LAGESEN, J.
Plaintiff Robert Leach appeals from a final judgment dismissing with prejudice his claims against his insurance company, defendant Scottsdale Indemnity Company (Scottsdale). Leach alleged that Scottsdale breached its duties to defend and indemnify him in connection with Thomas Warberg's personal injury action for injuries sustained as a result of a collision that occurred during a practice session at the motocross track operated by Leach. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale on both alleged breaches on the ground that the policy did not provide coverage for bodily injuries sustained by motorcycle riders on Leach's track. In addition, the court ruled that Scottsdale was entitled to summary judgment on the alleged breach of the duty to indemnify on the ground that, under the rule of law announced in Stubblefield v. St. Paul Fire & Marine, 267 Or. 397, 517 P.2d 262 (1973), a covenant not to execute by Warberg in favor of Leach extinguished any obligation of Scottsdale to indemnify Leach. We reverse and remand.
Leach leased, designed, and operated a motocross course at the Fair and Expo Center in Salem, Oregon,
However, the policy also contained an endorsement exclusion — titled the "Athletic or Sports Participants" exclusion ("Athletic Participant" exclusion) — that limited the scope of its coverage. The exclusion provided that "this insurance does not apply to `bodily injury' to any person while practicing for or participating in any sports or athletic contest or exhibition that you sponsor."
Leach routinely held both motocross practice sessions and motocross races at the track. Generally, Leach would hold races on Friday and Saturday nights, or occasionally on Saturday and Sunday, and he would have practice sessions on Wednesday evenings and on those Sundays where no races were held. During one practice session, a rider lost control of the motorcycle that he was riding, and entered Warberg's lane and collided with him. Warberg was seriously injured.
Warberg sued Leach, the rider who caused the collision, and others in Warberg v. Fleck, et al. (Warberg I). Warberg sought economic damages for medical expenses in an amount not less than $100,000; economic damages for lost wages or salary in an amount not less than $1,000,000; and noneconomic damages in the amount of $5,000,000. Leach tendered the complaint to Scottsdale. Scottsdale denied coverage and refused to defend or indemnify Leach in connection with the suit on the ground that "Scottsdale does not owe a duty to defend or indemnify its insured, Bob Leach Enterprises, because the `Athletic Or. Sports Participant' Exclusion is applicable to bar coverage."
After Leach unsuccessfully moved for summary judgment, Warberg settled with Leach. In accordance with the settlement, the trial court entered a stipulated judgment against Leach in the amount of $1,500,000. After judgment was entered, Leach and Warberg entered into an "Assignment and Covenant Not to Execute" agreement. Under the agreement,
(Emphasis omitted.) In turn, Warberg "agree[d] not to enforce the Judgment against Leach by execution or any other manner against Leach in exchange for the Assignment."
Pursuant to the assignment, Warberg then sued Scottsdale for breach of contract in Warberg v. Scottsdale (Warberg II). The complaint alleged that Scottsdale had failed to defend and indemnify Leach in connection with Warberg's original lawsuit in contravention of its obligation under the policy. Scottsdale moved for summary judgment on the grounds that (1) it had no duty, as a matter of law, to defend Leach against Warberg's original claim because its policy "specifically excluded bodily injuries suffered while practicing sports or athletics"; and (2) it had no present duty to indemnify because, among other reasons, the policy had an anti-assignment clause that precluded assignment without written consent from Scottsdale.
The trial court ruled on the motion in a letter opinion. The letter opinion concluded that issues of fact existed as to whether Warberg's injuries fell within the "Athletic Participant" exclusion, but concluded that the anti-assignment clause barred Warberg's action against Scottsdale. The trial court then entered an order stating that Scottsdale was entitled to summary judgment because the anti-assignment clause barred Warberg's action.
Leach then filed the present action, reiterating the claims alleged in Warberg II: that Scottsdale breached its duties under the policy when it refused to defend or indemnify Leach in connection with Warberg I. Scottsdale moved for summary judgment, again asserting that it had no duty to defend or indemnify Leach because Warberg's injuries fell within the "Athletic Participant" exclusion. Scottsdale also asserted that Warberg's
Leach timely appealed. On appeal, Leach assigns error to the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Scottsdale. Leach contends that (1) in the light of the Warberg II court's conclusion in its letter opinion that there were factual disputes as to whether the "Athletic Participant" exclusion bars coverage for liability for Warberg's injuries, issue preclusion barred the grant of summary judgment in Scottsdale's favor; (2) the undisputed facts do not demonstrate as a matter of law that Warberg's injuries are excluded from coverage by the "Athletic Participant" exclusion; and (3) Stubblefield does not establish as a matter of law that the covenant not to execute eliminated Scottsdale's duty to indemnify.
On review of a trial court's grant of summary judgment, "we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to * * * the party opposing the motion." Jones v. General Motors Corp., 325 Or. 404, 408, 939 P.2d 608 (1997). Summary judgment is proper only "if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Outdoor Media Dimensions Inc. v. State of Oregon, 331 Or. 634, 638, 20 P.3d 180 (2001) (citing ORCP 47 C). "A genuine issue of material fact is lacking when `no objectively reasonable juror could return a verdict for the adverse party on the matter that is the subject of the motion for summary judgment.'" Id. at 638-39, 20 P.3d 180 (quoting ORCP 47 C).
The first question presented by this appeal is whether the letter opinion in Warberg II bars the grant of summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale under principles of issue preclusion. Leach argues that the trial court in this case was required to give preclusive effect to the Warberg II court's conclusion in its letter opinion that there are issues of material fact as to whether Warberg's injuries are excluded from coverage under the "Athletic Participant" exclusion. We disagree.
For a prior court decision to be afforded issue-preclusive effect, among other things, the pertinent issue must have been "actually litigated" and "essential to a final decision on the merits in the prior proceeding." Nelson v. Emerald People's Utility Dist., 318 Or. 99, 104, 862 P.2d 1293 (1993). To satisfy that essentiality requirement, a prior court's resolution of an issue must either be apparent from the face of a judgment or order or, if not apparent from the face of a judgment or order, must have been necessary to the resolution of the prior adjudication. See Westwood Construction Co. v. Hallmark Inns, 182 Or.App. 624, 635-36, 50 P.3d 238, rev. den., 335 Or. 42, 57 P.3d 581 (2002) (discussing the requirements of ORS 43.160, "which had its genesis in the common-law principle of issue preclusion").
Here, the Warberg II court's order granting summary judgment to Scottsdale did not state on its face that the court resolved any issue regarding the application of the "Athletic Participant" exclusion. Moreover, the court's determination that factual disputes precluded summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale based on the exclusion was not essential to the court's decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale on the ground that the policy's anti-assignment clause barred Warberg's action. The scope of the "Athletic Participant" exclusion has no bearing on whether or not Leach was permitted to assign his claims against Scottsdale to Warberg. Accordingly, we reject Leach's argument that issue preclusion barred the trial court from granting summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale in this case.
The next question presented by this appeal is whether the trial court erred when it
As noted, the policy's "Athletic Participant" exclusion states that "this insurance does not apply to `bodily injury' to any person while practicing for or participating in any sports or athletic contest or exhibition that you sponsor." We interpret that provision in accordance with the framework outlined in Hoffman Construction Co. v. Fred S. James & Co., 313 Or. 464, 836 P.2d 703 (1992). Rhiner v. Red Shield Ins. Co., 228 Or.App. 588, 592, 208 P.3d 1043, rev. den., 347 Or. 348, 222 P.3d 29 (2009). "We begin with the wording of the policy, applying any definitions contained in the policy and otherwise presuming that words have their plain, ordinary meanings." Rhiner, 228 Or.App. at 592, 208 P.3d 1043. "[W]e construe the text of the policy as a whole, rather than view particular parts of the policy in isolation." Bresee Homes, Inc. v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, 353 Or. 112, 122, 293 P.3d 1036 (2012). "All parts and clauses of the policy `must be construed to determine if and how far one clause is modified, limited or controlled by others.'" North Pacific Ins. Co. v. Hamilton, 332 Or. 20, 24, 22 P.3d 739 (2001) (quoting Denton v. International Health & Life, 270 Or. 444, 450, 528 P.2d 546 (1974)). If textual and contextual considerations fail to resolve the ambiguity, we construe the terms of the policy against the drafter. Rhiner, 228 Or.App. at 593, 208 P.3d 1043. Our objective in this process is to ascertain the intent of the parties to the insurance contract "based on the terms and conditions of the insurance policy." Hoffman, 313 Or. at 469, 836 P.2d 703.
Here, the parties' disagreement centers on whether Warberg was "practicing for * * * any sports or athletic contest or exhibition" sponsored by Leach by riding during the practice session. (Emphasis added.) The parties do not dispute that Warberg was not "participating in" any contest or exhibition at the time of his injury;
We agree with Leach that the applicability of the provision depends on the purpose for which the injured party is practicing. Leach's proposed interpretation gives effect to the entirety of the "Athletic Participant" exclusion. The use of the word "for" after "practicing" indicates that the exclusion applies when the "practicing" that leads to injury has the purpose or objective of preparing for a contest or exhibition. See Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 886 (unabridged ed 2002) (defining "for," as relevant here, as "a preparation toward," "in order to bring about or further," or "with the purpose or object of").
Scottsdale's interpretation, on the other hand, would omit text from the policy. "To qualify as a `reasonable' construction, a proposed reading of the policy must, at the least, be consistent with the wording[.]" Cain Petroleum Inc. v. Zurich American
Nor does anything else in the policy support Scottsdale's proffered interpretation. In fact, the wording of a second exclusion — the "Athletic Activities" exclusion (contained in the "Coverage C Medical Payments" section of the policy) — supports Leach's interpretation. That exclusion states that Scottsdale "will not pay [medical] expenses for `bodily injury' * * * [t]o a person injured while practicing, instructing or participating in any physical exercises or games, sports, or athletic contests." Unlike the "Athletic Participant" coverage exclusion, the "Athletic Activities" exclusion, by it terms, bars payments for medical expenses resulting from injuries occurring while the injured party was engaged in athletic activity, regardless of the purpose of that activity. Had the parties similarly intended the "Athletic Participant" exclusion to apply broadly to any person injured while practicing motocross on the racetrack, regardless of the purpose of the practice, they would have worded it the way that they worded the "Athletic Activities" exclusion. Their failure to do so indicates that they did not intend to exclude coverage for all injuries resulting from practicing a sport, regardless of the purpose of that practice.
We further observe that, although case law from other states is not binding upon us, the interpretation of the provision offered by Leach is consistent with that of other courts. See Fred Shearer & Sons, Inc. v. Gemini Ins. Co., 237 Or.App. 468, 481-82, 240 P.3d 67 (2010), rev. den., 349 Or. 602, 249 P.3d 123 (2011) (observing that case law from other jurisdictions, "though not strictly following Oregon's method of policy interpretation, buttresses our own observation regarding the text of the exclusions"). Those courts have recognized that "[t]he purpose of [the "Athletic Participant" exclusion] is to except from liability coverage the risks which are normally encountered in practicing for or participating in a particular sports contest or exhibition." Jefferson Ins. Co. of New York v. Sea World of Florida, Inc., 586 So.2d 95, 97 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1991) (emphasis added); see also Mountain States Mut. Cas. Co. v. Northeastern New Mexico Fair Ass'n, 84 N.M. 779, 783, 508 P.2d 588, 591-92 (1973) ("We are of the opinion that `practicing[ ]' * * * means performing the same act or acts required in the successful performance of the athletic or sports exhibition or contest in question, or at least the performance of an act or acts so similar as to develop the particular capacities and skills essential to success in that sport or athletic event."). To effectuate that purpose, those courts generally have concluded that four elements must be satisfied for the exclusion to apply:
Jefferson Ins. Co. of New York, 586 So.2d at 98 (quoting Garcia v. St. Bernard Parish School Bd., 576 So.2d 975, 976-77 (La.1991)); see also Sciolla v. West Bend Mut. Ins. Co., No 11-5604, ___ F.Supp.2d ___, ___, 2013 WL 6671488 at *4-5 (E.D.Pa.2013) (reciting test); Zurich Reinsurance (London), Ltd. v. Westville Riding Club, Inc., 82 F.Supp.2d 1254, 1256 (E.D.Okla.1999), aff'd sub nom Zurich Reinsurance (London) Ltd. v. Remaley, 203 F.3d 837 (10th Cir.2000) (same); Nautilus Ins. Co. v. Jesse James Festival Inc., 269 S.W.3d 442, 446 (Mo.Ct.
Notwithstanding the wording of the "Athletic Participant" exclusion, Scottsdale argues that this interpretation is unreasonable because it "would depend on the unspoken intent of the rider, potential claimant, rather than the purpose of the insured in sponsoring the activity." We reject that argument. In concluding that the "Athletic Participant" exclusion bars coverage for injuries sustained by persons "practicing for" a contest or exhibition, we do not hold that the injured party's subjective intent is determinative of whether that person was hurt "while practicing for * * * a contest or exhibition" sponsored by the named insured. Rather, the determination whether a party was "practicing for" a particular contest or exhibition sponsored by the named insured will involve an objective inquiry into the nature of the injured party's activity at the time of injury, the insured's objective in allowing that activity to occur, and other surrounding circumstances — just as the determination whether the injured party was "participating in" a contest or exhibition sponsored by the insured also entails an objective inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the injury. See, e.g., Tropical Park, Inc. v. U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 357 So.2d 253, 256-57 (Fla.App.1978) (examining the objective nature of injured party's activities and purpose for the activity to conclude that racetrack "exercise boy" was not "practicing for or participating in" any race or competition sponsored by the named insured when boy was injured while exercising horse); Zoller v. State Bd. of Ed., 278 So.2d 868, 869-70 (La. App.1973) (looking at objective circumstances surrounding injury to assess whether college football player injured while weightlifting was "practicing for" a football contest or exhibition). Although an injured party's subjective understanding of the purpose of the practice may have some bearing on that determination, it is not dispositive as a matter of law as to whether the activity in which the injury occurred constituted "practicing for" a contest or exhibition sponsored by the named insured.
Finally, Scottsdale also contends that we must construe the "Athletic Participant" exclusion to eliminate coverage for Warberg's injuries in the light of Leach's deposition testimony that he thought the policy covered spectators only. However, "the interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law that is confined to the four corners of the policy without regard to extrinsic evidence." Rhiner, 228 Or.App. at 593, 208 P.3d 1043; Employers Insurance of Wausau v. Tektronix, Inc., 211 Or.App. 485, 505, 156 P.3d 105, rev. den., 343 Or. 363, 169 P.3d 1268 (2007) ("[E]xtrinsic evidence of the parties' intent is not part of the interpretation of an insurance policy under Oregon law."); Andres v. American Standard Ins. Co., 205 Or.App. 419, 424, 134 P.3d 1061 (2006) ("[T]he interpretation of insurance policies is a question of law, not one that is resolved by reference to evidence extrinsic to the policy itself."). Accordingly, Leach's testimony regarding his understanding of the scope of coverage is not probative of the proper interpretation of the policy.
Having construed the "Athletic Participant" exclusion to require that a person's injuries be sustained while practicing for the purpose of preparing for, or while participating in, a contest or exhibition, we address whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Scottsdale on Leach's claim that Scottsdale breached its duty to defend on the ground that the exclusion barred coverage as a matter of law. We conclude that it did.
Whether an insurer has a duty to defend its insured depends on the face of two documents: the complaint and the insurance policy. Ledford v. Gutoski, 319 Or. 397, 399, 877 P.2d 80 (1994). The duty to defend arises when, based on the facts alleged in the complaint, "the claim against the insured * * * could, without amendment, impose liability for conduct covered by the policy." Id. at 399-400, 877 P.2d 80. An insurer has a duty to defend "if the complaint provides any basis for which the insurer provides coverage."
Here, the complaint is ambiguous "with respect to whether the allegations could be covered." Id. That is because the complaint does not allege facts permitting the conclusion that the purpose of Warberg's practice activity was to prepare for a contest or exhibition sponsored by Leach. Instead, the allegations in the complaint state simply that Warberg was "engaging in a practice motocross run at the motocross course," without identifying any facts or circumstances regarding the purpose of the practice session. Resolving the ambiguity in the complaint regarding the purpose of the practice session in favor of the insured, as we must, we conclude that the allegations gave rise to a duty to defend. The trial court therefore erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale on Leach's claim that Scottsdale breached its duty to defend.
We next address whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Scottsdale on Leach's claim that Scottsdale breached its duty to indemnify on the ground that the "Athletic Participant" exclusion barred coverage as a matter of law.
Specifically, if all factual disputes are resolved in favor of Leach, the evidence in the summary judgment record would permit a reasonable factfinder to find that Warberg was not "practicing for" a contest or exhibition sponsored by Leach at the time of his injury. It is undisputed that Warberg was injured in a practice session, and it is undisputed that no races were held on the day of that practice session. In addition, Warberg testified that "[a]t the time of my injuries, I was not practicing for a race, competition, contest, or exhibition." Finally, when asked to compare the number of laps run on practice days versus race days, Leach explained:
That evidence would permit a factfinder to find that the purpose of the practice session in which Warberg was injured was simply recreational, and was not for the purpose of preparing for a contest or exhibition sponsored by Leach. The trial court therefore erred by granting summary judgment to Scottsdale on the ground that Scottsdale had no duty to indemnify Leach in the light of the "Athletic Participant" exclusion.
The final question presented by this appeal is whether the evidence that Warberg
Under Stubblefield, "when an insured is released from liability to the assignee, the insured is not legally obligated to his assignee, and the insurance company in turn is not obligated to its insured." Lancaster v. Royal Ins. Co. of America, 302 Or. 62, 67, 726 P.2d 371 (1986) (describing Stubblefield rule). "[F]or the rule of Stubblefield to apply, [the agreement between the insured and the assignee] must `unambiguously' and `unconditionally' eliminate any liability for which insurance coverage might * * * be triggered." Terrain Tamers v. Insurance Marketing Corp., 210 Or.App. 534, 540, 152 P.3d 915, rev. den., 343 Or. 115, 162 P.3d 988 (2007) (quoting Lancaster, 302 Or. at 66-67, 726 P.2d 371); see Oregon Mutual Ins. Co. v. Gibson, 88 Or.App. 574, 578, 746 P.2d 245 (1987) (Stubblefield, rule applies where "the language of the covenant involved unambiguously states that the insured is not legally obligated to pay plaintiff any more than what was paid on his behalf by [the insurer]," thereby "unconditionally insulat[ing] the insured from any liability over that amount").
The summary judgment record in this case does not permit us to conclude, as a matter of law, that the agreement between Leach and Warberg extinguished Leach's liability to Warberg. Although the text of the agreement states unambiguously that "Warberg hereby agrees not to enforce the Judgment against Leach by execution or any other manner against Leach," the text of the agreement also states that that covenant not to execute was "in exchange for" Leach's assignment of rights to Warberg. That suggests that the covenant was in consideration for the assignment, but the summary judgment record reflects that the Warberg II court invalidated the agreement between Warberg and Leach to the extent that it assigned Leach's rights against Scottsdale. That partial invalidation of the assignment creates a factual issue as to whether Leach's liability to Warberg has been extinguished, because it creates a factual issue as to whether the covenant not to execute remains in force.
"The extent to which a contract is divisible and whether one promise may be severed from another depends on the intention of the parties," to be determined by examining the wording of the contract and other pertinent circumstances. Care Medical Equipment, Inc. v. Baldwin, 331 Or. 413, 418-19, 15 P.3d 561 (2000). Here, the terms of the agreement are ambiguous as to whether the covenant not to execute is severable from the assignment and, in particular, ambiguous as to whether the parties to that agreement — Leach and Warberg — intended that the partial invalidation of the assignment would render the covenant not to execute unenforceable. The agreement contains no severability provision or other explicit indicator of what Leach and Warberg intended in the event that any part of the agreement was determined to be unenforceable. That ambiguity creates an issue of fact as to whether the agreement is severable and, correlatively, whether the covenant not to execute remains effective.
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
ORS 31.825. In view of our determination that the summary judgment record does not permit the conclusion, as a matter of law, that the Stubblefield rule applies on the facts of this case, we do not address whether ORS 31.825 would operate to preserve Leach's cause of action against Scottsdale under the circumstances present here. We note, however, that the "Agreement and Covenant Not to Execute" between Leach and Warberg specifically invoked that statute ("pursuant to ORS 31.825, Leach * * * assign[ed] all his rights of recovery * * *"), thereby manifesting an intent to avoid the Stubblefield rule. That lends further support to our conclusion that there is, at the very least, a question of fact as to whether Leach and Warberg would have intended their agreement to extinguish Leach's liability in the event that the assignment was unenforceable.
