MEMORANDUM

EDUARDO C. ROBRENO, Judge.

Ford Motor Company (Defendant) moves to dismiss various counts in the present Complaint: Count I — breach of express warranty — as to all but Jason Schmidt; Counts II, IV, and V — claims of breach of implied warranty under Pennsylvania, California, and Arkansas law, respectively; Counts VI, VII, and VIII — claims of fraud and violations of Pennsylvania, California, and Arkansas state consumer protection laws, respectively; Counts IX, X, and XI — claims of negligent misrepresentation under Pennsylvania, Illinois, and California law, respectively; and Counts XII, XIII, and XV — claims of unjust enrichment/restitution under Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Arkansas laws, respectively.1 For the reasons that follow, the Court will grant the motion and dismiss Count I as to all plaintiffs save Jason Schmidt, as well as Counts II, IV-XIII, and XV.

I. BACKGROUND

Seven named plaintiffs (hereinafter Plaintiffs) seek recovery for a national class of consumers alleging breach of express warranty, and each individual plaintiff seeks recovery for a statewide class wherein he or she is domiciled, seeking relief for breach of implied warranty, common law fraud and violations of respective state consumer protection statutes, negligent misrepresentation, and/or unjust enrichment. Both monetary and injunctive relief are sought. Amend. Compl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 16.

Plaintiffs allege that, between 2004 and 2008, Defendant manufactured, assembled, and marketed a class of vehicles equipped with 5.4 L V8 engines. Id. ¶ 3. Plaintiffs further allege these engines contain latent defects that cause the fitted vehicles to experience, inter alia, acceleration hesitation, loss of revolutions per minute, stalling, loss of power, and sudden and intermittent deceleration. Id. ¶ 4. Plaintiffs further allege that one of five engine components could be the source of the malfunctions: the Powertrain Control Module (PCM), the Transmission Control Module (TCM), the Electronic Throttle Control (ETC), or the Throttle Body Assembly (TBA). Id. ¶ 5. Defendant issued five technical service bulletins (TSBs) to notify its dealership network of the procedures necessary to fix the problem. Id. ¶ 7. Plaintiffs claim a federally mandated warranty covers the engines in question. Id. ¶ 65. The alleged warranty is valid for the first eight years of the vehicle's life or for the first 80,000 miles driven, whichever comes first. Id. ¶¶ 15, 65.

The named plaintiffs are Jason and Nicholas Schmidt, Stephen Gooder, Frank Kurian, Lee Pullen, and Victor and Keesha Rose. Jason Schmidt is a New Jersey resident who purchased a used 2005 Ford Explorer in 2012. Id. ¶ 48. The vehicle has approximately 66,000 on the odometer. Id. Once while he was driving on a highway, his Explorer malfunctioned and completely lost power, although he safely stopped the vehicle on the shoulder. Id. ¶ 20. He brought the Explorer to a Ford dealership, explained the issue, and was told that the PCM needed replacing, but that there was no applicable warranty to cover the repair cost. Id. ¶ 21. He then contacted the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and lodged a complaint concerning the malfunction. Id. ¶ 22. He further alleges that an online search revealed that the issue he experienced was "pervasive to the Class of Vehicles." Id. ¶ 22. He also emailed Ford's vice president to explain the engine defect and received a telephone call shortly afterward informing him of his "case number with Ford," although he was not offered a refund during the call. Id. ¶ 24.

Nicholas Schmidt is also a New Jersey resident who purchased a used 2004 Lincoln Navigator in 2007. The vehicle has approximately 69,500 miles on the odometer. No defects have manifested in the vehicle. Id. ¶ 40. Nonetheless, he claims that the existence of a latent defect reduced the value and usefulness of his vehicle and caused him to overpay for his vehicle. Id.

Frank Kurian is a Pennsylvania resident, id. ¶ 49, who purchased a used 2005 Ford F-150 truck in 2012 that has approximately 125,000 miles on the odometer, id. He does not seek recovery under theories of breach of express warranty or unjust enrichment. Id. No defect has manifested in his vehicle, although he also alleges that, due to the defect's latency, he overpaid for his vehicle and it suffered a reduction in usefulness and value. Id.

Lee Pullen is a California Resident, id. ¶ 50, who purchased a used 2005 Ford expedition in 2009 that has approximately 94,000 miles on the odometer. Id. He alleges that because he was never informed of any applicability warranty covering the costs of repair, he paid out-of-pocket to replace the vehicle's throttle body at Gregg's Mission Viejo Mobil in California. Id.

Victor and Keesha Rose are Arkansas residents who purchased a used 2005 Ford Expedition in 2008 that has approximately 94,000 miles on the odometer. Id. ¶ 51. They do not seek recovery under theories of breach of warranty, negligent misrepresentation, or restitution. They do not seek recovery under theories of breach of warranty, negligent misrepresentation, or restitution. Id. They allege that a defect has manifested itself in their vehicle, causing losses of power during its operation. Id. They do not allege that they attempted to fix the issue or that they suffered out-of-pocket expenses because of the defect.

Stephen Gooder is an Illinois resident who purchased a 2005 Ford Expedition in October, 2012. Id. ¶ 53. His vehicle has approximately 122,287 miles on the odometer. Id. On December 1, 2012, he alleges that his vehicle lost power while he was driving it. Id. ¶ 44. Although he safely guided the vehicle to a gas station parking lot, restarted the engine, and drove home without further incident, he claims he experienced the same problem at least six more times since then. Id. He took the vehicle to a Ford dealership where he paid out-of-pocket to replace the throttle body. Id. ¶ 45-46.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On February 26, 2013, Plaintiffs filed the First Amended Complaint. First Am. Comp. ¶ 1, ECF No. 16. The First Amended Complaint asserts the following seventeen counts:

First Am. Compl ¶¶ 62-193.

On March 13, 2013, Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss Count I as to all but Jason Schmidt, as well as Counts II, IV, V-XIII, and XV. Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss 1, ECF No. 18. Plaintiffs responded. Pl.'s Resp. 1, ECF No. 22. The Court held a hearing on the Motion. The matter is now ripe for disposition.

III. LEGAL STANDARD

A party may move to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). When considering such a motion, the Court must "accept as true all allegations in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom, and view them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." DeBenedictis v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 492 F.3d 209, 215 (3d Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks removed). To withstand a motion to dismiss, the complaint's "[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). This "requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Id. Although a plaintiff is entitled to all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged, a plaintiff's legal conclusions are not entitled to deference and the Court is "not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation." Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 92 L.Ed.2d 209 (1986).

The pleadings must contain sufficient factual allegations so as to state a facially plausible claim for relief. See, e.g., Gelman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 583 F.3d 187, 190 (3d Cir.2009). "`A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.'" Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009)). In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court limits its inquiry to the facts alleged in the complaint and its attachments, matters of public record, and undisputedly authentic documents if the complainant's claims are based upon these documents. See Jordan v. Fox, Rothschild, O'Brien & Frankel, 20 F.3d 1250, 1261 (3d Cir.1994); Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993).

The Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' claims under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA), Pub.L. No. 109-2, 119 Stat. 4 (2005) (codified in scattered sections of 28 U.S.C.) and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(d)(2) and 1453, as Plaintiffs bring state-law claim as part of a putative class action.

Federal courts sitting in diversity generally apply the substantive choice-of-law rules of the forum state, which is Pennsylvania. See Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938); Garcia v. Plaza Oldsmobile Ltd., 421 F.3d 216, 219 (3d Cir. 2005). Here, pursuant to the agreement of the parties, the Court will apply the law of Plaintiffs' respective states of residence when evaluating the viability of their claims.

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiffs Failed to Plead Notice for Breach-of-Warranty Claims

Defendant moves to dismiss the breach-of-warranty claims of Frank Kurian, Lee Pullen, the Roses, and Nicholas Schmidt because these plaintiffs failed to plead notice pursuant to their respective state laws. Plaintiffs respond that their claims are governed by federal substantive law and not state law because Defendant's express warranty, which Plaintiffs attach to the First Amended Complaint, does not oblige vehicle owners to put Defendant on notice of any defect. See First Amend. Comp. Ex. B, at 22. Alternatively, Plaintiffs argue that they met the pre-suit notice requirement because Defendant received a plethora of consumer complaints directly and through the NHTSA about the exact same malfunctions described in the complaint, including Jason Schmidt's complaint. See id. ¶ 3, 14, 21-24. In any event, Plaintiffs argue, it is clear Defendant had notice of the defect prior to the lawsuit because it issued TSBs addressing the matter. For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that state law governs the breach-of-warranty claims and the relevant plaintiffs failed to provide sufficient pre-suit notice.

Regarding Plaintiffs' argument that federal law governs their breach-of-warranty claims, Plaintiffs are incorrect for two reasons. First, the First Amended Complaint does not allege federal question jurisdiction, but diversity jurisdiction under the class action provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d). See id. ¶ 55. Plaintiffs cannot now attempt to amend the First Amended Complaint by adding a federal cause of action without leave of court, which they have not sought. Second, even if they were permitted to further amend the Complaint, they cite no federal statute or case law granting a federal right of action based on a breach of express warranty. Indeed, they cite only one case, Burton v. Chrysler Group L.L.C., in support of this proposition, but Burton stands in opposition — there, the court applied state law to the plaintiffs' breach-of-warranty claims. Civil Action No. 8:10-00209-JMC, 2012 WL 831843, at *3 (D.S.C. Mar. 12, 2012). Plaintiffs also cite a passage from the 2012 Ford Warranty Book, which states, in relevant part: "[T]aking your vehicle to any Ford Motor Company dealer as soon as possible after illumination of the Malfunction Indicator Light...." Id. Ex. B, at 22. But a warranty book, without more, cannot open the door to the federal courts. What is more, the language Plaintiffs rely on apply to 2012 Ford model years, but none of Plaintiffs' vehicles were 2012 model year vehicles.

There are two possible sources for Plaintiffs' "federal" warranty. First, the "Emission Performance Warranty" mandated by 40 C.F.R. § 85.2101 et seq., only guarantees that vehicles in operation for less than 24 months or 24,000 miles will pass EPA emissions tests. Plaintiffs do not allege that the vehicles at issue failed those tests and all of the vehicles involved are outside the warranty period. Indeed, the language that Plaintiffs cite to Second, the "Design and Defect Warranty" mandated by section 207(a) of the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7541(a), requires that manufacturers provide warranty coverage for certain emissions-relates parts over the useful life of the vehicle — in this case, 8 years or 80,000 miles. But Plaintiffs do not allege that Defendant did not provide the required warranty, which would be a statutory violation governed by federal law, and, again, Plaintiffs rely only on diversity jurisdiction in bringing their claims to federal court. Instead, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant breached a warranty that included the mandated coverage. This alleged breach is no different than the alleged breach of any other warranty term and, accordingly, state law governs Plaintiffs' breach-of-warranty claims.

Under the commercial law of all four relevant states Arkansas, California, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, which all have adopted Section 2607(c) of the U.C.C. — a plaintiff, specifically a buyer, must provide notification of the alleged product defect to the manufacturer prior to bringing suit on a breach-of-warranty theory. See Ark. Code Ann. R. § 4-2-607(3)(a) (West 2013) ("The buyer must within a reasonable time after he discovers or should have discovered any breach notify the seller of breach or be barred from any remedy."); Cal. Com.Code § 2607(3)(A) (West 2013) (same); 13 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 2607(c)(1) (West 2013) (same); N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:2-607(3)(a)(West 2013) (same). "[T]he purpose of notification under § 2607(c) is to allow the seller an opportunity to resolve the dispute regarding an alleged breach before the buyer initiates a lawsuit." Am. Fed'n of State Cnty. & Mun. Emps. (AFSCME) v. Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharm., Inc., No. 08-5904, 2010 WL 891150, at *6 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 11, 2010). In context of a motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs must "plead, at a minimum, ... that [she] provided reasonable notification ... to state a viable claim for recovery ... or be barred from any remedy." AFSCME, 2010 WL 891150, at *7 (internal quotation marks removed). Furthermore, actual or constructive notice of the defect on the part of the manufacturer is irrelevant; the plaintiff must provide notification independently.

Here, Plaintiffs, with the exception of Jason Schmidt, whose breach-of-warranty claims Defendant does not move to dismiss, have failed to allege that they provided pre-suit notice to Defendant of any alleged defect. While Plaintiffs do allege that Defendant had knowledge of the defects through submitting TSBs and receiving consumer complaints directly through customers including Jason Schmidt and through the NHTSA, such allegations are insufficient to sustain the claims of other plaintiffs who (1) drove different vehicles with different model years, (2) purchased at different times, and (3) in different states.

In response, Plaintiffs argue that notice by third parties can fulfill the notification requirement. Plaintiffs cite Martin v. Ford Motor Co., 765 F.Supp.2d 673, 682-83 (E.D.Pa.2011), in support of their argument. In that case, the district court, while ratifying that notice was necessary to sustain a breach-of-warranty claim, held that notification of the manufacturer by other class members was sufficient to meet the notice requirement, regardless of the state in which they reside, because the defect at issue was common among all plaintiffs. See id. The Court does not find Martin's constructive-notice principle as applied to breach-of-warranty claims persuasive for two reasons. First, the Martin court overlooked the explicit text of § 2607(c)(1): "The buyer must within a reasonable time after he discovers or should have discovered any breach notify the seller of breach or be barred from any remedy." A third party, although possibly "a" buyer, is not "the" buyer for purposes of the U.C.C. This is because, as mentioned above, "the purpose of notification under § 2607(c) is to allow the seller an opportunity to resolve the dispute regarding an alleged breach before the buyer initiates a lawsuit." AFSCME, 2010 WL 891150, at *6. Under Martin's rule, buyers are able to thwart the purpose of § 2607(c) by relying on third-party notice and avoiding any attempt at pre-suit resolution.

Second, even assuming the validity of constructive notice in the breach-of-warranty setting, the present defect is easily distinguishable from Martin. There, the district court distinguished AFSCME, which found that constructive notice did not satisfy the notification requirement of § 2607(c)(1), by highlighting that the Martin putative class members' defect was common enough that third-party notice would provide the manufacturer with a sufficient opportunity to cure the defect. Martin, 765 F.Supp.2d at 683. Here, Plaintiffs seek to recover based on different alleged defects in several different products, including Ford Expeditions, Ford F-150s, and Lincoln Navigators. See First Amend. Comp. ¶¶ 48-53. Moreover, to the extent that Plaintiffs argue that the 5.4L V8 engine and associated components are the products at issue, Plaintiffs have not alleged that identical components are used in each of those different vehicles. They have not pleaded themselves into the exception carved out by Martin.

The relevant Plaintiffs failed to plead notice with respect to their claims for breach of implied and express warranties.2 Therefore, the Court will dismiss Counts II, IV, and V in their entirety and Counts I and III as to all but Jason Schmidt.

B. Plaintiffs Fail to Plead Fraud, UTPCPL, and Negligent Misrepresentation Claims with Requisite Particularity

Defendant moves to dismiss the relevant Plaintiffs' fraud, UTPCPL, and negligent misrepresentation claims under Rule 9(b). All Plaintiffs except Jason and Nicholas Schmidt, New Jersey residents, bring said claims. "In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally." Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b).3 Rule 9(b) requires the following:

Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 200 (3d Cir.2007) (internal quotation and editorial marks and citation removed). "The purpose of Rule 9(b) is to provide a defendant with notice of the precise misconduct with which he or she is charged and to prevent false or unsubstantiated charges." Cooper v. Broadspire Servs., Inc., No. Civ. A. 04-5289, 2005 WL 1712390, at *5 (E.D.Pa. July 20, 2005).

The relevant Plaintiffs fail to allege claims of fraud or negligent misrepresentation with sufficient particularity. They claim that Defendant should have informed them or its dealership network that the repairs they seek are covered by an express warranty. See First Amend. Compl. ¶ 28 n. 7. They plead, in the fashion of a formulaic recitation of the elements of their fraud-related causes of action, that they "justifiably and reasonably relied on Defendant's deceptive conduct, nondisclosure, misrepresentation, or omission." See id. ¶ 125(d). But they fail to plead any facts or circumstances that might support this bare allegation of justifiable reliance. No facts are pled regarding (1) when, where, and from whom Plaintiffs purchased or otherwise acquired their vehicles; (2) what, if any, Ford employees were involved in those transactions; and (3) any particular information on how Plaintiffs who did not actually pay for repairs have been harmed by the omissions. For example, Lee Pullen does not allege how he came to own his Ford Expedition, what Ford employees were involved in the purchase, when the purchase occurred, or from what (if any) Ford Dealer. See id. ¶ 32. Moreover, he pleads that the repairs to his vehicle were performed by a Mobil station, not a Ford dealer. See id. Determining how he relied on any omission or representation from Ford is an exercise left to the reader. The same goes for Nicholas Schmidt, the Rosens, and Frank Kurian — their vehicles are out of warranty and they have not requested repair. See id. ¶¶ 26, 28.

Furthermore, the relevant Plaintiffs fail to address the fact that none of their vehicles qualified for the express warranty to which they cite in the First Amended Complaint. Stephen Gooder comes the closest to adequately pleading fraud and negligent misrepresentation — he supplies some information regarding the circumstances of his vehicle's repair — but the vehicle was out of warranty. See First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 41-42, 46.

Plaintiffs fail to allege facts supporting the nature of their reliance. Plaintiffs fail to allege facts indicating the date, time, and place of the alleged fraud, or, alternatively, inject any precision or measure of substantiation into her fraud allegations that would "place the defendant on notice of the precise misconduct with which it is charged." Frederico, 507 F.3d at 200.4 Therefore, the Court will dismiss Counts VI through XI of the First Amended Complaint with prejudice.5

C. Plaintiffs Fail To Allege They Conferred a Benefit on Defendant To Support Their Unjust Enrichment Claims

Under the relevant state laws — Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Arkansas — the heart of a claim for unjust enrichment is that "the party against whom recovery is sought either wrongfully secured or passively received a benefit that would be unconscionable for the party to retain without compensating the provider." Hershey Foods Corp. v. Ralph Chapek, Inc., 828 F.2d 989, 999 (3d Cir.1987); accord Sanders v. Bradley Cnty. Human Servs. Pub. Facilities Bd., 330 Ark. 675, 956 S.W.2d 187, 191 (1997); VRG Corp. v. GKN Realty Corp., 135 N.J. 539, 555, 641 A.2d 519, 526-27 (1994). The "benefit" must be conferred by the plaintiff directly — indirect benefits bestowed by third parties will not support a claim for unjust enrichment. See Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v. Carr's Tire Serv., Inc., Civ. A. No. 90-7106, 1992 WL 365512, at *16 (E.D.Pa. Nov. 30, 1992); see also Samuels v. Hendricks, 300 Pa.Super. 11, 445 A.2d 1273, 1276 (1982) ("[T]he mere fact that [defendant] may have indirectly benefited from [plaintiff's] performance is not sufficient to impose upon her a duty to make restitution."); Grisanti v. Zanone, 2010 Ark.App. 545, 336 S.W.3d 886, 890 (2009) ("In general, recovery for unjust enrichment is based upon what the person enriched has received rather than what the opposing party has lost.").

Here, the relevant Plaintiffs plead no facts establishing that Frank Kurian, the Roses, or Nicholas Schmidt ever conferred a direct benefit on Defendants as is required to support an unjust-enrichment claim under the law of each of their respective states. They only make bare allegations that they have conferred a benefit on Defendant. None of the relevant Plaintiffs, however, actually paid for any repairs to their vehicles. See First Amended Compl. ¶¶ 28, 36, 40. Furthermore, these Plaintiffs do not even allege that they purchased their vehicles from Defendant or one of Defendant's dealers. See id. at 25-28, 33-40. They fail to show any way in which their money transferred from their own pockets to Defendant's. Therefore, the Court will dismiss Counts XII, XIII, and XV.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant the Motion to Dismiss and dismiss Counts I and III of the First Amended Complaint as to all Plaintiffs save Jason Schmidt and Counts II, IV-XIII, and XV in their entirety. Defendant did not move to dismiss Plaintiff's claims of express and implied breach of warranty as to Jason Schmidt (Counts I and III), Stephen Gooder's unjust-enrichment claim under Illinois law (Count XIV), Lee Pullen's quasi-contract claim under California law (Count XVI), and the nationwide injunction claim (Count XVII) which, accordingly, remain in this action.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 20th day of September, 2013, for the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum opinion, it is hereby ORDERED as follows:

(1) Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 18) is GRANTED;

(2) Count I of the First Amended Complaint is DISMISSED as to Frank Kurian, Lee Pullen, Victor and Keesha Rose, Nicholas Schmidt, and Stephen Gooder;

(3) Count III is DISMISSED as to Nicholas Schmidt; and

(4) Counts II, IV-XIII, and XV are DISMISSED in their entirety.

AND IT IS SO ORDERED.