TUCKER, District Judge.
Presently before the Court is Appellant, MarbleLife Inc.'s Appeal of the Bankruptcy Decision rendered by Honorable Magdeline D. Coleman of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in In re Stone Resources, Inc., Bankr. No. 11-11124(MDC) (Doc. 3) and Appellee, Stone Resources Inc.'s Response in Opposition thereto (Doc. 5). After careful consideration of the parties' submissions and exhibits thereto and after oral argument held before the Court on June 21, 2011, the Court will reverse the Bankruptcy Decision rendered by Honorable Magdeline D. Coleman of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in In re Stone Resources, Inc., Bankr. No. 11-11124(MDC) in part.
Appellant, MarbleLife Inc. ("Appellant" or "MarbleLife") appeals from an order of the Bankruptcy Court denying Appellant's motion to dismiss pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b) and denying Appellant's motion for relief from the automatic stay provision of the bankruptcy code pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 362(d)(1). The issue on appeal is whether, on the facts of this case, a preliminary injunction entered prior to the filing of a petition for bankruptcy is a claim within the meaning of the bankruptcy code and thus subject to the provisions of the automatic stay, and whether the Bankruptcy Court issued an advisory opinion or decided an issue that was not properly before it. The Court concludes that the preliminary injunction is not subject to the automatic stay and will therefore reverse the Bankruptcy Decision to the extent that it denied Appellant's motion for relief from the automatic stay.
The facts relevant to the instant motion are as follows.
The instant action stems from MarbleLife v. Stone Resources, Inc., Civ. No. 10-2480, (hereinafter the "MarbleLife Action") a civil action which has been pending before this Court since May 21, 2010. Appellant initiated the MarbleLife Action against Appellee, Stone Resources Inc. ("Appellee" "Stone Resources") in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania with the filing of a Complaint for injunctive relief pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65.
The Franchise Agreement had an initial term of ten (10) years (which was not extended), and imposed certain requirements upon Appellee following its expiration, including the following: (1) an agreement not to compete during the term of the Franchise Agreement and for a period of two years following expiration of the Franchise Agreement; (2) a requirement to cease using the trademark and/or any System Rights; and (3) a limitation on the use of Appellant's confidential information only for the purposes of fulfilling Franchisee's obligations under this Agreement.
In the event of termination, the Franchise Agreement also included additional consequences of expiration, including the following: (1) the immediate termination of all rights granted to Appellee; (2) the transfer of business, customers, facilities, services, employees, and telephone numbers to Appellant; and (3) the return or disposal of certain specified information (i.e., all advertising and promotional materials containing the MarbleLife trademark; all information relating to MarbleLife; all manuals and supplements; and all sales or marketing data relating to MarbleLife). In entering into the Franchise Agreement, Appellee further agreed that any violation of the non-compete provision and the confidentiality provisions would cause Appellant to suffer irreparable harm and thus Appellant could seek damages or injunctive relief against Franchisee in a court of competent jurisdiction to address said harm.
On or around April 13, 2010, the Franchise Agreement between the parties expired. Appellee declined to renew its franchise and as a result, Appellant ceased receiving royalty payments, franchise fees and advertising assessments. Shortly thereafter, pursuant to the terms of the Franchise Agreement, Appellee commenced an arbitration proceeding in Dallas Texas alleging, inter alia, breach of contract and fraud. The gravamen of Appellee's arbitration complaint concerned Appellant's ownership interest in certain patents. Specifically, Appellee avers that it entered into the Franchise Agreement based on representations it alleges MarbleLife made that it owned certain patents and trademarks and that MarbleLife possessed unique business formats which could be used in the operation of a MarbleLife franchise. At the time the Arbitration Demand was made Appellant continued to operate its franchise despite the expiration of the Franchise Agreement and the covenant not to compete. Consequently, Appellant initiated the MarbleLife Action seeking to enforce the covenant not to compete and seeking injunctive relief.
On December 23, 2010, after a three-day evidentiary hearing, the Court granted Appellant's motion for a preliminary injunction. Despite the Court's Order directing Appellee to inter alia cease and desist in
On February 3, 2011, the Court heard argument on several pending motions, including Appellee's motion for reconsideration.
On February 16, 2011, still not having complied with the Court's December 23, 2010 Preliminary Injunction Order or the revised Order entered just five days earlier, Appellee filed a voluntary petition for relief in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania pursuant to Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. (Case number 11-11124) See (Doc. 58). At the time of the filing of Appellee's petition there was a motion for attorneys' fees, statutory fees and costs pending before the Court. Said motion, filed by Appellant, requested an award of $378,919.67 in attorney's fees, $21,903.01 in statutory costs and $ 11,872.45 in other expenses pursuant to the parties' contract, for a total of $412,695.13. 10-cv-2480 (Doc. 44.) As a result of Appellee's petition for bankruptcy relief, the MarbleLife Action was placed in civil suspense and the Court reserved judgment of the motion.
On February 23, 2011 Appellant filed a motion for an order dismissing Appellee's bankruptcy action, or in the alternative, an order granting MarbleLife relief from the automatic stay provision of Chapter 11 of the United States Code to enforce the Preliminary Injunction granted by this Court. Appellant argued that Appellee's Chapter 11 petition was filed in bad faith and was merely a litigation tactic to avoid complying with this Court's Orders and should therefore be dismissed pursuant to section 1112(b) of the bankruptcy code. In opposition, Appellee argued that (1) the voluntary petition for relief was not filed in bad faith but was filed for the legitimate purpose of business reorganization; (2) the petition is not a single creditor bankruptcy action; (3) Appellant's claim can be addressed in the bankruptcy proceedings; and (4) there is no cause to enforce the preliminary injunction.
On March 2, 2011, the Bankruptcy Court held a hearing on the Appellant's motion. During the hearing the Bankruptcy Court heard testimony from Joseph Smith, Stone
Richard Ritaco, publisher of Distinctive Living Magazine, also testified on behalf of Appellee and stated that his company would be negatively impacted if the Preliminary Injunction was not subject to the automatic stay because Stone Resources would no longer purchase advertising from his company. Id. at 366.
Additionally, the parties stipulated to the admission of testimony from two other witnesses, Don Haas, the property manager of a building located at Three Logan Square and Pat Keavney, the property manager of a building located at One Logan Square. Id. Both Haas and Keavney averred that Appellee contracted to provide maintenance to their respective buildings and both intended to retain the services of Appellee, if Appellee was permitted to operate post petition. Id.
At the conclusion of the hearing the Bankruptcy Court found that Appellee's petition had been filed in good faith as implicitly required by 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b)(1).
In re Stone Res., Inc., 448 B.R. at 365. Although the Court will expound further on the evidence presented to the Bankruptcy Court, the Court finds it necessary to highlight that during the June 21, 201 hearing held before this Court on Appellant's appeal of the Bankruptcy Court decision, Paul Winterhalter, counsel for Appellee stated that as late as June 28, 2011, Stone Resources was still in business and completing projects. Further, in email communication between counsel for MarbleLife and counsel for Stone Resources sent as an attachment to the Court, Mr. Winterhalter stated that he and his client
To date, Appellee has failed to comply with several portions of the Court's Preliminary Injunction Order in flagrant disregard of the Court's directives.
This is an appeal from a final Order of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania which denied Appellants' motion for an order dismissing Appellee's bankruptcy action, or in the alternative, an order granting Appellant relief from the automatic stay provision of Chapter 11 of the United States Code.
Pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8013, when reviewing an appeal form a bankruptcy court
A district court reviewing an appeal from bankruptcy court applies a clearly erroneous standard to a bankruptcy court's findings of fact
"Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions are subject to dismissal under 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b) unless filed in good faith." In re Integrated Telecom Express, Inc., 384 F.3d 108, 118 (3d Cir.2004) The bankruptcy petitioner bears the burden of establishing that its petition has been filed in good faith. In re PPI Enterprises (U.S.), Inc., 324 F.3d 197, 210-211 (3d Cir.2003). The determination of whether a bankruptcy action was filed in bad faith is "a fact intensive determination better left to the discretion of the bankruptcy court." In re Lilley, 91 F.3d 491, 496 (3d Cir.1996) (quoting In re Love, 957 F.2d 1350, 1355 (7th Cir.1992)). Accordingly, as this determination is one that concerns issues of fact this Court will review the Bankruptcy Court's decision on Appellant's motion to dismiss for abuse of discretion. See In re Integrated Telecom Express, Inc., 384 F.3d at 118; In re Swedeland Dev. Group, 16 F.3d 552, 558 (3d Cir.1994). "[A]n abuse of discretion exists where the . . . court's decision rests upon a clearly erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law, or an improper application of law to fact." In re SGL Carbon Corp., 200 F.3d 154, 159 (3d Cir.1999) (citing ACLU v. Black Horse Pike Reg'l Bd. of Ed., 84 F.3d 1471, 1476 (3d Cir.1996)).
The bankruptcy code, 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b) governs the dismissal or conversion of Chapter 11 petitions. This section provides in relevant part:
11 U.S.C. § 1112(b). Although there is no explicit mention of bad faith in 1112(b) nor is there an explicit good faith requirement, "the courts of appeals that have considered the issue have held that the absence of good faith constitutes `cause' to dismiss a Chapter 11 petition under § 1112(b)." In re SGL Carbon Corp., 200 F.3d at 160. In making the determination of whether a petition was made in bad faith, a bankruptcy court looks to the totality of the circumstances and may focus on the following factors, among others: (1) the nature of the debt, (2) the timing of the petition, (3) how the debt arose, (4) the debtor's motive in filing the petition, (5) how the debtor's actions affected creditors, (6) the debtor's treatment of creditors both before and after the petition was filed, and (7) whether the debtor has been forthcoming with the bankruptcy court and the creditors. Id.
In this case, after examining the totality of the circumstances, the Bankruptcy Court concluded that Appellee's filing was not done in bad faith. This Court agrees. In no way can the Bankruptcy Court's decision denying Appellant's motion to dismiss be found to constitute an abuse of discretion as it was based on a sound interpretation of relevant case law.
Additionally, the Bankruptcy Court reasoned that Appellee could in no sense be considered a financially healthy debtor as according to the evidence presented at the hearing, Appellee had several other creditors who would be adversely affected by its inability to operate its business. Of significance to the Bankruptcy Court's decision was Smith's testimony that Appellee had an outstanding loan of approximately $87,500.00 which Smith averred Appellee was unable to make payments on. Although Appellee did not blatantly aver that it was in financial distress at the time of the filing, "[i]t is well established that a debtor need not be insolvent before filing for bankruptcy protection." In re SGL Carbon Corp., 200 F.3d 154 at 163.
Although the Court finds that the evidence presented by Appellee to support its contention that its filing satisfied § 1112(b)'s implicit good faith requirement was minimal, the Court cannot conclude that the Bankruptcy Court's decision denying Appellant's motion to dismiss was an abuse of discretion. Satisfied with the credibility of the testimony before it, the Bankruptcy Court reasoned that the Appellee's petition was filed as an attempt to "preserve its value as a going concern that would in turn maximize the value of the bankruptcy estate." In re Stone Res., Inc., 448 B.R. at 368. The factual findings do not appear clearly erroneous as required for this Court to reverse the determination of the Bankruptcy Court. The evidence presented to the Bankruptcy Court, although scant, renders colorable the claim that Appellee's petition was filed in good faith for the legitimate purpose of business reorganization. Accordingly, the Court will affirm the Bankruptcy Court's decision denying Appellant's motion to dismiss.
Having determined that the Bankruptcy Court's decision denying Appellant's motion to dismiss was not in error the Court will now address the Bankruptcy Court's decision denying Appellant's motion for relief from the automatic stay of section 362 of the code. A bankruptcy court's decision to grant a creditor relief from the automatic stay provision of the bankruptcy code is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Lippolis, 228 B.R. 106, 111-112 (E.D.Pa.1998).
Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362 the general rule is that all non-bankruptcy proceedings pending or commenced against a Chapter 11 petitioner are automatically stayed
"The purpose of the automatic stay provision is to afford the debtor a `breathing spell' by halting the collection process. It enables the debtor to attempt a repayment or reorganization plan with an aim toward satisfying existing debt." In re Siciliano, 13 F.3d 748, 750 (3d Cir. 1994) (citing Maritime Electric Co. v. United Jersey Bank, 959 F.2d 1194, 1206 (3d Cir.1991)). Creditors are also afforded protection by the stay as it ensures an orderly liquidation procedure and prevents dissipation of the debtor's assets before orderly distribution to creditors can be effected. Ass'n of St. Croix Condominium Owners v. St. Croix Hotel Corp., 682 F.2d 446, 448 (3d Cir.1982). In that vain the automatic stay is designed to prevent the enforcement of all claims against a Chapter 11 debtor. Section 101(5) of the Bankruptcy Code defines "claim" as:
11 U.S.C. § 101(12). What exactly constitutes a "claim" under the code has been the subject of much discussion.
In Kovacs, the debtor was ordered by a state court injunction to remove certain waste products from an environmentally contaminated site. Id. at 284, 105 S.Ct. 705. Failing to comply with the injunction, the state court appointed a receiver to take possession of the debtor's property. Id. Debtor then filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Id. Upon appeal the Supreme Court discharged the debtor's obligation under the injunction to clean his property reasoning that it was a debt or claim within the meaning of the code. In doing so the Supreme Court reasoned that where an equitable injunctive remedy "gives rise to a right to payment" said equitable relief will constitute a claim within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 101(5). In such cases, the obligations imposed by the injunction are "debts" which are discharged. Once bankruptcy had been filed the state court's injunction had essentially been converted into an obligation to pay money as the receiver only wanted money to defray the costs of the cleanup.
However, some causes of action are not claims subject to discharge. At issue here is whether a preliminary injunction ordering a debtor to inter alia cease and desist in the operation of a business in accordance with the terms of a covenant not to compete is a claim within the meaning of the code. The Court finds that it is not. Where the only remedy available for a cause of action is an equitable remedy . . . that claim is not dischargeable in bankruptcy. In re Weinhold, 393 B.R. 623, 629-630 (Bankr.E.D.Wis.2008) (citations and quotations omitted).
The proper inquiry here is whether Appellant's right to an injunction "gives rise" to an alternative or other corollary right to payment of liquidated damages. Stated differently, the analysis turns on whether monetary payment is a "viable alternative" to an equitable remedy for a cause of action. In re Ben Franklin Hotel Assoc., 186 F.3d 301, 305 (3d Cir.1999). Here, when this Court looks at the substance of what Appellant seeks, it is abundantly clear that it is not a claim in the sense of the statute. Appellee's compliance does not require the expenditure of money. See Kennedy v. Medicap Pharms., Inc., 267 F.3d 493, 497 (6th Cir. 2001) (noting that "[t]he right to equitable relief constitutes a claim only if it is an alternative to a right to payment or if compliance with the equitable order will itself require the payment of money."). Id.
The very nature of the MarbleLife Action makes clear that monetary relief is not a viable alternative to the relief Appellant seeks. Appellant seeks the enforcement of a preliminary injunction barring Appellee from continued violation of the non compete provision entered into by Appellee on April 3, 2000. Monetary damages are not a viable alternative as Appellant is continuously harmed by Appellee's breach of the non compete provision. Aside from the contracts that Appellant is losing by Appellee's violation of the covenant not to compete and this Court's Preliminary Injunction Orders, Appellee is also affected by the harm Appellee's actions have done to its other franchise agreements. Appellant avers that other franchisees have stopped paying franchise fees as a result of Appellee's breach. The longer Appellee is permitted to skirt this Court's numerous orders the more detrimental the harm that will be inflicted upon Appellant.
In no sense can the preliminary injunction issued by this Court be deemed a "claim" within the meaning of the code as compliance with this Court's Preliminary Injunction Orders does not require the expenditure of money, although it limits the ability to earn money. See R.J. Carbone Co. v. Nyren (In re Nyren), 187 B.R. 424,
The Court is mindful that portions of the injunction granted by the Court directed that Appellee turn over certain property to Appellant. It is clear that property of a debtor is a claim within the meaning of the code. However, the Court looks at the substance of the property directed to be turned over. This Court's Preliminary Injunction Orders directed that Appellee do the following:
The property that was directed to be turned over are all items which were utilized in the operation of Stone Resources franchisee. The very operation of this company is forbidden by the Court's Preliminary Injunction Orders. In Sheerin v. Davis (In re Davis), 3 F.3d 113, 116 (5th
Similarly here this Court awarded Appellant the equitable remedy of a Preliminary Injunction directing Appellee to inter alia cease and desist from engaging, participating or assisting in any business or offering within specified territories in which MarbleLife has a franchise or a company office; (i) any service or product related to the restoration, repair, and care of marble, granite, concrete, and other types of inorganic and organic surfaces, (ii) any service or product related to the treatment, coating, and sealing of such surfaces, and (iii) any service or product related to the restoration, repair and care of grout. Appellee like the Defendant in In re Davis then filed for bankruptcy protection and sought to have the equitable remedies discharged. Appellee contends that its failure to perform the obligations imposed by this Court's grant of a preliminary injunction would justify an award of money damages, and are thus dischargeable. This Court disagrees. "The ability of a debtor to choose between performance and damages in some cases is not the same as a debtor's liability for money damages for failing to satisfy an equitable obligation.. . .While section 101(5)(B) encourages creditors to select money damages from among alternative remedies, it does not require creditors entitled to an equitable remedy to select a suboptimal remedy of money damages." In re Davis, 3 F.3d at 116. (citing In re Chateaugay Corp., 944 F.2d 997, 1007-08 (2d Cir.1991)). The Court finds that monetary damages are not a viable alternative to the relief Appellant sought and was awarded in this Court.
The Court also finds the Sixth Circuits decision in Kennedy instructive. The Kennedys entered into a franchise agreement to operate a Medicap Pharmacy. Kennedy, 267 F.3d at 495. Pursuant to the terms of the franchise agreement, the Kennedys "could not `own, operate, consult with, or be employed by or in a drug store or pharmacy located within two (2) miles of the Medicap Pharmacy (R) store licensed hereunder' for a period of two years following expiration or termination of the franchise agreement." Id. During the term of the franchise agreement, the Kennedy's stopped paying royalty fees. Consequently, Medicap instituted an action in state court against the Kennedys for nonpayment. Id. Shortly thereafter, the Kennedys terminated the franchise agreement. Id. "The Kennedys concede that they breached the covenant not to compete by working in a pharmacy known as Kennedy Pharmacy at the same location as the Medicap Pharmacy." Id. Accordingly, Medicap brought an action to enjoin the operation of the Kennedy Pharmacy in violation of the covenant not to compete. Id. Like Appellant here, the Kennedys then filed a bankruptcy petition. Medicap then filed an adversary proceeding requesting
The Sixth Circuit granted the inunction enforcing the covenant not to compete and reasoning that "compliance with an injunction would not require the expenditure of money" and therefore "Medicap's right to equitable relief does not, therefore, equate to being a claim. Id. at 497, 498. The Kennedys would simply be required to cease operating the pharmacy in violation of the franchise agreement." Id. The Kennedy Court focused on the substance of the equitable relief sought, and reasoned that Medicap was not seeking the payment of money and the payment of money would not be a viable alternative to the equitable relief awarded as the injunction was designed to provide relief where there is no adequate remedy at law. Id. Like the Kennedys, Appellee breached a covenant not to compete and this Court finds that the only adequate remedy is an injunction enforcing the non compete clause. Accordingly, the Court will reverse the Bankruptcy Court's decision to the extent that it denied Appellant relief from the automatic stay.
Appellant argues that the Bankruptcy Court's decision with respect to the applicability of the automatic stay to all the provisions of the preliminary injunction was in error as this issue was not properly before the Bankruptcy Court. This Court disagrees. Appellant expressly sought relief from the automatic stay, and in doing so, placed this issue squarely before the Bankruptcy Court. The Bankruptcy Court stated clearly that "[Appellant], [m]ovant seeks relief from the automatic stay to enforce the Preliminary Injunction pursuant to § 362(d)(1)." In re Stone Res., Inc., 448 B.R. at 368. The Court declines to expound on this argument as it has already found that the Bankruptcy Court's decision denying Appellant relief from the automatic stay was in error.
For the foregoing reasons the Court will reverse the Bankruptcy Court's decision to the extent that it denied Appellant's motion for relief from the automatic stay.
11 U.S.C. § 1112(b)(1).