect on nonparties in the same jurisdiction, who would therefore remain at liberty to assert the unconstitutional statute and litigate its validity de novo. If that were the case, every public school in the country except those in Topeka, Kansas, would have remained free to engage in racial segregation until that particular school relitigated Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954). That is not the law. See Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1, 18, 78 S.Ct. 1401, 3 L.Ed.2d 5 (1958) (decision in Brown binds nonparties such as Ohio officials). We presume, instead-because of the phrase "in this action" — that the state's argument is that a judgment in this case would not have an actual concrete impact on plaintiffs' rights vis-a-vis an allegedly trespassing or nuisance-producing neighbor until the occurrence of hypothetical events that are not alleged. A declaration that the Act is unconstitutional would provide relief to plaintiffs only if (1) they continue to have the motive and means to bring an action in trespass or nuisance against a neighbor within the jurisdiction of the court that finally decides this action; (2) the hypothetical action is one that would have conferred immunity under the Act — that is, the hypothetical action involved a farm, farming practice, forestland, forest practice, and pesticide as those terms are defined in the Act, ORS 30.9305 and did not claim death or serious physical injury, ORS 30.936(2)(b); and (3) the hypothetical action does not settle.6 Mindful that "the difference between a potential injury * * * and a speculative one * * * is not self-evident" and that "[s]orting one from the other is as much art as science," Morgan v. Sisters School Dist. # 6, 241 Or.App. 483, 494, 251 P.3d 207 (2011), aff'd, 353 Or. 189, 301 P.3d 419 (2013), we nonetheless conclude that a judgment declaring the Act unconstitutional will have a concrete impact on plaintiffs in this case only if several contingencies occur. The connection is too speculative. We therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court. Affirmed.
