OPINION BY Judge BROBSON.

Petitioner Michael W. Palladino (Claimant) petitions for review of an order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board). The Board affirmed a decision of an Unemployment Compensation Referee (Referee), denying Claimant unemployment compensation benefits pursuant to Section 402(e) of the Unemployment Compensation Law (Law),1 based on willful misconduct. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse.

Claimant applied for unemployment compensation benefits after being discharged from his employment as an operations supervisor for the City of Bethlehem's (Employer) wastewater treatment plant. The Allentown UC Service Center (Service Center) issued a determination, finding Claimant ineligible for benefits pursuant to Section 3 of the Law,2 relating to declaration of public policy. Claimant appealed the Service Center's determination, and a Referee conducted a hearing.

Following the hearing, the Referee denied Claimant unemployment compensation benefits, concluding that Employer discharged Claimant for willful misconduct pursuant to Section 402(e) of the Law. In so doing, the Referee made the following relevant findings:

(Referee's decision, attached to Petitioner's br.)

The Referee acknowledged that the Service Center denied benefits pursuant to Section 3 of the Law, but the Referee determined that Section 402(e) of the Law controls the benefit entitlement and that the parties were on notice that Section 402(e) was a potential issue in the matter. In reaching the determination that Claimant was not entitled to benefits based on Section 402(e), the Referee reasoned that

(Id.)

Claimant then appealed to the Board. The Board affirmed, adopting and incorporating the Referee's findings of fact and conclusions of law. The Board explained that Claimant's actions were a violation of Employer's Code of Ethics, that Claimant failed to show the existence of similarly situated management employees who Employer did not discharge, and that Claimant was not in recovery at the time of his second DUI, so he was not covered under the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213.

On appeal,3 Claimant argues that: (1) the Board applied the wrong legal standard when it applied Section 402(e) of the Law rather than Section 3 of the Law; (2) the Board erred in denying benefits based on off-duty conduct absent evidence of any impact on Claimant's job performance; (3) substantial evidence does not support the Board's finding that Claimant should have been aware of Employer's Code of Ethics; (4) the Board erred in failing to render a finding as to the reasonableness of Employer's Code of Ethics and substantial evidence does not exist to support a finding of reasonableness; (5) substantial evidence does not exist to support the Board's finding that Claimant's conduct violated Employer's Code of Ethics; (6) substantial evidence does not exist to support the Board's finding that Claimant failed to show that similarly situated management employees were not discharged; (7) the Board erred in concluding that Claimant's suspension and termination did not violate the ADA; and (8) the Board erred in concluding that Claimant engaged in willful misconduct.

First, we address Claimant's argument that the Board erred when it applied Section 402(e) of the Law, rather than Section 3 of the Law, to determine Claimant's eligibility for unemployment compensation benefits. "Sections 3 and 402(e) of the Law are not parallel legal theories." Burger v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 569 Pa. 139, 144, 801 A.2d 487, 491 (2002). Rather, "`Section 402(e) is used to disqualify claimants for work-related misconduct,'" whereas "`Section 3 is used to disqualify claimants for non-work-related misconduct which is inconsistent with acceptable standards of behavior and which directly affects the claimant's ability to perform his assigned duties.'" Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting Se. Pa. Transp. Auth. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review (SEPTA), 96 Pa.Cmwlth. 38, 506 A.2d 974, 977 (1986)). Under Section 402(e) of the Law, the employer bears the burden of proving that the claimant's unemployment is due to the claimant's willful misconduct.4 Walsh v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 943 A.2d 363, 369 (Pa.Cmwlth.2008). Under Section 3 of the Law, the employer bears the burden to prove "(1) that the claimant's conduct was contrary to acceptable standards of behavior and (2) that the claimant's unacceptable conduct directly affects or reflects upon the claimant's ability to perform his assigned duties."5 Frazier v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 833 A.2d 1181, 1184-85 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2003). In analyzing whether a claimant is eligible for unemployment compensation, it is important to recognize that "the question of justifiable termination and eligibility for unemployment benefits are two different things; an employee may be fired for completely proper reasons, yet remain eligible for benefits." Burger, 569 Pa. at 144, 801 A.2d at 490.

As noted above, Section 402(e) of the Law disqualifies a claimant based upon work-related misconduct. "Off-duty misconduct will not support a finding of willful misconduct under [Section] 402(e) unless it extends to performance on the job; in such case, the misconduct becomes work-related."6 Id., 801 A.2d at 491. Thus, an employee's act of engaging in off-duty behavior that is merely "unacceptable to an employer does not necessarily equate to" willful misconduct under Section 402(e) of Law. Id. at 145, 801 A.2d at 491. There must be an aspect of the conduct that renders it work-related.

"Individuals disqualified under Section 3 [of the Law] are those who are unemployed through their own fault, arising from a non-work related incident." Jones v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 86 Pa.Cmwlth. 405, 485 A.2d 526, 528 (1984), aff'd, 513 Pa. 45, 518 A.2d 1150 (1986). The fault must be incompatible with the work responsibilities. Evans v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 86 Pa.Cmwlth. 297, 484 A.2d 822, 825 (1984); see also Adams v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 40 Pa.Cmwlth. 486, 397 A.2d 861 (1979) (holding claims manager convicted of conspiracy and mail fraud properly denied benefits under Section 3); Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review v. Derk, 24 Pa.Cmwlth. 54, 353 A.2d 915 (1976) (holding school bus driver arrested on morals charges properly denied benefits under Section 3).

The type of off-duty misconduct is not dispositive of whether eligibility must be examined under Section 3 of the Law or Section 402(e) of the Law, as the basis for the separation from employment must also be considered. See Manross v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 132 Pa. Cmwlth. 129, 572 A.2d 49, 50-51 (1990). In Manross, the claimant was employed as a truck driver, was aware that a valid driver's license was required for continued employment, and was arrested and subsequently convicted for driving under the influence while off-duty. The employer temporarily suspended the claimant's employment until his driver's license was restored. The claimant applied for unemployment benefits and was determined to be ineligible under both Sections 3 and 402(e). On appeal to this Court, the claimant argued, in part, that the Board erred in considering his separation under Section 402(e) based on our earlier decision in Robinson v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 119 Pa.Cmwlth. 133, 546 A.2d 750 (1988).

In Robinson, the claimant was employed by the City of Pittsburgh as a co-driver of a sanitation truck. While off-duty and allegedly under the influence of alcohol, he was involved in a serious vehicular accident where he struck and killed a pedestrian. Criminal charges were filed against the claimant, and the city terminated his employment for conduct unbecoming a city employee. The Board determined the claimant to be ineligible for benefits under Section 402(e). The claimant appealed to this Court, arguing that the Board erred in applying Section 402(e) instead of Section 3.

Although the claimants in Manross and Robinson both engaged in the operation of a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or intoxicants, this Court denied the claimants' entitlement to benefits under different sections of the Law. In Robinson, we concluded that the Board erred, because the claimant's eligibility should have been determined under Section 3 given that he was discharged on the basis of the off-duty conduct—i.e., unbecoming conduct—which had no connection to his work. Conversely, in Manross, we concluded that the Board did not err in determining the eligibility under Section 402(e), because the basis for the separation was work-related—i.e., failure to maintain a driver's license.

We explained the differing analysis of Manross and Robinson as follows:

Manross, 572 A.2d at 50.7

As to Section 402(e) of the Law, "[w]hile it is true that municipal employees . . . may be discharged for off-duty conduct unbecoming a municipal employee, . . . the fact that an employee can be discharged for off-duty conduct does not make the misconduct work-connected for the purposes of Section 402(e)." Robinson, 546 A.2d at 753. Again, "`there is a critical distinction between the employer's right to terminate employment and the state's right to deny unemployment benefits.'" Id. (quoting Blake v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 56 Pa.Cmwlth. 358, 425 A.2d 43, 45 (1981)).

In Dunbar v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 82 Pa.Cmwlth. 575, 475 A.2d 1355 (1984), this Court rejected the notion that claimant's discharge from employment based solely on a provision of the Governor's Code of Conduct, which required Commonwealth employees charged and convicted of a felony to be discharged from employment, constituted willful misconduct under Section 402(e) of the Law.8 Dunbar, 475 A.2d at 1356-57.

We observed that

Id. at 1357.

Here, Employer terminated Claimant's employment and the Board denied Claimant benefits under Section 402(e) of the Law based upon Claimant's off-duty conduct (i.e., driving under the influence). As noted above, "[o]ff-duty misconduct will not support a finding of willful misconduct under [Section] 402(e) unless it extends to performance on the job." Burger, 569 Pa. at 144, 801 A.2d at 491. As in Robinson, Employer in this case did not terminate Claimant's employment based upon an inability to perform his job as a result of the off-duty conduct; rather, Employer terminated his employment for off-duty conduct unrelated to his work (i.e., violation of the Code of Ethics).9 (See Finding of Fact (F.F.) No. 14.)

Employer, nevertheless, essentially asks the Court to conclude that Claimant's off-duty conduct related to the performance of Claimant's job, because the conduct did not comport with the requirements of Employer's Code of Ethics. Employer's Code of Ethics provides, in part, that its employees must conduct themselves at all times in a manner which brings credit to Employer and avoids an appearance of impropriety. Employer's Code of Ethics is similar to the Governor's Code of Conduct that this Court considered in Dunbar, which, at least implicitly, provided that Commonwealth employees must obey the law on and off the job and explicitly provided that Commonwealth employees charged and convicted of a felony may be discharged from employment. In Dunbar, however, we rejected the argument that the existence of the Code of Conduct somehow transformed the claimant's otherwise non-work-related off-duty conduct into work-related off-duty conduct. Dunbar, 475 A.2d at 1356-57; see also Wallace v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 83 Pa. Cmwlth. 327, 476 A.2d 1028, 1029 (1984) (holding suspension from work based upon violation of Governor's Code of Conduct is insufficient in and of itself to support denial of benefits). Thus, in this case, a violation of Employer's Code of Ethics similarly is insufficient, in and of itself, to support a denial of benefits for Claimant under Section 402(e) of the Law.

For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the Board erred in determining that Claimant's off-duty misconduct constituted work-related misconduct under Section 402(e) of the Law.10

Accordingly, we reverse the order of the Board.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 19th day of December, 2013, the order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review is hereby REVERSED.

DISSENTING OPINION BY Judge LEADBETTER.

I must respectfully dissent. In addition to the Code of Ethics which required the avoidance of improprieties that would reflect poorly on the City, Claimant was twice warned that driving under the influence was unacceptable and would be "career ending." In essence, the instruction became both a work rule and an explicit directive, which Claimant knowingly disobeyed by committing not only criminal conduct, but the very criminal conduct he had been ordered to avoid. Further, the work rule and the directive were reasonable and reasonably related to his work, not only because his arrest would likely be publicized and reflect poorly on the City, but because it is important that a supervisor maintain the respect of those he is expected to supervise. Since Claimant violated a work rule and a direct order of Employer, I believe the Board properly applied Section 402(e) of the Unemployment Compensation Law1 and found willful misconduct supporting the denial of benefits.