EDUARDO C. ROBRENO, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION......................................................477
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW ...............................................479
III. MOOTNESS..........................................................480
IV. ARAMARK DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ...................482
A. State Action Analysis...........................................482
B. Plaintiffs First Amendment Claims ..............................483
1. Claims Against Aramark.......................................483
2. Claim Against Flaherty in Official Capacity..................485
3. Claim Against Flaherty in Individual Capacity................485
C. Fourteenth Amendment Claims.....................................486
1. Claim Against Aramark........................................486
2. Claim Against Flaherty in Official Capacity..................488
3. Claim Against Flaherty in Individual Capacity ...............488
D. RLUIPA Claims Against Aramark Defendants .......................489
1. Claim Against Aramark.......................................490
2. Claim Against Flaherty in Individual Capacity ..............491
3. Claim Against Flaherty in Official Capacity.................491
V. CITY DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT....................491
A. First Amendment Claims .........................................492
1. Claims Against the City.....................................492
2. Claims Against All Defendants in Official Capacities .......493
3. Claims Against All Defendants in Individual Capacities......493
B. RLUIPA Claims...................................................494
1. Claims Against the City.....................................494
2. Claims Against All Defendants in Official Capacities .......495
3. Claims Against All Defendants in Individual Capacities......496
VI. CONCLUSION........................................................496
Olaf Sutton ("Plaintiff") is an inmate in the Philadelphia Prison System ("PPS") and a practicing Muslim. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 21, ECF No. 30. As a Muslim, Plaintiff's religion prohibits eating meat unless the
A brief overview of the PPS's religious alternative meal system is necessary to understand Plaintiff's claims. The PPS offers two types of religious diets: vegetarian and kosher. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 9, Pl. Dep. 28:9-12, ECF No. 68. Muslim inmates are offered vegetarian meals and Jewish inmates are offered kosher meals that occasionally contain meat. Compl. ¶ 28; Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 21 ("The prisons accommodate the free exercise of Judaism by providing Kosher meals, which occasionally include Kosher meat.").
The prison's chaplain is responsible for deciding which inmates are entitled to receive religious diets and creating a list of those inmates for the prison's food provider. See Pl.'s Resp. City Defs.' Mot. Partial Summ. J. 5, ECF No. 70. Aramark is the food provider for the PPS and is tasked with preparing meals for each prisoner in compliance with the chaplain's list. See Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 8-9, ECF No. 59.
On September 21, 2010, following a request by Plaintiff, the prison's chaplain placed Plaintiff on a special diet to accommodate his religious practice. Compl. ¶ 28. Plaintiff is not a vegetarian and desires to eat meat. Compl. ¶ 29. According to Plaintiff, his religion permits him to eat the meat contained in the kosher meals.
Although Plaintiff was placed on a vegetarian diet, he claims that on several occasions during his incarceration at CFCF and PICC, he was not served vegetarian meals. Compl. ¶ 33. Specifically, Plaintiff claims that he was not served several religious alternative breakfasts in October 2010, any vegetarian meals from January 2, 2012, to January 9, 2012, and any vegetarian meals from December 20, 2012, to January 1, 2013. Compl. ¶ 31; Pl. Dep. 40:16-22. According to Plaintiff, during the first and last weeks of 2012, he was forced to choose between eating and violating the tenants of his religion. Pl. Dep. 42:10-23; Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 8, Sutton Mem. 104.
Lastly, in May 2011, Plaintiff commenced a hunger strike to protest what he believes to be a discriminatory religious alternative meal system. See Pl.'s Resp. City Defs.' Mot. Partial Summ. J. 4. Plaintiff alleges that his free exercise rights were violated by the conduct of two prison officials in relation to his hunger strike. Compl. ¶¶ 50, 51. In the early morning hours of May 12, 2011, Plaintiff was brought to the prison's mental health unit by a prison employee. Compl. ¶ 50. Later
Plaintiff commenced this litigation by filing a pro se complaint. ECF No. 3. After obtaining counsel, Plaintiff filed two amended complaints. ECF Nos. 6, 30. The second amended complaint contains six counts.
On May 18, 2012, the Aramark Defendants filed a motion to dismiss. ECF No. 9. Following the motion, the Court dismissed Counts I, V, and VII. Order, Sept. 6, 2012, ECF No. 40. The City Defendants did not file a motion to dismiss.
On March 20, 2014, the Aramark Defendants informed the Court that Plaintiff was transferred from PICC to SCI Graterford on November 27, 2013. Aramark Defs.' Supp. ¶. 6, ECF No. 74. As of March 12, 2014, however, Plaintiff has been incarcerated at SCI Camp Hill, which is located on the outskirts of Harrisburg.
Pending before the Court are Aramark Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment and the City Defendants' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. Plaintiff has filed responses to both motions (ECF Nos. 68, 70, 75) and the Aramark Defendants have filed a reply (ECF. 72) to Plaintiff. The motions are ripe for disposition.
Summary judgment is appropriate if there are no genuine disputes of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). "A motion for summary judgment will not be defeated by `the mere existence' of some disputed facts, but will
In undertaking this analysis, the court views the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. "After making all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party's favor, there is a genuine issue of material fact if a reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party." Pignataro v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 593 F.3d 265, 268 (3d Cir.2010) (citing Reliance Ins. Co. v. Moessner, 121 F.3d 895, 900 (3d Cir. 1997)). While the moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, meeting this obligation shifts the burden to the non-moving party who must "set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
The Aramark Defendants argue that Plaintiff's claims for injunctive relief are moot because Plaintiff is no longer incarcerated in the PPS.
It is well settled that this Court may only adjudicate "live" cases or controversies. Abdul-Akbar v. Watson, 4 F.3d 195, 206 (3d Cir.1993). "[A] case is moot when the issues presented are no longer `live' or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome." Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496, 89 S.Ct. 1944, 23 L.Ed.2d 491 (1969). Nonetheless, the "capable of repetition" doctrine holds that a claim is not moot if "(1) the challenged action was in its duration too short to be fully litigated prior to its cessation or expiration, and (2) there was a reasonable expectation that the same complaining party would be subjected to the same action again." Weinstein v. Bradford, 423 U.S. 147, 149, 96 S.Ct. 347, 46 L.Ed.2d 350 (1975).
The first element of the "capable of repetition" doctrine is satisfied here because the challenged action—service of meat-containing religious alternative meals to Jewish inmates, but not Muslim inmates—was "in its duration too short to be fully litigated." Id. Nonetheless, the Court must still determine whether there is a reasonable expectation that Plaintiff will face the same discrimination in the future.
Generally, courts have held that an inmate's release from a correctional institution makes his or her claims for injunctive relief moot. See, e.g., id. (holding former parolee's claims were moot because plaintiff was released from parole supervision); Doe v. Delie, 257 F.3d 309, 314 (3d Cir.
For example, in Abdul-Akbar the plaintiff filed a § 1983 claim against the prison alleging that the legal resources in the prison's library were inadequate. Abdul-Akbar, 4 F.3d at 197. The plaintiff was released before his claim was adjudicated. Id. Nonetheless, the district court granted an injunctive remedy against the defendant prison. Id. at 200-01. The Third Circuit vacated the district court's injunctive relief order because the plaintiff's claim was moot. Id. at 206-07. Specifically, the court held that the plaintiff did not satisfy the "capable of repetition" doctrine because nothing in the record supported the assumption that the plaintiff would be incarcerated in the future in the same prison. Id. The court went on to state that "[s]uch conjecture as to the likelihood of repetition has no place in the application of this exceptional and narrow grant of judicial power." Id. at 207.
Of particular note in Delie, the plaintiff sought injunctive relief against employees of the prison where he was incarcerated. Doe v. Delie, 257 F.3d at 312. Shortly before oral arguments the plaintiff informed the Third Circuit that his conviction was pending a re-trial. Id. at 313. The plaintiff's conviction was overturned and he was released from prison before a decision was reached. Id. As a result, the court held that the plaintiff's claims for injunctive relief were rendered moot by his release and the "capable of repetition" exception did not apply. Id. at 313-14. Specifically, the court stated, "as a result of his acquittal, we simply cannot conclude that there is a reasonable likelihood that he would be subjected to the same conduct." Id. at 314.
Finally, in the seminal case of Weinstein, the plaintiff continued to challenge certain procedures of the North Carolina Board of Parole after he was released from parole. Weinstein, 423 U.S. at 147-48, 96 S.Ct. 347. The Supreme Court explained that the plaintiff had no interest in the procedures used by the North Carolina Board of Parole after the date that he was released from supervised parole. Id. at 148, 96 S.Ct. 347. After laying out the two-part test of the "capable of repetition" doctrine, the Court held that "there is no demonstrated probability" that the plaintiff would again be under the supervision of the North Carolina Board of Parole. Id. at 149, 96 S.Ct. 347.
As Plaintiff has pled guilty, been transferred out of the PPS, and is not subject to additional incarceration within the PPS, it would be mere speculation to hold that Plaintiff will be incarcerated in the PPS again. Thus, much like the Plaintiff in Delie, the capable of repetition exception will not apply here. Delie, 257 F.3d at 312. Accordingly, Plaintiff's claims for injunctive and declaratory relief are rendered moot. As each of Plaintiff's claims also raise a claim for monetary damages, the Court will still address the defendants' motions for summary judgment.
Aramark has moved for summary judgment on Counts II, III, and IV. In Counts II and III, Plaintiff alleges violations of the First and Fourteenth Amendments pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In order to address Counts II and III, the Court must first determine whether Aramark can be considered a state actor for the purposes of constitutional protections.
Aramark is a private corporation, not a government entity. As such, Aramark can only be liable for constitutional violations under § 1983 if it can fairly be considered to act under color of state law. See Kneipp v. Tedder, 95 F.3d 1199, 1204 (3d Cir.1996); see also Pugh v. Downs, 641 F.Supp.2d 468, 472 (E.D.Pa.2009) (Robreno, J.). There are several judicially created tests to determine whether a party acts under color of state law. The four most commonly applied tests are: (1) the close nexus test, see Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1004, 102 S.Ct. 2777, 73 L.Ed.2d 534 (1982), (2) the symbiotic relationship test, see Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715, 725, 81 S.Ct. 856, 6 L.Ed.2d 45 (1961), (3) the joint action test, see Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 941, 102 S.Ct. 2744, 73 L.Ed.2d 482 (1982), and (4) the public function test, see Terry v. Adams, 345 U.S. 461, 468-470, 73 S.Ct. 809, 97 L.Ed. 1152 (1953). See also Pugh, 641 F.Supp.2d at 472.
Citing Evans v. Newton, 382 U.S. 296, 86 S.Ct. 486, 15 L.Ed.2d 373 (1966), Plaintiff argues that Aramark is a state actor because Aramark performs a traditionally exclusive government function by providing food services to inmates. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 11. Aramark contends that as a private company it merely contracts with the state to provide food. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 8. According to Aramark, the traditional function of deciding what meals individual prisoners receive remains with the City. Id. at 12. Citing to several cases outside of the Third Circuit, Aramark argues that it is "well-established case law . . . that Aramark is not a state actor." Aramark Defs.' Resp. Pl.'s Resp. 4, ECF 72.
Courts in this district, however, have held that Aramark can be considered to act under color of state law by taking on the traditionally exclusive government function of providing food services to prisoners. See Williams v. Giorla, No. 11-6565, 2013 WL 3982348, at *5-6 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 2, 2013); McCullum v. City of Philadelphia, No. 98-5858, 1999 WL 493696, at *2-3 (E.D.Pa. July 13, 1999) ("The court finds that Aramark acted under color of state law for purposes of § 1983 by performing the traditional government function of providing food service at a prison."); Talley v. Amarker, No. 95-7284, 1996 WL 528867, at *2-4 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 7, 1996); see also Jubeh v. Dart, No. 11-3873, 2011 WL 6010267, at *2 (N.D.Ill. Nov. 29, 2011) (listing courts that have held that
Accordingly, the Court holds that Aramark acted under color of state law and can be sued under § 1983.
Plaintiff claims that Walter Flaherty
In order for an entity such as Aramark to be liable under § 1983, a plaintiff must provide evidence that the alleged constitutional deprivations resulted from the defendant's official policy or custom. Natale v. Camden Cnty. Corr. Facility, 318 F.3d 575, 583 (3d Cir.2003). Under § 1983, such an entity cannot be held liable under the theory of respondeat superior. Id. Moreover, Aramark can only be held liable under § 1983 if one of its policies or customs was the "moving force" behind the alleged constitutional violation. City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 379, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989); Murray v. Allen, No. 10-1014, 2010 WL 4159261, at *3 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 21, 2010); see also McCullum v. City Of Philadelphia, No. 98-5858, 2000 WL 329203, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 23, 2000) ("[Under § 1983,] a policy or custom includes practices that are so permanent and well established as to constitute a custom or usage with the force of law.").
In McCullum, the prisoner-plaintiff claimed that Aramark was liable for constitutional violations under § 1983 because an Aramark employee attacked him. McCullum, 2000 WL 329203, at *1. The district court dismissed the plaintiff's claim because the plaintiff failed to show that the Aramark employee acted pursuant to any of Aramark's policies or customs. Id. at *2. Although the plaintiff's complaint alleged that Aramark "as a matter of policy
Presently, Plaintiff contends that Aramark violated his free exercise rights by failing, on multiple occasions, to provide him with vegetarian meals. Compl. ¶¶ 30-33. Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that an Aramark employee, on one occasion, told him to remove non-Halal meat from a breakfast tray and "eat the rest." Compl. ¶ 35. In both of these claims, however, Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence showing that an Aramark policy or custom was the cause of these alleged incidents.
First, the remark by an unidentified Aramark employee, like the single attack in McCullum, amounts to an isolated event. Plaintiff has presented no evidence suggesting that the unnamed Aramark employee acted pursuant to any Aramark policy or custom. See City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 379, 109 S.Ct. 1197. Therefore, the Court finds that this single event does not trigger liability under § 1983.
Aramark's alleged failure to serve Plaintiff several vegetarian meals, however, poses a more complex issue. Plaintiff claims that Aramark failed to serve him vegetarian breakfast meals on multiple occasions in October 2010, any vegetarian meals from January 2, 2012, to January 9, 2012,
Aramark contends that none of its policies or customs can be considered the moving force behind these missed meals. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 8. On the contrary, Aramark asserts that it has policies in place to ensure that prisoners receive their appropriate meals. For example, "if a prisoner does not receive the appropriate meal that the City of Philadelphia instructs [Aramark] to serve, that prisoner may reject the meal and a meal which is compliant with that prisoner's diet menu will be provided. . . ." Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J., Ex 7, Flaherty Aff. ¶ 5. Aramark also argues that Plaintiff's missed meals amount to a de minimis burden on his free exercise rights. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 13. To support its argument, Aramark asserts that since the Plaintiff initially requested a religious alternative diet, he has been served the correct meal over 99% of the time. Id. at 12-13.
Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to present sufficient evidence that could lead a reasonable jury to conclude that Aramark's failure to occasionally provide vegetarian meals was the result of any of Aramark's policies or customs. The missed meals from January 2, 2012, to January 9, 2012, appear to be an administrative error flowing from Plaintiff's
Plaintiff sued Flaherty in both his official and individual capacities. Plaintiff's official capacity suit against Flaherty, however, is the equivalent of a suit against Aramark. See Will v. Mich. Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989) (A suit against an individual in his or her official capacity "is not a suit against the official, but rather a suit against the official's office."); Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985). ("Official-capacity suits . . . `generally represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.'") (quoting Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n. 55, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978)). Other courts in this district have consistently held that official capacity claims against employees of private entities acting under color of state law are merely claims against the employer. See, e.g., DeJesus v. Aramark Food Serv., Inc., No. 13-5734, 2014 WL 144732, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Jan. 14, 2014) ("DeJesus's claims against Kramer in his official capacity pursuant to § 1983 will be dismissed with prejudice because these claims are viewed as claims against Aramark."); see also Clarke v. Whitney, 907 F.Supp. 893, 895 (E.D.Pa.1995) ("[A] suit against a defendant in his or her official capacity is simply another way to sue the defendant's employing entity.").
In this regard, Plaintiff's free exercise claim against Flaherty in his official capacity is no different than a suit against Aramark. Will, 491 U.S. at 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304. Accordingly, the Court will grant Flaherty's Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to Plaintiff's free exercise claims under Count III.
To establish individual liability under § 1983 a plaintiff must show that the individual defendant was personally involved in the alleged constitutional violations. Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (3d Cir.1988). Personal involvement can be established by showing that the defendant actually participated in the alleged violation or had knowledge and acquiesced in the violation. Id. Plaintiff is required to prove personal involvement with "appropriate particularity." Id.
Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 152, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970) (citation and some quotation marks omitted).
Flaherty will not be held liable in his individual capacity under § 1983 because Plaintiff has not offered sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude that Flaherty was personally involved in disrupting the service of vegetarian meals. Indeed, Plaintiff has not presented any evidence showing that Flaherty personally participated in the alleged violation of Plaintiff's free exercise rights or had actual knowledge that Plaintiff was not being served his vegetarian meals.
Plaintiff contends that he submitted grievances to Flaherty describing the alleged First Amendment violations and speculates that Flaherty received those grievances. Compl. ¶ 83; Pl. Dep. 54:1-8. The Third Circuit, however, has held that merely receiving grievances is generally insufficient to establish actual knowledge. Rode, 845 F.2d at 1208; Carter v. Smith, No. 08-279, 2009 WL 3088428, at *5 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 22, 2009) ("[A]s a general matter the [Third Circuit] has been reluctant to assign liability to prison officials based solely on the denial of prisoner grievances."). Plaintiff, at most, contends that because Flaherty is the Regional Manager of Aramark at the PPS, he is personally involved in any constitutional violation committed by Aramark employees working there. Such reasoning lacks the appropriate particularity that is required to establish personal involvement. See Rode, 845 F.2d at 1207. Accordingly, the Court will grant Flaherty's Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to Plaintiff's free exercise claims under Count III.
Plaintiff claims that Aramark and Flaherty (in his official and individual capacities) violated rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 14. The basis of Plaintiff's claim is that the Aramark Defendants maintained or had actual knowledge and acquiesced in a discriminatory policy by providing Jewish inmates with religious alternative meals containing meat while providing Muslim inmates with a religious alternative diet that did not contain meat (despite requests for meat from those inmates). Id.
To establish a violation of the Equal Protection Clause a plaintiff must show that he or she "received different treatment from that received by other individuals similarly situated." Suber v. Guinta, 927 F.Supp.2d 184, 201 (E.D.Pa.2013) (quoting Andrews v. Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469, 1478 (3d Cir.1990)). Additionally, a plaintiff must show that the defendant was motivated by a discriminatory intent. Id. A "[d]iscriminatory intent `implies that the decision-maker . . . selected or reaffirmed a particular course of action at least in part because of, not merely in spite of, its adverse effects upon an identifiable group.'" Antonelli v. New Jersey, 419 F.3d 267, 274 (3d Cir.2005) (quoting Personnel Adm'r of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279, 99 S.Ct. 2282, 60 L.Ed.2d 870 (1979)) (internal quotations omitted); see also Freeman v. Arpaio, 125 F.3d 732, 737 (9th Cir.1997) ("To succeed on an equal protection claim, a plaintiff in a section 1983 claim must show that officials intentionally acted in a discriminatory manner.").
The facts giving rise to Plaintiff's equal protection claim are not novel. For example, in Williams v. Morton, 343 F.3d 212
In a more recent case, the Ninth Circuit, handling an almost identical equal protection claim from a Muslim prisoner, held that summary judgment was inappropriate where the lower court did not analyze the prison's justification for not serving Muslim prisoners meat under the four-part Turner analysis. Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 891 (9th Cir.2008). In Shakur, the Ninth Circuit held that the factual record was not sufficiently developed to determine whether the disparate treatment among Muslim and Jewish prisoners was reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. Id. at 891-92, 893. The only justification offered by the defendants was cost considerations. Id. at 891-92. The court remanded the case to further develop the factual record. Id. at 892.
Finally, in DeHart v. Horn, 227 F.3d 47 (3d Cir.2000), a Buddhist prisoner claimed that his equal protection rights were violated because the prison accommodated the religious dietary practices of Jewish inmates but refused to accommodate Buddhist dietary practices. DeHart, 227 F.3d at 61. Notwithstanding the defendant's argument that the record was "devoid of any evidence of a discriminatory intent," the Third Circuit concluded that a "fair inference could be drawn from the record. . . that the relevant disparity in treatment was the result of deliberate choice." Id. at n.10. The court went on to remand the case for further factual findings because the defendants failed to offer any legitimate penological justifications for making distinctions among religious prisoners. Id. at 61.
Unlike the cases cited above, Aramark does not have complete authority to decide what types of meals are served at the City's prisons. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 21. The City's chaplain is responsible for determining which inmates are entitled to receive religious diets and the city determines the content of those meals. Id. Additionally, Aramark contends that under the terms of its contract with the City, it cannot unilaterally change an inmate's diet or add new food items to the prison's meal plans without the City's approval. Id. In light of its contractual obligations with the City, Aramark argues that it cannot and does not possess a discriminatory intent. Id.
Aramark cannot avoid constitutional obligations, however, merely by acting pursuant to a contract with the City. See, e.g., Verdi v. City of Phila., 553 F.Supp. 334, 335-36 (E.D.Pa.1982) (citing Lugar, 457 U.S. at 941-42, 102 S.Ct. 2744). In Verdi, the plaintiff landowner sued the City of Philadelphia and Liberty (a private demolition corporation) under § 1983 for violating his due process rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments by demolishing his parent's property without notice. Id. at 336. Liberty argued that it did not act under color of state law and could not be liable for constitutional violations under
In the case sub judice, Plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that Aramark was jointly responsible for maintaining a discriminatory religious alternative meal system and possessed a discriminatory intent. First, unlike the kosher meals in Williams, Aramark concedes that its kosher meals occasionally contain meat. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 21. Plaintiff can thus show that he is being treated differently than similarly situated Jewish inmates.
Second, Plaintiff has produced a series of emails between Chaplain Taylor and Flaherty to show that Aramark was aware that Muslim inmates were being treated differently. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ., Exs. 4, 5, 6, Chaplain E-Mails.
Aramark's discriminatory intent can be inferred from its awareness of the religious meal system's effects on Muslim inmates and its apparent indifference to that disparate treatment. Aramark has failed to show that it took any measures to address the concerns of Muslim inmates with the City's prison system. Accordingly, a reasonable jury could find that Aramark was a willful participant in maintaining a religious alternative meal system that violates Plaintiff's equal protection rights.
Finally, Aramark fails to point to evidence or make arguments that would enable the Court to perform the Turner analysis. See Williams, 343 F.3d at 221 (remanding to district court where Turner analysis had not been performed). Accordingly, the Court will deny Aramark's Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to Plaintiff's equal protection claim against Aramark.
As discussed above, page 485 supra, any claim against Flaherty in his official capacity is deemed a claim against Aramark and thus will be dismissed as merely repetitive of that claim.
To establish individual liability under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that the individual defendant was personally involved in the alleged constitutional violations. Rode, 845 F.2d at 1207. A plaintiff can establish personal involvement by showing that a defendant had actual knowledge and acquiesced to a constitutional violation. Stoneking v. Bradford Area Sch. Dist., 882 F.2d 720, 725 (3d Cir.1989); see also Pollock
As discussed above, Plaintiff must prove purposeful discrimination. Thomas v. Cianfrani, No. 01-3096, 2009 WL 1704471 (E.D.Pa. June 17, 2009). Because it is often difficult for plaintiffs to produce evidence of discriminatory intent, courts often infer such intent from the totality of the circumstances. See, e.g., Meadows v. Atl. Richfield Co., No. 84-0711, 1986 WL 9896 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 10, 1986). Moreover, purposeful discrimination is often found when actions are taken only with respect to a particular class of people. See, e.g., Indus. Design Serv. Co. v. Upper Gwynedd Twp., No. 91-7621, 1993 WL 19756 (E.D.Pa. Jan. 27, 1993) (citing Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1, 8, 64 S.Ct. 397, 88 L.Ed. 497 (1944)).
Flaherty contends that he cannot be held liable because he was not personally involved in any of Plaintiff's alleged constitutional violations. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 18. According to Flaherty, "the sole basis for Plaintiffs claim is that Walter Flaherty is in charge of ARAMARK's food service at the prison." Id. at 18-19.
Plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that Flaherty's discriminatory intent can be inferred from his apparent acquiescence in a policy that facially discriminated against Muslim inmates. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 14-15. According to Plaintiff, Flaherty was aware of the policy and its effects on Muslim inmates, but did nothing to stop it. Plaintiff's proffered evidence includes emails from Chaplain Taylor to Flaherty discussing the policy and its effects on Muslim inmates. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 4, 5, 6. In one email, Chaplain Taylor suggests to Flaherty that another option should be added in lieu of the vegetarian diet to accommodate Muslim inmates. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 4. In light of Flaherty's apparent inaction, Plaintiff claims that Flaherty was personally involved in maintaining a discriminatory policy that violated his equal protection rights.
Flaherty is incorrect to state that "the sole basis for Plaintiffs claim is that Walter Flaherty is in charge of ARAMARK's food service at the prison." Id. at 18-19. Plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to show that Flaherty was aware of how the religious alternative meal policy affected Muslim inmates. Additionally the email contained in Exhibit 4, wherein Chaplain Taylor asks about the possibility of creating an additional diet for Muslims, is evidence such that a reasonable juror could find that Flaherty has policy-making authority within Aramark.
Furthermore, Flaherty did not present any evidence showing that he took actions to address the religious alternative meal policy. Flaherty's intent to discriminate can be inferred from his apparent deliberate indifference. For these reasons, a reasonable jury could find that Flaherty's apparent indifference evidences intent to discriminate and that he acquiesced in a discriminatory policy. See Rode, 845 F.2d at 1207. Accordingly, the Court will deny Flaherty's Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to Plaintiff's equal protection claim against him in his individual capacity.
Plaintiff claims that the Aramark Defendants violated RLUIPA by failing to serve him vegetarian meals on several occasions. Pl.'s Resp. City Defs.' Mot. Partial Summ. J. 5. As a result, Plaintiff argues that he was forced to choose between violating his religious beliefs and not eating. Pl. Dep.
Section 3 of RLUIPA states that "[n]o government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an institution. . . ." 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a). "A plaintiff-inmate bears the burden to show that a prison institution's policy or official practice has substantially burdened the practice of that inmate's religion." Washington v. Klem, 497 F.3d 272, 277-78 (3d Cir.2007). According to the Third Circuit, a substantial burden exists where an inmate "is forced to choose between following precepts of his religion and forfeiting benefits otherwise generally available to other inmates versus abandoning one of the precepts of his religion in order to receive a benefit. . . ." Id. at 280. A substantial burden also exists where "the government puts substantial pressure on an adherent to substantially modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs." Id. Citing to RLUIPA's legislative history, the Third Circuit has explained that what constitutes a "substantial burden" should be defined broadly. Id.
Here, the issue is whether Aramark's failure to serve Plaintiff his vegetarian diet on multiple occasions amounts to a "substantial burden" and whether this is pursuant to a "policy or official practice." The Third Circuit has observed that prisoners have a "constitutional right not to be forced into a Hobson's choice of eating food that offends one's religious beliefs, or eating very little or not at all." Norwood v. Strada, 249 Fed.Appx. 269, 272 (3d Cir. 2007) (non-precedential); see also Jupiter v. Johnson, No. 10-01968, 2011 WL 4527803 (M.D.Pa. Apr. 26, 2011) ("A prisoner who is consistently not provided meals in accordance with his religious beliefs is substantially burdened in the exercise of his religion.").
In Norwood, the prisoner-plaintiff was not served his appropriate halal diet for three days during an emergency prison lockdown. Id. at 270 n.1. The district court granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment and held that the brief denial of religious meals did not substantially burden the plaintiff's religion. Id. at 270-71. The Third Circuit agreed and concluded that the three day time period, especially under the lock down circumstance, constituted "a mere de minimis intrusion." Id. at 272.
As discussed above, it remains unclear exactly how many times Plaintiff was not served his vegetarian meals. Plaintiff claims that he was not served several breakfasts in October 2010, any vegetarian meals from January 2, 2012, to January 9, 2012, and any vegetarian meals from December 20, 2012, to January 1, 2013. Compl. ¶ 31; Pl. Dep. 40:16-22. Specifically, during the first and last week in 2012, Plaintiff argues that he was forced to make a "Hobson's choice" between eating and violating his religious beliefs. Pl. Dep. 42:10-23; Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 8, Sutton Mem. 104. On the other hand, Aramark contends that Plaintiff's missed meals constitute a de minimis intrusion, not a substantial burden. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 19. To support this argument, Aramark points to several cases where courts have held that the failure to serve religious meals, even up to seven days, is not a substantial burden on an inmate's religious practice. Id. at 20.
Unlike the emergency lock-down situation in Norwood, Aramark has failed to explain why the vegetarian meals were not served. Aramark has, however, shown it has policies in place to ensure that prisoners receive the appropriate meals. See
Even if Plaintiff could prove that the stoppage in vegetarian meals presented a "substantial burden," he has failed to present evidence that this is due to a "policy or official practice" of Aramark. See Washington, 497 F.3d at 277-78. To the contrary, the available evidence indicates that Aramark has a practice of ensuring the proper meals are delivered and policies in place to effect that practice. Accordingly, the Court will grant Aramark's Motion for Summary Judgment as to this claim, and Plaintiff's RLUIPA claim against Aramark will be dismissed.
RLUIPA allows plaintiffs to "obtain appropriate relief against a government." 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-2. Government is defined as "(i) a State, county, municipality, or other governmental entity created under the authority of a State; (ii) any branch, department, agency, instrumentality, or official of an entity listed in clause (i); and (ii) any other person acting under color of State law[.]" Id. § 2000cc-5(4)(A). The Third Circuit has held that RLUIPA does not apply to government employees in their individual capacities. Sharp v. Johnson, 669 F.3d 144, 153 (3d Cir.2012), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 41, 183 L.Ed.2d 680 (2012).
In Sharp, the Third Circuit explained that Congress enacted RLUIPA pursuant to its spending power. Id. at 154. In doing so, Congress attached conditions to the receipt of federal funds. Id. The Third Circuit, however, drew a distinction between state employees and the state, which is the actual recipient of federal funds. Id. at 155. Thus, the Third Circuit concluded that state officials cannot be held liable under RLUIPA in their individual capacities because they are not a party to the "contract" with the federal government. Id. at 153. Applying Sharp to the instant matter, Flaherty, like the state employee in Sharp, cannot be held liable under RLUIPA in his individual capacity.
Accordingly, the Court will grant the Aramark Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to Plaintiff's RLUIPA claim against Flaherty in his individual capacity.
As discussed above, page 485 supra, Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence showing that Flaherty caused the service of vegetarian meals to be disrupted. Accordingly, the Court will grant Aramark's Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to Plaintiff's RLUIPA claim against Flaherty in his official capacity.
In his response to the City Defendants' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Plaintiff states that he is withdrawing his negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims, conspiracy claims, and claims against Defendants Giorla and Delaney.
Plaintiff claims that the City and individual defendants Chaplain Taylor, Sergeant Gamgemi, and Sergeant Pote violated his free exercise rights under the First Amendment. Pl.'s Resp. City Defendants Mot. Partial Summ. J. 8-9. Specifically, Plaintiff claims his free exercise rights were violated by the City and Chaplain Taylor for their failure to provide him with vegetarian meals on several occasions and by Sergeant Gamgemi and Sergeant Pote for their attempts to suppress his hunger strike. Id.
As discussed above, page 483 supra, the City cannot be held liable under § 1983 unless its policies or customs caused Plaintiff's alleged injuries. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018. Accordingly, Plaintiff must show that the City's employees were acting pursuant to an official policy or custom when they violated Plaintiff's free exercise rights.
With regard to Plaintiff's missed vegetarian meals, Plaintiff has failed to show that any of the City's policies or customs caused Plaintiff to miss his vegetarian meals. The evidence shows that Chaplain Taylor—an employee of the City—is tasked with preparing a list, for Aramark, of inmates who are entitled to receive religious alternative diets. Aramark is then responsible for preparing the appropriate meals for each inmate.
Plaintiff claims that there were occasional lapses in this system. Specifically, Plaintiff claims that he did not receive meals on "at least 40 occasions," including the first and last weeks in 2012. Pl.'s Resp. City Defs.' Mot. Partial Summ. J. 8-9. As noted above, it is unclear exactly why the service of Plaintiff's vegetarian meals was disrupted. Nonetheless, Plaintiff has not provided any evidence, even when taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, which shows that any of these disruptions flowed from any of the City's policies, customs, or practices.
The lapse in service when Plaintiff was transferred from CFCF to PICC—the first week in 2012—appears to be an administrative error. Although it is unclear why the vegetarian meal service was disrupted in the last week of 2012, the service immediately resumed after Plaintiff complained to Chaplain Taylor. Pl. Dep. 43:2-9. Chaplain Taylor's quick resolution of the problem and the immediate resumption of vegetarian meal service demonstrate the City's commitment to ensuring that inmates receive the appropriate meals.
Plaintiff also claims that his free exercise rights were violated by the City when Sergeant Gamgemi and Sergeant Pote allegedly attempted to suppress Plaintiff's hunger strike. Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 10. Plaintiff commenced a hunger strike in May because he was dissatisfied with the contents of his vegetarian meals and believed that the vegetarian meals violated his equal protection rights. Id. at 6. Plaintiff alleges that Sergeant Gamgemi violated his free exercise rights by bringing him to the prion's mental health unit in the early morning hours of May 12, 2011. Compl. ¶ 50. Likewise, Plaintiff alleges that Sergeant Pote violated his free exercise rights by giving him a regular breakfast tray and advising him to eat or be brought to the RHU. Id. at ¶ 51. Notably, Sergeant Pote left Plaintiff's cell after Plaintiff drank some orange juice, Pl. Dep. 71:18-22, and
Regardless of whether Sergeant Gamgemi or Sergeant Pote's actions violated any of Plaintiff's constitutional rights, Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence showing that Sergeant Gamgemi and Sergeant Pote acted pursuant to a City policy or custom. As a result, the City cannot be held liable for the isolated actions of either Sergeant Gamgemi and Sergeant Pote.
Accordingly, the Court will grant the City Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to Plaintiff's First Amendment claims against the City.
Plaintiff's official capacity claims against Sergeant Gamgemi, Sergeant Pote, and Chaplain Taylor are the equivalent of claims against the City. See Will, 491 U.S. at 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304 (A suit against an individual in his or her official capacity "is not a suit against the official, but rather a suit against the official's office."); Kentucky, 473 U.S. at 165, 105 S.Ct. 3099 ("Official-capacity suits . . . `generally represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.'") (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690 n. 55, 98 S.Ct. 2018); see also Duffy v. Cnty. of Bucks, 7 F.Supp.2d 569, 578 (E.D.Pa.1998) (noting that claims against county correctional officers in their official capacities were effectively claims against the county). Plaintiff's free exercise claims against Sergeant Gamgemi, Sergeant Pote, and Chaplain Taylor in their official capacity are no different than suits against the City. Will, 491 U.S. at 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304. Analysis here would render the same results as above in which the City does not have liability. Accordingly, the Court will grant the City Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to all claims against defendants in their official capacities. See Kentucky, 473 U.S. at 165, 105 S.Ct. 3099.
The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...." U.S. Const. amend. I. Prisoners have a constitutional right not to be forced to eat foods that violate their religion. See Williams, 343 F.3d at 219; DeHart, 227 F.3d 47, 52 (3d Cir.2000); see, e.g., Norwood v. Strada, 249 Fed.Appx. 269, 271 (3d Cir.2007) ("[C]ases generally indicate that prison administrators must provide an adequate diet without violating an inmate's religious dietary restrictions in order not to unconstitutionally burden free exercise rights."). Likewise, prison administrators may violate an inmate's free exercise rights by forcing them to engage in activities that violate their religion. Williams v. Bitner, 455 F.3d 186, 194 (3d Cir.2006).
In Bitner, the plaintiff was a Muslim prisoner who refused to work as a cook in the prison's kitchen on a day when the prison's kitchen was serving roast pork. Id. at 187-88. According to the plaintiff, his religion prohibits him from consuming or aiding others in the consumption of pork. Id. at 187. As a result of his refusal to prepare pork, the plaintiff was disciplined by prison officials. Id. at 188-89. The plaintiff sued the prison officials that disciplined him for violating rights under the Free Exercise Clause and RLUIPA. Id. at 189. In denying the prison officials motion for summary judgment, the district court held that the plaintiff had offered sufficient evidence to establish violations of the First Amendment and RLUIPA. Id. The Third Circuit affirmed. Id. at 194.
According to Plaintiff, Sergeant Gamgemi violated his free exercise rights by bringing him to the prison's mental health unit in the middle of the night on May 12, 2011. Compl. ¶ 83. Plaintiff has not alleged, or offered evidence of, any other interactions with Sergeant Gamgemi. As such, Plaintiff has failed to show that his religious practice was burdened by any of Sergeant Gamgemi's actions.
Sergeant Pote's actions, however, present a more complex issue. Plaintiff claims that on the morning of May 12, 2011, Sergeant Pote entered his cell with a "regular" breakfast meal that contained "forbidden food." Compl. ¶ 84. According to Plaintiff, Sergeant Pote told Plaintiff to eat breakfast or be brought to the RHU. Id.; Pl.'s Resp. City Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. 7. Sergeant Pote left Plaintiff's cell after Plaintiff drank some orange juice that was on the tray. Compl. ¶ 84. Plaintiff was never brought to the RHU.
Plaintiff claims that Sergeant Pote's threat on the morning of May 12, 2011, deprived him of his free exercise rights. Plaintiff claims that, like the plaintiff in Bitner, Plaintiff was forced to choose between punishment and violating his religious beliefs. Unlike the Plaintiff in Bitner, however, Plaintiff was neither punished nor forced to violate his religious beliefs.
Lastly, Plaintiff claimed that Chaplain Taylor violated Plaintiff's free exercise rights. Plaintiff, however, has presented no evidence showing that Chaplain Taylor was personally involved in failing to serve Plaintiff meals that complied with his religious dietary restrictions. On the contrary, Plaintiff has presented evidence that Chaplain Taylor promptly assisted Plaintiff in obtaining vegetarian meals when the meal service stopped as soon as it was brought to Chaplain Taylor's attention. Pl. Dep. 72:24-74:4.
Accordingly, the Court will grant City Defendants summary judgment with regard to the claims against Chaplain Taylor, Sergeant Gamgemi, and Sergeant Pote in their individual capacities, and each of these claims will be dismissed.
Plaintiff claims that City Defendants violated RLUIPA by failing to serve Plaintiff with vegetarian meals on several occasions. Pl.'s Resp. City Defs.' Mot. Partial Summ. J. 8-9. As a result, Plaintiff argues that he was forced to choose between violating his religious beliefs and not eating. Pl. Dep. 42:10-23; Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 8, Sutton Mem. 104.
A prison's failure to provide meals that comply with inmates' religious dietary restrictions can give rise to constitutional claims. Williams, 343 F.3d at 215-16. As discussed above, in the context of RLUIPA
In the instant matter, the City has delegated the function of providing food to Aramark. The City, however, retained the ultimate authority to determine which inmates are entitled to receive vegetarian or kosher diets and what foods those diets would include. See Pl.'s Resp. City Defendants Mot. Partial Summ. J. 5. On September 21, 2010, the Plaintiff was placed on a vegetarian diet to allow Plaintiff to comply with his Muslim faith. Compl. ¶ 28.
Plaintiff alleges that he was not served his vegetarian meals on several occasions, including the first week in January 2012 and the last week in December 2012. As a result, Plaintiff claims that he was forced into a "Hobson's choice" between eating and violating his religion or going hungry. Pl. Dep. 42:10-23; Pl.'s Resp. Aramark Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 8, Sutton Mem. 104. As explained above, Plaintiff has failed to show that any of these violations stemmed from a policy of official practice of the city. At best, Plaintiff's evidence shows that the occasional lapses were clerical errors and minor oversights which was quickly corrected when brought to the attention of the city, and thus would not be violative of RULIPA. See, e.g., Shidler v. Moore, 409 F.Supp.2d 1060, 1068 (N.D.Ind.2006) (holding prison's clerical error of designating inmate as Christian rather than Muslim, thus preventing him from engaging in communal worship for 39 days, did not violate RULIPA as it was unintentional and corrected when brought to the defendant's attention); see also Alster v. Goord, 745 F.Supp.2d 317, 342 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (occasional oversights in providing meals does not violate RULIPA).
Plaintiff also alleges that Sergeant Pote's demand that Plaintiff eat should trigger liability for the City under RLUIPA. Even if Plaintiff's allegations are true, they do not trigger liability for the City for two reasons. First, Plaintiff does not provide any evidence that Sergeant Pote was acting pursuant to a City policy or official practice. Second, Plaintiff does not show that he actually faced a "hobson's choice," in that his decision to drink the orange juice neither violated his religious beliefs nor resulted in punishment.
Accordingly, the Court will grant the City's Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to Plaintiff's RLUIPA claim against the City, this claim will be dismissed.
Plaintiff's official capacity claims against Sergeant Gamgemi, Sergeant Pote, and Chaplain Taylor are the equivalent of claims against the City. See Will, 491 U.S. at 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304. Analysis here would not change the City's liability as set forth above. Accordingly, the Court will grant the City Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to all claims against defendants in their official capacities. See Kentucky, 473 U.S. at 165, 105 S.Ct. 3099.
As discussed above, defendants cannot be held liable in their individual capacities under RLUIPA. Sharp, 669 F.3d at 153. Accordingly, the Court will grant summary judgment for City Defendants with regard to Plaintiff's RLUIPA claims against all defendants in their individual capacities.
The Court will grant in part and deny in part Aramark Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. The Court will grant summary judgment to all Aramark Defendants as to Plaintiff's First Amendment Claims and Plaintiff's RLUIPA Claims. The Court will grant summary judgment as to Flaherty in his official capacity. The Court will deny Aramark Defendants' summary judgment motion as to the remainder of Plaintiff's equal protection claims against Aramark and against Flaherty in his individual capacity. The Court will also grant the City Defendants' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. All claims against the City Defendants under the First Amendment and RLUIPA are dismissed.
Accordingly, Plaintiff may proceed on his equal protection claims for monetary damages against all City Defendants as they did not move for summary judgment on that issue.
All of Plaintiff's claims for injunctive or declaratory relief are moot and, accordingly, are dismissed.
In sum, Counts III, IV, and V are dismissed.
An appropriate order accompanies this opinion.
(1) Plaintiffs claims for injunctive or declaratory relief are
(2) Aramark Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 59) is
(a) Defendant's Motion is
(b) Defendant's Motion is
(c) Defendant's Motion is
(3) City of Philadelphia's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is
(4) Counts III, IV, and V of the Amended Complaint are
(5) Counts I, II, and VI may proceed to the extent they seek monetary damages under the Equal Protection Clause.
Regrettably, counsel in the present case did not bring this adverse case law to the Court's attention, even to distinguish it. Counsel should review the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct, notably Rule 3.3(a)(2) which states that "[a] lawyer shall not knowingly: fail to disclose to the tribunal legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and not disclosed by opposing counsel."
