McLAUGHLIN, District Judge.
This is a fraud and unjust enrichment case brought by The Travelers Indemnity Company, Travelers Casualty & Surety Company, St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Company, and the Standard Fire Insurance Company (collectively, the plaintiffs, or "Travelers") against Cephalon,
The plaintiffs bring claims against Cephalon for intentional misrepresentation (Count 1), negligent misrepresentation (Count 2), and for violations of the unfair trade and consumer protection laws of multiple states (Count 5). Against all three defendants, the plaintiffs bring a claim for unjust enrichment (Count 3), and seek a mandatory injunction compelling the defendants to advise the prescribers to whom they marketed Actiq and Fentora that the use of the drugs for opioid non-tolerant non-cancer patients is inappropriate and highly dangerous (Count 4).
The defendants now move to dismiss the Amended Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), on the grounds that the plaintiffs have failed to plead the injury or causation necessary to establish standing, and pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), for failure to state any of the remaining claims.
Because the Court finds that the plaintiffs have not pleaded any injury sufficient to establish Article III standing, the Court will grant the motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1). In addition, the Court finds that the plaintiffs have not pleaded their claims for fraud or negligent misrepresentation with the particularity required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), or under the lesser standard of Rule 8. The Court also finds that the plaintiffs have not pleaded ascertainable loss or injury necessary to sustain their state consumer protection claims. Finally, the Court finds that the plaintiffs have not pleaded circumstances which would justify recovery under an unjust enrichment theory, or pleaded the type of injury required to seek relief in the form of a mandatory injunction. Accordingly, the Court will also dismiss all counts in the Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).
Actiq is a powerful painkiller which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") in 1998 for managing breakthrough pain in cancer patients who were already receiving and tolerant to other opioid pain therapies.
Compl. ¶ 43 (emphasis in original).
As part of its approval of Actiq in 1998, the FDA implemented a Risk Management Program ("RPM") which required Cephalon to monitor prescription patterns and report to the appropriate medical professional society any doctors Cephalon identified as having prescribed Actiq inappropriately, if those prescriptions "represent potential off-label usage greater than 15% of total quarterly Actiq prescriptions."
Fentora poses similar dangers for addiction and fatal overdose, and its FDA-approved label includes a very detailed Black Box Warning cautioning, in part, that deaths have occurred "as a result of improper patient selections (e.g.[,] use in opioid non-tolerant patients) and/or improper dosing," that Fentora is indicated only for the management of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant cancer patients, and that Fentora is "contraindicated in the management of acute or postoperative pain including headache/migraine." Compl. ¶ 112.
The plaintiffs allege that, despite these dangers and FDA-imposed restrictions, beginning around October 2000 and continuing to the present, Cephalon aggressively marketed, promoted, and sold both Actiq and Fentora to doctors for off-label use. In particular, Cephalon promoted the drugs to doctors treating injured workers whose medical expenses were paid for by the plaintiffs and other third-party payors ("TPPs") under state workers' compensation laws. The plaintiffs argue that Cephalon targeted these doctors because patients covered by workers' compensation enjoy full prescription reimbursement, and because state laws limit the ability of workers'
The plaintiffs allege that Cephalon sought to increase profits by expanding the use of Actiq and Fentora beyond their FDA-approved indications by aggressively promoting the drugs to non-cancer doctors for the treatment of non-cancer patients. Cephalon's promotion allegedly included promulgating false or misleading marketing and medical education materials, training its sales representatives to downplay the risks of the drugs for off-label use, providing doctors with free samples of or coupons for the drugs, offering doctors various financial benefits (such as paid speaking engagements) as incentives to prescribe the drugs, and reducing the prices of Actiq and Fentora to compete with generic rapid-onset opioids. The plaintiffs assert that this marketing campaign "goes beyond mere off-label promotion of Actiq [and Fentora] and includes untruthful, factually inaccurate, incomplete and/or otherwise misleading promotion of the drug[s], and the promotion of Actiq [and Fentora] for contraindicated uses." Compl. ¶ 80.
The plaintiffs allege that between 2004 and 2011, Travelers and its customers paid at least $15 million for more than 8,400 Actiq prescriptions, submitted by more than 500 workers' compensation claimants, and paid at least $4.5 million for Fentora prescriptions from 2006 to the present. Compl. ¶¶ 97-98, 140. By way of example, the Amended Complaint identifies seven patients to whom Actiq was prescribed for pain related to back and shoulder injuries, and five patients who received prescriptions of Fentora for non-cancer-related pain, between 2006 and 2013. Compl. ¶¶ 99, 129.
The plaintiffs do not allege that they themselves heard or relied on any fraudulent statement or misrepresentation by Cephalon in choosing to pay for Actiq and Fentora. Instead, they allege that Cephalon "targeted" TPPs by directing its off-label promotion scheme at the doctors treating patients/claimants whose expenses would be reimbursed by the plaintiffs. The Amended Complaint identifies five doctors who received some form "payments/benefits" from Cephalon between 2009 and 2012, who also prescribed Fentora to Travelers' workers' compensation claimants. Compl. ¶ 162. The Amended Complaint does not, however, specifically allege that those five doctors were exposed to Cephalon's misleading marketing materials, or relied on any false statement is choosing to prescribe the drugs. The Amended Complaint does not identify any Actiq prescribers who received payments or benefits from Cephalon; however, it does identify one patient who received two Actiq prescriptions in 2006 from a doctor to whom Cephalon allegedly actively promoted the drug through informational "field rides" with sales representatives. Compl. ¶ 94.
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"), 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq., governs the manufacturing and sale of prescription drugs, and provides that a drug cannot be introduced into interstate commerce until it is approved by the FDA for a specific use, or "indication." See In re Schering Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar Consumer Class Action, 678 F.3d 235, 239 (3d Cir.2012) ("Schering III") (citing 21 U.S.C. § 355(a)). The FDA also approves the labeling of the drug, which lists the indications which have been FDA-approved. 21 U.S.C. § 355(b)(1). If the labeling, advertising, or promotion of a drug is "false or misleading in any particular," a drug is considered "misbranded." 21
Where off-label promotion violates the FDCA, it is subject to federal regulatory action by the FDA, or enforcement actions by the Department of Justice, but violations of the FDCA do not create private rights of action.
A federal court must dismiss a complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under the case-or-controversy requirement of Article III of the United States Constitution if the plaintiff lacks standing to bring a claim. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). A plaintiff bears the burden of meeting the "irreducible constitutional minimum" of Article III standing by establishing three elements:
Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (internal citations omitted) (explaining that "particularized" means that the injury must affect the plaintiff in a personal and individual way).
"A motion to dismiss for want of standing is ... properly brought pursuant to [Federal] Rule [of Civil Procedure] 12(b)(1), because standing is a jurisdictional matter." Ballentine v. United States,
"In evaluating whether a complaint adequately pleads the elements of standing, courts apply the standard of reviewing a complaint pursuant to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim...." Schering III, 678 F.3d at 243 (citing Ballentine, 486 F.3d at 810). See also Baldwin v. Univ. of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., 636 F.3d 69, 73 (3d Cir.2011) ("A dismissal for lack of statutory standing is effectively the same as a dismissal for failure to state a claim."). Although Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint contain only "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief" to "give the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests," the plaintiff must nonetheless provide "more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (citations omitted). "Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Id. Naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement will not suffice. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955).
The Third Circuit has outlined a three-step approach to evaluating whether a complaint satisfies this standard:
Schering III, 678 F.3d at 243 (quoting Santiago v. Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 130 (3d Cir.2010)) (alterations omitted).
"A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). "While the plausibility standard does not impose a `probability requirement,' it does demand `more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.'" Schering III, 678 F.3d at 243 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937). The plausibility analysis is "context-specific" and requires a court to draw on "its judicial experience and common sense" to determine if the facts pleaded in the complaint have "nudged" the plaintiff's claims "from conceivable to plausible." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679-80, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
"With respect to 12(b)(1) motions in particular, `[t]he plaintiff must assert facts
The Third Circuit has recognized that the injury-in-fact element of constitutional standing, is often determinative. Schering III, 678 F.3d at 245 (quoting Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of Readington, 555 F.3d 131, 138 (3d Cir.2009)). "`The contours of the injury-in-fact requirement, while not precisely defined, are very generous,' requiring only that [the] claimant `allege [] some specific, `identifiable trifle' of injury.'" Danvers Motor Co., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 432 F.3d 286, 294 (3d Cir.2005) (quoting Bowman v. Wilson, 672 F.2d 1145, 1151 (3d Cir.1982)) (holding that forced expenditures of money and loss of control over business activities are sufficiently concrete forms of injury). Nevertheless, "[a] `legally and judicially cognizable' injury-in-fact must be `distinct and palpable,' not `abstract or conjectural or hypothetical.'" Id. at 291 (quoting Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 819, 117 S.Ct. 2312, 138 L.Ed.2d 849 (1997); Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984)). Accordingly, "`the standing inquiry requires careful judicial examination of a complaint's allegations to ascertain whether the particular plaintiff is entitled to an adjudication of the particular claims asserted.'" Schering III, 678 F.3d at 245 (quoting Allen, 468 U.S. at 752, 104 S.Ct. 3315).
The plaintiffs allege that they suffered economic injury because, absent Cephalon's off-label promotion of Actiq and Fentora, "prescriptions would have issued for alternative drugs which were medically appropriate and less dangerous," and "the medical and prescription drug expenses paid for by Travelers and its customers would have been drastically reduced." Compl. ¶¶ 136-37.
The Amended Complaint suggests two theories of injury: first, that the plaintiffs were injured because they did not get what they paid for (i.e., due to Cephalon's fraudulent off-label promotion, the plaintiffs paid for drugs that were ineffective or unsafe), and second, that the plaintiffs were injured because they paid for more expensive drugs (i.e., but for Cephalon's fraudulent off-label promotion, doctors would have prescribed other less expensive drugs).
As to the first theory, the liberal use of conclusory adjectives such as "ineffective" will not establish standing without factual allegations to show that the plaintiffs themselves were injured by paying for the drugs. For example, the district court in the Schering Plough litigation held that a TPP's complaint did not allege the concrete injury to business or property required to sustain a RICO claim because it did not contain sufficient allegations that the TPP paid for drugs that were actually ineffective or worth less than the price the TPP paid. See Schering III, 678 F.3d at 246 (discussing the district court's holding in In re Schering Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar Consumer Class Action, No. 06-5774, 2010 WL 2346624, at *4 (D.N.J. June 9, 2010) ("Schering II")).
The absence of data or evidence affirmatively proving that a drug is safe and effective in treating a particular condition, without more, does not support the conclusion that the drug is actually ineffective or unsafe for that use. See, e.g., Schering II, 2010 WL 2346624, at *4 (cautioning that a lack of data amounts only to "an alternative way of expressing that the Defendants had violated the FDCA, as the Subject Drugs' effectiveness for a particular use had not been vetted through FDA approval. The same distinction applies to the Named Plaintiffs claims of safety.").
The plaintiffs rely on three First Circuit decisions in the Neurontin Marketing and Sales Practices multi-district litigation for the proposition that lack of data affirmatively proving effectiveness is sufficient to show ineffectiveness.
In In re Neurontin/Kaiser, however, both the jury and the district court had considered the results of numerous double-blind randomized controlled trials and other clinical data indicating that Neurontin was not effective for certain off-label uses, anecdotal accounts of clinical success, regulatory approval in other countries, and expert witnesses and evidence produced by the plaintiffs to show that Neurontin was no more effective than placebo for the off-label uses at issue. The First Circuit held that the totality of the evidence supported the district court's conclusion that the plaintiff had met its burden to show that Neurontin was ineffective. In re Neurontin/Kaiser, 712 F.3d at 32, 47-48.
In this case, by contrast, there are no additional facts alleged in the Amended Complaint supporting the plaintiffs' assertion that Actiq and Fentora were ineffective for Travelers' workers' compensation claimants. The plaintiffs do not allege
The FDA materials do, on the other hand, confirm that both drugs pose substantial risks of severe adverse effects and addiction related to both off-label uses and approved indications. But the plaintiffs do not allege that any Travelers' claimant suffered physical harm as a result of taking Actiq or Fentora, or explain how the mere risk of such harm caused economic injury to the TPPs themselves.
Article III standing requires an invasion of a legally protected interest which is "concrete and particularized" and "actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical." Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130. The fact that a drug poses even a significant possibility of harm does not, by itself, establish injury-in-fact to the party paying for the drug. See, e.g., Rivera v. Wyeth-Ayerst Labs., 283 F.3d 315, 320 (5th Cir.2002) (patients and TPPs who purchased pain medication that caused liver failure in others did not establish injury-in-fact or causation where medication was not ineffective as to them and did not cause them any physical injury).
Nor is the plaintiffs' second theory of injury — that they paid for more expensive drugs — viable on these alleged facts. A plaintiff is not injured simply because it paid for a more expensive drug. If this were so, then any successful marketing campaign — no matter how truthful — that induced a consumer to purchase the more expensive of competing products would cause "economic injury."
In Schering II, for example, the district court explained that the TPP's asserted "overpayment" for drugs based on the existence of cheaper alternatives did not make the subject drugs "inferior or worth less and therefore does not constitute RICO injury." 2010 WL 2346624, at *4.
Accordingly, a plaintiff cannot simply assert that it was induced to purchase a more expensive drug, but must also plead facts to show that the drug was prescribed or purchased in reliance on untrue statements or misrepresentations about the drug's attributes. In other words, a plaintiff must have paid for something of less value than that which was represented by the defendant. In Avandia, Bextra & Celebrex, and Desiano, for example, the defendants promoted their drugs as safer and/or more effective than cheaper competing products, while actively concealing clinical trial data showing that the drugs were less safe or no more effective. There are no similar allegations here.
First, the plaintiffs in this case have alleged no specific facts to support their assertion that, absent Cephalon's off-label marketing campaign, their medical expenses would have been "drastically reduced." The Amended Complaint does not name any equally effective, safer, less expensive drug that doctors might have prescribed in lieu of Actiq or Fentora. In fact, somewhat paradoxically, the plaintiffs complain that Cephalon reduced the price of Actiq and introduced Fentora at a low price in order to compete with equivalent generic drugs and maintain its market share of the rapid-onset opioid market. Compl. ¶ 114.
More importantly, as discussed in further detail below with regard to their misrepresentation claims, the plaintiffs have not identified any demonstrably false statement or material omission by the defendants about the safety or efficacy of Actiq and Fentora. Because the plaintiffs have not pleaded facts sufficient to support the allegation that they received a different, less valuable drug than the one described by the defendants — that is to say,
Even assuming the plaintiffs had Article III standing to pursue their claims, the Amended Complaint must also contain factual allegations sufficient to establish each element of their claims.
Under Connecticut law, a fraud claim is established if "(1) a false representation was made as a statement of fact; (2) the statement was untrue and known to be so by its maker; (3) the statement was made with the intent of inducing reliance thereon; and (4) the other party relied on the statement to his detriment." Weinstein v. Weinstein, 275 Conn. 671, 882 A.2d 53, 63 (2005). An action for negligent misrepresentation under Connecticut law requires the plaintiff to establish "(1) that the defendant made a misrepresentation of fact (2) that the defendant knew or should have known was false, and (3) that the plaintiff reasonably relied on the misrepresentation, and (4) suffered pecuniary harm as a result." Nazami v. Patrons Mut. Ins. Co., 280 Conn. 619, 910 A.2d 209, 213 (2006) (quoting Glazer v. Dress Barn, Inc., 274 Conn. 33, 873 A.2d 929, 954 (2005)).
The defendants argue that, because the plaintiffs' claims are based entirely on allegations that Cephalon deliberately misrepresented the safety and efficacy of the drugs, their claim for negligent misrepresentation "sounds in fraud." Claims sounding in fraud are subject to the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires that a party "state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake," rather than the less stringent requirements of Rule 8(a). See In re Westinghouse Sec. Litig., 90 F.3d 696, 717 (3d Cir.1996) ("[A]lthough fraud is not a necessary element of a [negligence] claim under section 12(2), section 12(2) claims that do sound in fraud must be pled with particularity."). The Court agrees. The plaintiffs do not allege that Cephalon inadvertently misrepresented Actiq and Fentora as safe and effective for off-label use; instead, throughout the Amended Complaint,
To satisfy Rule 9(b), the plaintiff must "plead or allege the date, time and place of the alleged fraud or 26 otherwise inject precision or some measure of substantiation into a fraud allegation." Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 200 (3d Cir.2007). The allegations also must include "who made a misrepresentation to whom and the general content of the misrepresentation." Lum v. Bank of Am., 361 F.3d 217, 224 (3d Cir.2004).
The plaintiffs contend that they have injected sufficient precision into their fraud allegations by alleging that the fraudulent statements were made by Cephalon's sales representatives, throughout the United States, from October 2000 to the present. But allegations that at some point in the last thirteen years unidentified members of the defendants' sales team made unspecified false statements or misrepresentations about Actiq or Fentora to unidentified doctors somewhere in the United States are insufficient under even a generous construction of Rule 9(b).
Moreover, despite the liberal use of the words "fraudulent," "deceptive," and "misleading" in describing the defendants' marketing efforts, the Amended Complaint fails to identify a single false statement, misrepresentation, or deliberate material omission by the defendants. The gist of the plaintiffs' argument, as articulated at the March 14, 2014 hearing on this motion, appears to be that, because Actiq and Fentora have not been proven safe or effective for any off-label use, any off-label promotion is, ipso facto, "fraudulent." Hr'g Tr. 33, 35.
The Amended Complaint also expounds on Cephalon's statements to investors regarding its plans to promote Fentora to certain physicians, to reduce the prices of Actiq and Fentora to maintain market share, to focus on "positive messages around Fentora" in response to the FDA's Healthcare Advisory Warnings in 2007, to study off-label uses of Fentora, and to seek expanded FDA approval based on positive trial results for off-label use by opioid-tolerant patients with chronic back pain. Compl. ¶¶ 114-128. Although these statements reflect Cephalon's desire to expand off-label use of Fentora, they do not convey any false or deceptive information.
With regard to the plaintiffs' allegation that the defendants' marketing omitted or negated unfavorable information about the drugs, the Amended Complaint does not plead any particularized facts. The contraindication warnings are prominent in
Implicit in the plaintiffs' argument is the suggestion that Cephalon must have misrepresented the safety or efficacy of the drugs, or doctors would not have prescribed them for off-label use. But the limited factual allegations in the Amended Complaint do not support this conclusion, and the mere possibility that such misrepresentation occurred is insufficient to state a claim for fraud. See, e.g., In re Actimmune Mktg. Litig., No. C 08-02376, 2009 WL 3740648, at *11 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 6, 2009) ("Actimmune II") ("[A] claim that an individual was `likely' exposed to fraudulent conduct and `likely' relied upon that conduct to their detriment cannot satisfy Rule 9(b).").
Recently, addressing a TPP's RICO claims against Cephalon based on its off-label promotion of Fentora, Judge Bartle cautioned that, even if Cephalon's corporate culture was shown to be "contemptuous of the FDA rules on marketing and promotion," a court does not have license to interpret the company's actions as fraudulent when the plaintiff has not met the pleading mandate of Rule 9(b). Carpenters Welfare Fund, 2014 WL 2115498, at *7. Reiterating that it is not illegal for physicians to prescribe Fentora for off-label use, Judge Bartle held that, "[u]nder the circumstances, it is simply insufficient to allege off-label promotion ... without describing the `who, what, when, where and how' of any scheme to defraud as that term is defined by federal law, or without providing the necessary precision or substantiation that would otherwise excuse a failure to plead the date, place, or time of the alleged fraud." Id. at *7 (citing In re Rockefeller Ctr. Props., Inc. Sec. Litig., 311 F.3d 198, 217 (3d Cir.2002); Lum, 361 F.3d at 224). The Court agrees.
Here, the facts pleaded by the plaintiffs show no more than Cephalon's off-label promotion of Actiq and Fentora, which does not by itself state a claim for fraud or misrepresentation. These allegations do not satisfy the less exacting pleading requirements of Rule 8(a), much less the heightened standard of Rule 9(b).
Without detailing the elements of any state's consumer protection statute, the plaintiffs allege that Cephalon's off-33 label marketing of Actiq and Fentora to "consumers or the general public" constituted
Travelers is located in Connecticut, and the defendants concede that the plaintiffs have standing under Connecticut's consumer protection law, but challenge their standing to assert claims under any state law. Relying on this Court's Wellbutrin decision, the plaintiffs assert that they have standing to sue under the consumer protection laws of any state in which Travelers' insureds are located.
Connecticut's Unfair Trade Practices Act ("CUTPA"), Conn. Gen.Stat. Ann. §§ 42-110a et seq., provides a private cause of action to "[a]ny person who suffers any ascertainable loss of money or property, real or personal, as a result of the use or employment of a [prohibited] method, act or practice." Nazami, 910 A.2d at 213 (quoting Fink v. Golenbock, 238 Conn. 183, 680 A.2d 1243, 1259 (1996); Conn. Gen.Stat. Ann. § 42-110g(a)) (quotation marks omitted).
The plaintiffs point out that many state consumer protection statutes, including Connecticut's, prohibit not only fraudulent or deceptive acts, but also sales practices that are "unfair" or against public policy. Moreover, many do not require first-party reliance on the alleged misrepresentation to establish causation, and do not require a plaintiff to plead with the particularity required by Rule 9(b). Nevertheless, state consumer protection statutes do require that a plaintiff have suffered an ascertainable loss or injury as a result of a defendant's alleged wrongdoing.
Under Connecticut law, "`[p]laintiffs seeking recovery for unjust enrichment must prove (1) that the defendants were benefited, (2) that the defendants unjustly did not pay the plaintiffs for the benefits, and (3) that the failure of payment was to the plaintiffs' detriment.... The question is: Did [the party liable], to the detriment of someone else, obtain something of value to which [the party liable] was not entitled?'" Schirmer v. Souza, 126 Conn.App. 759, 12 A.3d 1048, 1052 (2011) (quoting New Hartford v. Conn. Resources Recovery Auth., 291 Conn. 433, 970 A.2d 592, 609-10 (2009)).
The defendants argue that, having failed to state a claim for fraud or misrepresentation, the plaintiffs have not established how it would be unjust or inequitable for the defendants to retain the money paid for off-label Actiq and Fentora prescriptions. See Steamfitters Local Union No. 420 Welfare Fund v. Philip Morris, Inc., 171 F.3d 912, 936-37 (3d Cir.1999). The defendants also argue that the unjust enrichment claim fails because Actiq and Fentora were, in fact, effective in relieving pain, and did not cause injury to their members. In other words, the plaintiffs received the benefit of their bargain, and the defendants were not unjustly enriched in retaining payment for the drugs. See Avandia II, 2013 WL 5761202, at *11. The plaintiffs contend that, even if they received some value for their money, the benefit conferred on the defendants stemmed from their wrongdoing, and it is therefore unjust to allow them to retain it. See In re K-Dur Antitrust Litig., 338 F.Supp.2d 517, 545 (D.N.J.2004) (holding that plaintiffs' receipt of medicine of some value did not bar an unjust enrichment claim).
Here, the Court has found that the plaintiffs have failed to plead either cognizable injury to themselves or fraudulent conduct by the defendants. In light of these pleading deficiencies, the plaintiffs have not established circumstances under which "the party liable, to the detriment of someone else, obtain[ed] something of value to which the party liable was not entitled," Schirmer, 12 A.3d at 1052 (internal punctuation omitted). The plaintiffs' claim for unjust enrichment is therefore dismissed.
In addition to their claims for damages resulting from fraud and negligent misrepresentation, the plaintiffs seek a mandatory injunction requiring Cephalon to take steps to correct any misunderstanding prescribing doctors may have about the safety or efficacy of Actiq and Fentora for off-label use.
The defendants argue that this claim must be dismissed because an injunction is a form of relief, rather than a separate cause of action. Although the plaintiffs assert several times in their Opposition memorandum that their allegations are sufficient to support their claim for injunctive relief, they do not address until their Sur-reply memorandum whether a request for injunction is a viable free-standing claim. Therefore, the defendants contend, the plaintiffs have waived their objection to that argument.
Even assuming the plaintiffs have not waived this argument, and assuming that the governing state law recognizes such a claim as a separate cause of action, a party seeking an injunction under Connecticut law "has the burden of alleging and proving irreparable harm and lack of an adequate remedy at law." Johnson v. Statewide Grievance Comm., 248 Conn. 87, 726 A.2d 1154, 1164 (1999) (quotation and emphasis omitted). Because the plaintiffs have failed to allege facts to support the conclusion that they have suffered or may imminently suffer any irreparable injury as a result of the defendants' conduct, their fourth cause of action is dismissed.
Finally, the plaintiffs seek to hold Teva USA and Teva Ltd. liable because these companies' websites state that Actiq and Fentora are two of the companies' global brands, and the companies have benefitted from the increased sales of the two drugs. Compl. ¶¶ 148-55. Based on these facts alone, the plaintiffs assert that Teva USA and Teva Ltd. must be aware of Cephalon's fraudulent off-label promotion, have failed to correct it, and have benefitted as a result of the alleged wrongdoing. But a parent company is not liable for the actions of its subsidiaries unless the parent company itself has engaged in wrongdoing, or exercises control over the subsidiary entity. In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d 300, 341 n. 44 (3d Cir.2010) (citing 1 William Meade Fletcher, Cyclopedia of Law of Private Corporations § 33, at 89 (perm. ed. rev.vol.2006)). The fact that Teva USA and Teva Ltd. may have profited from sales of Actiq and Fentora is simply insufficient to establish either control of Cephalon's activities or actual wrongdoing by these corporate entities.
For the reasons explained above, the motion to dismiss is granted.
An appropriate Order shall issue.
AND NOW, this 14th day of July, 2014, upon consideration of the defendants' Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 39), and the opposition, reply, sur-reply, and supplemental briefing thereto, and following oral argument held on March 14, 2014, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, for the reasons stated in a memorandum of law bearing today's date, that the defendants' motion is GRANTED, and the Amended Complaint is DISMISSED.
The defendants concede that Travelers may have standing under the laws of Connecticut, where Travelers is incorporated, has its principal place of business, and presumably issued reimbursement payments. Travelers, in its opposition briefing, appears to assert that it has standing to bring any of its claims under the laws of thirty-seven different states in which it has claimants, because the alleged wrongdoing took place "throughout the United States." But Travelers has not pleaded facts connecting its alleged economic injuries to a particular state. Accordingly, the Court will look to Connecticut law in considering these claims.
Ultimately, however, this dispute is immaterial to Counts I-IV because the Court finds that the plaintiffs have failed to plead fraud with particularity, and have failed to plead the cognizable injury required to establish these claims in any state. See, e.g., Hunt v. U.S. Tobacco Co., 538 F.3d 217, 225 n. 13 (3d Cir.2008) (quoting Colaizzi v. Beck, 895 A.2d 36, 39 (Pa.Super.Ct.2006)) (noting that a fraud claim under Pennsylvania law requires plaintiff to show: "`(1) misrepresentation of a material fact; (2) scienter; (3) intention by the declarant to induce action; (4) justifiable reliance by the party defrauded upon the misrepresentation; and (5) damage to the party defrauded as a proximate result'").
