DECISION

J. CURTIS JOYNER, District Judge.

These competing civil ERISA actions were tried non-jury before the undersigned over a total of eight days from April 9-13, 2018 and April 30 —May 2, 2018. The parties have since filed their proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law and supplemental post-trial briefing and the matter is now ripe for adjudication by the Court. Accordingly, we hereby make the following:

FINDINGS OF FACT

1. Thomas A. Panzarella, Sr. is an adult individual presently residing at 413 99th Street, Stone Harbor, NJ 08247.

2. Cook Technologies, Inc. was incorporated in 1946 in Pennsylvania and remains a Pennsylvania corporation with a principal place of business located at 1 North Second Street, Green Lane, Pennsylvania 18054. (P-26, p. 6).

3. Cook Technologies, Inc. ("Cook" or "Cook Technologies") is the plan administrator and plan sponsor of the Cook Technologies, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("Cook ESOP"). Cook Technologies, Inc. is also now the Trustee of the Cook ESOP. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 177-178).

4. The Cook ESOP was created in 1974 and is an employee pension benefit plan within the meaning of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. §1002(d) ("ERISA"). (P-26, p. 6; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 181-182).

5. Michael Finnegan, Gordon Kulp and Robert Ziegler are adult individuals presently residing in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and are directors of Cook Technologies, Inc. Immediately prior to Cook Technologies becoming Plan Trustee, Messrs. Finnegan, Kulp and Ziegler were the Trustees and fiduciaries of the Cook ESOP and the Cook ESOP Trust. (N.T. 4/10/18, p. 178). Prior to that and in February —May, 2012, Mr. Ziegler, Mr. Panzarella and Mr. Finnegan were Trustees and fiduciaries of the Cook ESOP and the Cook ESOP Trust. (Exhibit P-2).

6. Cook Technologies, Inc. ("Cook") provides engineering, consulting and design services for sample prototypes and manufactures parts, subassemblies and complete metal-based products according to its customers' specifications. Among its most frequently-produced products are computer and copier trays, steel cabinets, chair frames, automotive stampings and items used in the health care industry. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 174-177; P-26, p.6).

7. Michael Finnegan, Gordon Kulp and Robert Ziegler are all long-term employees of Cook Technologies. Mr. Kulp has worked for Cook Technologies for some 34 years, starting as a punch press operator, working his way up to welder and into the prototype and tool rooms and eventually becoming the maintenance director and overseeing a division of Cook —Lehigh Valley Mobility.1 Mr. Finnegan began working for Cook Technologies in February 1978, after having completed a four-year night school and apprenticeship program in Tool and Die and working for General Electric for twelve years. He was first employed as a tool and die maker at Cook, and gradually moved into other positions doing quoting/pricing, managing/supervising the tool room and becoming the company estimator. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 3-11; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 3-13). Mr. Ziegler has been employed at Cook for nearly 37 years, beginning as a machine operator and later working as a materials handler, overseeing the receiving department, and in quality control. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 43-46).

8. Thomas Panzarella, Sr. began working at Cook in September, 1975. (N.T. 4/12/18, p. 140; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 172). Prior to that time, Mr. Panzarella had worked at General Electric for some ten years, having entered GE's Tool and Die Apprenticeship program in 1965 shortly after his high school graduation. While working for GE, Mr. Panzarella also attended night school at Spring Garden College, Temple University and St. Joseph University and eventually earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from St. Joseph's University in 1972 and a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Spring Garden College in 1973. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 127-132, 140; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 173). His position at General Electric at the time that he left its employment was that of an Engineer. (N.T. 4/12/18, p. 136; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 173).

9. Mr. Panzarella started working at Cook as the Plant Manager under the direction of Donald and Charles Cook, the company's President and Vice President, respectively. At that time, the company had no proprietary products of its own, but rather did primarily metal fabrication, stamping and welding work to order and based upon whatever specifications a particular customer gave it. In 1975, Cook was a small company doing approximately $1 million annually in business and employing only about 15 people. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 144-145; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 174, 178-181).

10. Thomas Panzarella's hiring in 1975 was part of a succession plan on the part of the company's then-owners, Donald and Charles Cook, who were specifically seeking someone who could move the company forward by introducing more modern technology and increasing sales and who would keep the company going as an employee-owned business that was empathetic to those within the organization who had lesser education. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 146-150; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 175-176). At the time Mr. Panzarella began working at Cook, the majority of the company was owned by its Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP"). (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 181). As part of the succession plan, Mr. Panzarella was asked to put some money into the business and he therefore individually purchased shares of Cook stock outside of the ESOP, eventually acquiring an approximately 9% interest in the Company. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 175-176).

11. Mr. Panzarella became the Vice President of Cook in 1979 and was made President in 1981, when Charles Cook left the business. Francis Undorfer became Cook's Vice President at or around that time, likewise personally acquiring some shares of Cook's stock "outside" of the ESOP. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 43-45; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 175-176). Mr. Panzarella remained Cook's President until he retired in June, 2012. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 158-159, 173). Mr. Undorfer retired a few years before Mr. Panzarella, in or around 2006. (N.T. 4/30/18, p. 48; P-83). As of Mr. Undorfer's retirement, he and Mr. Panzarella were the only shareholders who held stock outside of the Cook ESOP. (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 176).

12. Between the late 1980's and late 1990's, Cook Technologies had as many as 150 employees and Mr. Panzarella's annual salary was upwards of $200,000, plus a company-paid car and expense account. Like any manufacturing business, Cook did not have straight-line growth, but rather experienced ups and downs in its business and revenues depending upon what jobs would come in or were available to be bid on. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 19-21, 153-158).

13. In the early 2000s, Cook Technologies was producing certain products for a company called Electric Mobility, which was targeted to serving the mobility impaired/physically challenged consumer. (N.T. 4/13/18, p. 73; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 67-68; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 238-239). As part of this, Thomas Panzarella helped develop a winch-mounted lift and some related devices which Cook produced and rigorously tested. Electric Mobility, however, was engaging in direct sales to primarily elderly consumers. Inasmuch as Cook had done the design work and testing and had much of the infrastructure for production in place, it began to produce and sell some of these products to dealers on its own under the fictitious name of "Freedom Lift." (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 72-73; 4/30/18, pp. 68-69; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 238-244).

14. At the National Mobility Equipment Dealers Association Conference in 2003 or 2004, Thomas Panzarella came up with an idea for what later came to be known as the Automated Transfer and Retrieval System or "ATRS." (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 74-75; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 139-140, 242).2 Enlisting the help of Mr. Panzarella's son, Thomas Panzarella, Jr., to assist with writing software codes and overseeing the development of the technology and using an economic development grant, a prototype of this idea was manufactured at Cook Technologies and subsequently demonstrated to professors from Lehigh University, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh. (N.T. 4/13/18, p. 74, 77; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 129-130, 141-142, 243-245).

15. To further develop the ATRS concept and to qualify for grant monies, Freedom Sciences, LLC was formed in or around July 2005 as a separate entity. Cook Technologies had an exclusive manufacturing agreement with Freedom Sciences to produce anything that Freedom Sciences developed. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 74-75; 5/1/18, pp. 129-130, 132-135; 5/2/18, pp. 4-5)). Thomas Panzarella became the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") of Freedom Sciences; concurrently he was and remained the CEO and President of Cook Technologies. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 89-91, 129-130, 133).

16. Although Cook Technologies in effect "incubated" Freedom Sciences insofar as it was Cook's location in Green Lane, Pennsylvania where many of the development team3 meetings and some development work was performed and where the prototype was manufactured, most of the funding for the early stages of ATRS' development was provided through state and federal small business research and development grants. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 132-136, 141-144, 149, 245-246). In addition, throughout the initial development stages, a number of Cook employees collaborated with the development team of Freedom Sciences including Todd Bick, Bob Smith, Mike Kachalla, Gordon Kulp, Bob Ziegler, Scott Schiery, Mike Martin and Dan Zangrilli. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 145-146).

17. Subsequently, Freedom Sciences began seeking private investors and through the Panzarellas' various presentations at venture fairs, trade shows and other venues, they eventually secured approximately a dozen outside investors for Freedom Sciences. (N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 165-167; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 77-85, 92-93; 5/1/18, pp. 134-137). In or around February, 2006, Freedom Sciences secured office space at the Navy Yard in South Philadelphia. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 68-70; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 145).

18. Cook Technologies was the majority shareholder of Freedom Sciences, at first owning approximately 32-34% and eventually owning about 65%. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 75-76, 97). Other shareholders included Thomas Panzarella (CEO) and Tom Panzarella, Jr. (Chief Technology Officer), Ira Hoffman, a friend of Tom Panzarella, Jr.'s from graduate school who assisted with developing the software for the robotics, Coby Johnson, an attorney with Cozen O'Connor, who became the operations manager and assisted with procuring additional investors, and a number of private investors such as Michelle and John Cunningham, who contributed some $500,000. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 76-85, 90; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 136-137; N.T. 5/2/18, p. 6; P-31, Exhibit "A"; P-62).

19. Cook Technologies' investment in Freedom Sciences occurred largely through in-kind, non-cash contributions, the assumption of debt in the amount of $3.685 million and the purchase by Freedom Sciences of certain property and equipment, inventory and intangible assets with a value of $552,000 for $5.5 million from Cook Technologies. (N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 138-148, 167-170, 177-179; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 87-89; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 147-150; N.T. 5/2/18, pp. 8-10; P-41; Panzarella Exhibit 86, pp. 16-17).

20. In or around 2006, Thomas Panzarella began thinking about his eventual retirement. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 193-194). To that end, he undertook the first of several attempts at succession planning by hiring Mike Kachalla, a global purchasing expert with an engineering degree who was also intended to replace Mr. Undorfer, the then soon-to-be-retiring Vice President.4 (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 194). At the time of Mr. Kachalla's hire, Mr. Panzarella did not believe that any of the other people who were then working at Cook Technologies had the skill sets to succeed him. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 194-195). Although Mr. Kachalla worked at Cook for several years, he left Cook's employ without succeeding Mr. Panzarella as the Company's President/CEO. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 194-195).

21. At or around the same time that Mr. Kachalla was hired in 2006, Thomas Panzarella formed a "semi-formal management team" consisting of Mr. Ziegler, Mr. Kulp, and Mr. Undorfer, as well as Nancy Henry, Cook's controller and Scott Shiery, a Cook engineer. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 13-17, 23-24, 184-185; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 49-52; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 195-196). Initially, the team met on an as-needed basis and there also were scheduled quarterly meetings. The roles of the management team members at this time did not involve making any decisions with respect to the management of the company, but the goal was largely to talk, exchange information and understand what they were trying to accomplish as a company. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 52-57, 64-65; 5/1/18, pp. 195-196). The meetings became more formal in 2007-08 when minutes began to be kept and, in conjunction with review of the quarterly financial reports, discussions about sales prospects, and potential equipment and personnel needs took place. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 115-119; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 196-197).

22. In the course of collaboratively working with the design group of Advent Design Corporation, Thomas Panzarella met Bill Chesterson and Tom Lawton, that company's principals with whom he began discussing his desire to retire. Mr. Panzarella envisioned that the two principals of Advent would become the principals of Cook with the Cook management team underneath them. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 110-111; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 197-198). Subsequently, on June 1, 2010, Cook merged with Advent Design Corporation to become Advent-Cook Technologies, Inc. (Exhibit P-85, p. 18). Advent was also a contract manufacturer with diversified but different products than Cook's as well as a designer and producer of automation equipment for electric companies, among others. For reasons which are not apparent on this record, the merger was unsuccessful and the companies effectively de-merged on April 6, 2011, resulting in a loss to Cook in the amount of $572,000. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 104-105; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 109-113; 4/30/18, pp. 57-60; Exhibit P-26, p. 9; Exhibit P-85, p. 18).

23. In conjunction with the unwinding of the merger between Cook Technologies and Advent Design, Cook incurred a significant amount of attorneys' fees. While it is unclear whether Thomas Panzarella promised to pay these attorneys' fees on the company's behalf or advance the company the funds to pay them, it is clear that in August 2011, the Cook ESOP Trustees approved the reimbursement to Panzarella of $25,000, approximately one-half of the funds which he had paid on Cook's behalf to counsel. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 42-45, 225-226; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 83-84, Exhibits P-110, Panzarella-33). Subsequently, in conducting her annual audit of the Cook ESOP, Regina O'Keefe, the Company's outside accountant, raised concerns about the propriety of this reimbursement and James Steiker, the attorney for the ESOP, agreed that it may have been a prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code. Steiker and O'Keefe advised Mr. Panzarella to reimburse the $25,000 to the ESOP and he promptly did so. (N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 205-208; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 225-228; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 17-25, 83-84; Exhibit Panzarella-33).

24. Between 2006 and 2010, Freedom Sciences moved from development of the ATRS concept and raising capital into production of finished products in conjunction with Cook Technologies as its exclusive manufacturer. Freedom Sciences had its own salespeople with Todd Bick as its national sales manager. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 97-98). Between 2007 and 2010, Freedom Sciences' sales/gross receipts went from $476,464 to $5,894,444 reflecting high acceptance of Freedom Sciences' durable medical equipment products all over the United States as well as some sales in the United Kingdom. (4/11/18, pp. 149-152; 5/2/18, pp. 16-17; Exhibit Panzarella 138, p. 10). In 2009 and 2010, more than 50% of Cook Technologies' sales were to Freedom Sciences. (N.T. 5/2/18, pp. 18-19; Panzarella Exhibit 88, p. 4).

25. On December 28, 2010, Freedom Sciences sold virtually all of its assets, technology and intellectual property to Harmar Mobility Corporation, a global company in the mobility industry which sold items such as stair lifts, automotive wheelchair lifts, in-home elevators and the like for approximately $5 million. (N.T. 4/11/18, p. 148; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 238-239; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 135-137). It was believed that the sale would be beneficial insofar as Harmar had a vast, global sales network and more financial backing but didn't have much on the manufacturing side. If Freedom Sciences were to continue to compete with Harmar and grow its sales, it would require a lot more investment and money than it had. And because Harmar's manufacturing capability was limited, it was amenable to giving Cook a continuing agreement for manufacturing the products. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 238-240; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 140-141; N.T. 5/2/18, pp. 20-23).

26. At the time of its sale to Harmar, Freedom Sciences' then-shareholders had the following ownership interests:

Based upon these ownership interests and after the payment of certain un-enumerated expenses, Advent-Cook Technologies received roughly $2,539,697 from the sale of Freedom Sciences. Thomas Panzarella, Sr. received $583,346, Thomas Panzarella, Jr. received $388,897, John and Michelle Cunningham received $217,313, Arnold Bradburd received $160,132, Steven Hernandez and Anthony Grimaldi each received $9,722, Gary and Mary Staadt received $48,036, Thomas Story received $24,018 and Keven Crawford received $2,402. (N.T. 4/11/18, p. 101; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 137-138; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 158-160; P-31; P-38; P-62).

27. Additionally as part of the sale of Freedom Sciences, Cook Technologies and Harmar entered into manufacturing agreements pursuant to which Cook would do the production of the lifting products for two years and the seats for three years. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 135, 141; N.T. 5/2/18, p. 23). Unfortunately, over the course of the next several years, these manufacturing contracts did not provide Cook with the production work or the revenues it had anticipated as Harmar did not, for one reason or another, utilize Cook for all of its manufacturing requirements. (N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 135-136; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 66-67; N.T. 5/2/18, p. 25; N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 76-82; Exhibit P-4).

28. After the merger with Advent failed in 2011, Thomas Panzarella proposed that the members of the Cook management team — Nancy Henry, Scott Shiery, Gordon Kulp and Robert Ziegler succeed him in running the company. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 24-25; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 105-108; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 107-109; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 94-95; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 199). Because he wanted his successors to have some "skin in the game," as he had done when he joined the Company, Panzarella proposed that each of the four purchase the shares which Panzarella owned outside of the Cook ESOP for a total of $100,000 each. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 23-25, 184-186; N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 232-233; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 207-209; N.T. 4/13/18, pp. 113-116; N.T. 4/30/18, p. 95; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 200-201).

29. Following the sale of Freedom Sciences and the unwinding of the merger with Advent Design in 2011 and into 2012, Cook Technologies struggled financially, was losing money and was frequently in need of cash to meet its payroll and pay its vendors and other expenses. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 68-70; N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 215-218, 235-236; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 218, 223, 246-247; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 85-87; Exhibit P-3). As Board members and members of the management team, both Mr. Ziegler and Mr. Kulp were aware of Cook's financial condition. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 160-165, 183-190; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 4/30/18, pp. 47-50).

30. Neither Ms. Henry nor Mr. Shiery were interested in purchasing stock in the company. Mr. Kulp and Mr. Ziegler were interested but felt that they could not afford to pay $100,000 each. It was eventually agreed that Mr. Kulp and Mr. Ziegler would each purchase $50,000 worth of stock but that the stock which they would purchase would be "treasury stock," in lieu of purchasing any of Mr. Panzarella's outside-the-plan shares. This enabled Cook Technologies to receive an infusion of $100,000 into its operating account to help it pay its operating costs and outstanding bills. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 24-34, 186-188; N.T. 4/11/18, 209-210, 213-216, 229; 4/30/18, pp. 95-100; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 200-202, 216-217; P-6).

31. On October 24, 2011, Cook Technologies received the valuation for its company stock as of December 31, 2010 from Jeffrey Nelson and Wharton Valuation Associates, Inc., who had been preparing Cook Technologies' valuations since 2006. (N.T. 4/30/18, p. 219; Exhibit P-13). As of December 31, 2010, the stock was determined to be worth $104.08 per share. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 44-47). Because Cook was in the process of changing its year-end reporting from a September 30 —September 30 fiscal year to a calendar year in 2010, some three days prior, on October 21, 2011, Mr. Nelson had submitted a valuation for the company stock as of September 30, 2010 determining it to have a then-value of $89.89 per share. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 141-142, 210-211, 226; Exhibit Panzarella-94).

32. Because there is little to no information generally available on non-public companies and because of the length of time it took to amass the financial information and data required for the preparation of the annual stock valuations and for Cook to submit that information to Mr. Nelson, it typically took close to a year to obtain a valuation of Cook's stock for the preceding year. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 214-217, 228-231; Panzarella Exhibits 93-100). Consequently as of March, 2012, Mr. Nelson had yet to prepare his annual valuation of Cook's stock for the year ended 2011 (the 2011 valuation was not completed until September 28, 2012), and the last known value at that time was $104.08 per share. (N.T. 4/30/18, p. 235; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 45-46).

33. Thomas Panzarella individually owned some 6,795 shares of Cook stock outside of the ESOP. (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 201). Initially in November 2011, Panzarella, Kulp and Ziegler after consultation with Nancy Henry and Cook's outside accountants, Regina O'Keefe and Alan Wecht of Gable, Peritz, Mishkin LLP, sought to transact a total of 1,114 shares (557 shares each to Kulp and Ziegler) for the discounted sale price of $89.89 per share (i.e., the September 30, 2010 value). (Exhibit Panzarella-22). However, since the most current available valuation of the stock was $104.08 as of December 2010, O'Keefe and Wecht advised that Kulp and Ziegler would have to recognize deemed compensation in the amount of $7,903.83 each, which would be subject to all applicable payroll taxes. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 34-36; N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 211-213, 225-226; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 142-143; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 43-47, 209-210; P-6; P-80; Panzarella-24; Panzarella-25). In the end, Cook Technologies paid bonuses to Messrs. Kulp and Ziegler in the amount of the difference between the $89.89 desired stock price and the valuation price of $104.08. (N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 237-238; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 207, 214-215; P-80). They formally acquired some 480 Treasury shares each in mid-February, 2012 for $104.08 per share or $49,958 each, notwithstanding that that price was unlikely to be the stock's actual fair market value as of the date of their purchase. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 40-41; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 97-100, 234; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 220, 223).

34. On December 21, 1990, Thomas Panzarella had entered into a "Redemption Agreement" with Cook pursuant to which the Company was required to buy and Panzarella was required to sell all of his individually owned stock in the company in the event his employment terminated in any way, including retirement. To fund this purchase, Cook took out a $3 million insurance policy on Panzarella's life. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 148-149, 200-201; Exhibit Panzarella-9). This redemption agreement was subsequently modified on August 8, 1991 such that it was agreed that a life insurance policy then owned by the company in the amount of $1.5 million on Mr. Panzarella's life was sufficient. (Exhibit Panzarella-9). The $1.5 million life insurance policy was to enable the company to purchase Mr. Panzarella's shares in the event of his death. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 200-201). At some unknown time and for some unknown reason, the ownership of that insurance policy was transferred from the Company to the ESOP. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 173-177, 198-200; Exhibit P-5; Exhibit Panzarella-21).

35. The redemption agreement as modified remained in effect until February 14, 2012 when a Stockholder Agreement of that same date between Panzarella, Kulp, Ziegler and the Company was executed. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 199-205; Exhibits Panzarella 10, Panzarella 21, Panzarella 27). Under this Stockholder Agreement, upon the termination of employment of any of the three parties thereto, that employee's stock was to be deemed to have been offered for sale exclusively to the Company and the Company had the option to purchase all but not less than all of the offered stock within sixty days. Should the Company elect not to purchase the offered stock, the employee was free to make any "Voluntary Lifetime Transfer" to an outside individual(s) provided that notice of the identity, address, and business or occupation of that outside offeree be disclosed to the Company and the Company would again have sixty days within which to elect to buy all of the offered stock. Should the Company again elect to not exercise its option to buy, the Lifetime Transfer could be consummated. (Exhibit Panzarella-10; N.T. 4/30/18, 136-139, 148-149, 202).

36. When Fran Undorfer retired in 2006, he sold his outside-the-plan shares in Cook Technologies to the ESOP. At that time, the ESOP trustees decided to buy Undorfer's stock instead of the Company redeeming it at the time of his retirement. Unlike Mr. Panzarella, however, Mr. Undorfer did not have a Redemption Agreement. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 202-203; Exhibit Panzarella-26).

37. During the discussions concerning the purchase by Messrs. Kulp and Ziegler of treasury stock in lieu of purchasing stock directly from him, Mr. Panzarella asked Cook's corporate counsel, William Watts, Esquire, whether he was correct that he could exercise the "put" option in his employment agreement to "put" 960 shares or $100,000 worth of his outside stock into the ESOP. In that manner, the ESOP would purchase some of his outside shares, just as it done with Fran Undorfer. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 201-202; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 215-216; Exhibit Panzarella-26). Mr. Watts responded that Mr. Panzarella's employment agreement had long since expired and, in any event, there was no "put" option in the agreement. However, he confirmed that, subject to running the idea by James Steiker, the ESOP's counsel, the ESOP trustees could exercise their discretion and elect to buy Panzarella's shares. "Otherwise, under the Stockholders Agreement, when [Panzarella] retires, [he] is required to sell and the company is required to purchase [his] outside shares." (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 203-205; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 217-218; Exhibit Panzarella-26).

38. On February 14, 2012, Mr. Panzarella spoke with Mr. Steiker and asked if there were any restrictions or any type of "prohibitive" transaction under the Cook ESOP or ERISA regulations pertaining to him selling approximately 1,000 of his outside-the-plan shares to the ESOP. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 208-209; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 208-209; Exhibit P-56; Exhibit Panzarella-29). In an email to Mr. Watts on which he copied Regina O'Keefe and Nancy Henry, Mr. Panzarella related that Mr. Steiker had advised him "that the only rules that had to be followed were that the shares must be sold at the value known at the time of the transaction ($104.08 per share) and that the Trustee(s) of the Plan must agree to the transaction." (N.T. 4/30/18, p. 209; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 222-224; Exhibit P-56; Exhibit Panzarella-29). Regina O'Keefe did not respond to this email and she doesn't remember when she first saw it. (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 30).

39. Between March and May of 2012 and pursuant to a "Unanimous Consent of Trustees In Lieu of Special Meeting" of the Cook Technologies Employee Stock Ownership Plan, Thomas Panzarella sold a total of 3,000 shares of his individually-owned stock to the Cook ESOP in 1,000 share increments at $104.08 per share for a total price of $312,240.00. This Unanimous Consent was executed by the three then-Trustees of the Cook ESOP on March 1, 2012: Thomas Panzarella, Michael Finnegan and Robert Ziegler. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 64-66; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 47-51, 242-248; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 100-102; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 225; Exhibit P-2; Exhibit P-282; Exhibit Panzarella-12; Exhibit P-2). Although the exact value of the Cook Technologies' stock as of March 1, April 27 and May 9, 2012 was never ascertained, it is evident that Cook's stock value as of those dates was less than $104.08 per share. (N.T. 4/9/18, pp. 104-114; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 212-216, 220-223, 231-234; Exhibits P-18, P-19, P-26; Exhibit Panzarella-12).

40. After receiving the proceeds from the sale of 3,000 of his privately owned shares to the ESOP, Mr. Panzarella then loaned Cook Technologies $208,160, secured by a Demand Note, to get some cash into the company given that it had been experiencing financial difficulties "from the de-merger and Cook's portion of Freedom Sciences." (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 65-71, 203-204; N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 215-220, 223-224; N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 53-54; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 100-105, 127-130; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 225-226; Exhibits P-1, P-3, Panzarella-12, Panzarella-18, Panzarella-19).

41. In order to pay Thomas Panzarella for his outside-the-plan shares, the ESOP cashed in the $1.5 million life insurance policy which it owned on the life of Mr. Panzarella. That policy had a cash surrender value of $275,776.40 which, after payment of the surrender charges, yielded $222,871.10 to the ESOP. (N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 235-237; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 146-147, 200-201; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 225-226; Exhibits Panzarella-14 and Panzarella-15).

42. James Steiker first learned in October 2012 that Mr. Panzarella had sold some of his privately-held Cook stock to the ESOP. (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 87). Although Mr. Steiker has no recollection of it, his records reflect that Mr. Panzarella did call him in early 2012 to ask about the propriety of doing that. The "uniform advice" which Mr. Steiker would have given to Mr. Panzarella "would have been that any transaction must take place according to valuation dated the date of the actual transaction." Mr. Steiker "would have advised the client to get a valuation" and "would have suggested that we ask the appraiser to advise and provide to the trustee what we would call a bring-down letter. . ." (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 88). Thus, Mr. Panzarella's February 14, 2012 email to Watts, O'Keefe and Henry was accurate only up until the point in which it quoted the dollar value per share. (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 90-91; Exhibit P-56; Panzarella-29).

43. Regina O'Keefe did not respond to Mr. Panzarella's February 14, 2012 email either. Instead, more than two years later —in or around August — when she was conducting the 2012 audit for the Cook ESOP, Ms. O'Keefe reviewed Mr. Panzarella's email of February 14, 2012 and became concerned that the stock value used for the transfer was a stale value at the time that Mr. Panzarella sold his stock to the ESOP. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 31-32; P-56). On August 13, 2014, Ms. O'Keefe emailed Mr. Steiker attaching the February 14, 2012 email and asked that he provide a legal opinion letter verifying the advice which Mr. Panzarella said he had been given. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 32-33; P-56).

44. Later that same day, Mr. Steiker responded to Ms. O'Keefe's inquiry thusly:

(N.T. 5/1/18, p. 33, 91-92, 95-96; Exhibit P-35).

45. Under ERISA, there is a very strict and complicated relationship between ESOPs and related parties. (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 108). Thomas Panzarella, as the President, Officer and Director of Cook Technologies and as an at-least 5% shareholder in the company, was a related, party in interest. (N.T. 4/12/18, pp. 224-225; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 85-86, 97-98).

46. A stock redemption differs from the situation where an ESOP purchases stock from a party in interest. In a redemption, it is the corporation which purchases stock. The corporation's Board of Directors, in buying back stock from a shareholder operates under a set of corporate fiduciary duties imposed by state law. Those fiduciary duties do not require an independent appraisal. Rather, the Board of Directors is required to exercise fundamentally sound business judgment and honor their duties of loyalty and care to all of the shareholders and in so doing may engage in a transaction for a value which is fair and which they reasonably believe is fair as of the date of the transaction. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 95-96).

47. Although it is generally prohibited for an ESOP to purchase stock from a party in interest, there are a few exceptions to that general rule under ERISA, one of which exists where there is a valuation opinion dated as of the date of the transaction by a qualified independent appraiser and the ESOP Trustee(s) otherwise conclude(s) in good faith that the purchase is in the best interest of the plan participants. (N.T. 5/1/18, p. 97).

48. If it were not for Mr. Kulp and Mr. Ziegler's election to purchase Cook stock and to assume management of the company, Mr. Panzarella's Redemption Agreement would have remained in effect and upon his retirement, the Company would have been required to buy his shares from him at whatever value the Board reasonably believed was fair and reasonable as of the date of the transaction without having to obtain a formal opinion from an independent appraiser as to what the share value was on the date of the sale. (N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 96-97, 219-220).

49. In calculating the value of Cook's stock for 2010 as well as in other years, Jeffrey Nelson of Wharton Valuation Associates, considered the financial statements for the Company for the years ended September 30, 2000-2010 and for the three month period ended December 31, 2010, as well as other documents and pertinent data supplied by Cook's management, including financial projections. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 210-214; Exhibit P-13; Exhibit Panzarella-95). Given that it had been the pattern in previous years that Cook's financial projections did not match up with its actual numbers, Mr. Nelson utilized a very high discount rate in computing his valuations. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 214-215). Employing a high discount rate results in a lower present value such that the high discount rate offsets the lack of certainty posed by optimistic projections. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 225-227). And in fact, the actual numbers for 2010 did not live up to the projections that were given. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 214-215). By 2012, Cook's business had declined so radically that there were no projections given and any projections that would have been given were meaningless. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 220-223). The corrected valuation for Cook's stock as of December 31, 2011 was determined on July 31, 2013 to be $64.11 per share. (N.T. 4/30/18, p. 235; Exhibits Panzarella-96, Panzarella-97). Cook's stock as of December 31, 2012 was subsequently valued on October 11, 2013 at $14.48 per share. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 228-233; Exhibit Panzarella-98).

50. Sadly, the value of Cook's stock fared no better over the next several years. On October 7, 2014, Jeffrey Nelson determined that the stock had no discernable value as of December 31, 2013 and had a fair market vale of zero dollars as of December 31, 2014, when Nelson completed the valuation for that year on October 2, 2015. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 233; Panzarella Exhibits 99, 100, 101, 102).

51. Presently and as of the date of this Decision, the value of the stock of Cook Technologies as of the dates in March, April and May of 2012 when Mr. Panzarella sold his stock to the ESOP remains unknown. Those values have never been calculated or otherwise determined. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 22-24; N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 16-18; Exhibit P-26).

52. The Cook Employees Stock Option Plan (ESOP) has two components: a company stock account in which a vested employee has an ownership interest in the Cook Technologies' stock owned by the ESOP and a cash investment account in which a vested employee has an ownership interest in the other, outside investments owned by the ESOP. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 141-145; N.T. 4/30/18, 153, 155, 157; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 85; Exhibits P-79, P-80, P-81). When an employee retires, after the stock valuation has been done for the retiring year, the retiree is to be paid the entirety of the cash portion of their account at that time. The remaining, company stock portion is to be distributed in five equal, annual installments with the first (1/5) installment to be paid at the time the cash portion of the account is distributed. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 100-106, 141-146, 167-173; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 111, 153-156; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 101-102, 111-114; P-141).

53. The annual statements which Thomas Panzarella received from the Cook ESOP reflect the following holdings and values for the following years —for 2010: Company Stock Account —9,538.365 shares valued at $992,753.00; Cash Investment Account —$246,409.03. (Exhibit Panzarella-78). For 2011, he had 9,371.447 shares with a value of $605,957.76 in his Company Stock Account and a $258,266.24 value of his Cash Investment Account. (Exhibit Panzarella-80). In 2012, his Company Stock Account held 10,517.049 shares then worth $152,286.86 and the Cash Investment Account was then valued at $186,053.64. (Exhibit Panzarella-81). In 2014, his Company Stock Account held 11,053.931 shares with no value and his Cash Investment Account had a value of $230,064.76. (Exhibit Panzarella-82). (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 153-159; 5/1/18, pp. 231-233). For Plan years 2011 and 2012, Mr. Panzarella's Statements of Account reflect deductions from his cash account of $5,120.15 and $93,139.74, respectively for "cash used to purchase additional shares." (Exhibits Panzarella-80 and Panzarella-81). Although Mr. Panzarella received no explanation whatsoever for why these deductions were made or what additional shares were purchased with these funds, purportedly these deductions were attributable to the re-purchase by the ESOP of shares that had been held by retirees or deceased employees. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 155-158: N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 232-233).

54. Ostensibly because they had been advised by their current-legal counsel and "ESOP specialist" Peter Gulia that they could be exposing themselves to personal liability, Messrs. Kulp, Ziegler and Finnegan, acting in their various capacities as Company Directors and ESOP Trustees, have refused to pay Thomas Panzarella the ESOP monies due to him as a consequence of his retirement until the "prohibited transaction" surrounding his sale of stock to the ESOP is un-done. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 112-113, 116-117, 163-166; 208-209, 211-227; N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 14-16; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 107-111, 166-167). Cook has also not re-paid any portion of the $208,160 loan made by Mr. Panzarella. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 203-205).

55. To "undo" the "prohibited transaction," Messrs. Kulp, Ziegler and Finnegan believe that Thomas Panzarella must re-pay the $312,240.00 which he received through the sale of the 3,000 shares of his outside-the-plan Cook stock to the ESOP. They do not believe that it is necessary that Mr. Panzarella be re-paid anything for the $208,160 loan which he made to the company, however. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 203-205, 211-225; N.T. 4/11/18, pp. 14-17; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 127-130; Exhibit P-1). To date, Cook has not paid Thomas Panzarella anything from either the Cash Investment portion or the Company Stock portion of his retirement account. (N.T. 4/30/18, p. 135, 152, 157-159; 5/1/18, pp. 231-233).

56. Notwithstanding that the Cook ESOP likewise purchased Mr. Undorfer's outside-the-plan shares, at no time was Mr. Undorfer required to reverse the sale of his shares to the ESOP nor were his retirement or other benefits withheld until such time as he reversed the transaction. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 202-204; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 115-116).

57. Subsequent to his retirement on or about June 1, 2012, Thomas Panzarella entered into a Salary Continuation/Non-Competition Agreement with Cook whereby it was agreed that Mr. Panzarella would provide continuing business development services for the company for a one-year period and would not compete with the company in any way and would not disclose any of the company's confidential or proprietary information in exchange for an annual salary of $50,000 payable weekly, and continued company-paid health, dental, long-term disability and life insurance coverage. In addition, the Agreement provided that the Company would turn over the title to and cancel the automobile coverage which it had been providing on Panzarella's vehicle and convert his 764 hours of earned vacation time into a note payable at the rate of $1,155.33 per month. (N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 150-152; N.T. 5/1/18, pp. 226-227; Exhibit Panzarella-16). Although Mr. Panzarella fulfilled his obligations under the Salary Continuation Agreement, he has received some, but not all, of the benefits outlined in the Salary Continuation Agreement. (N.T. 4/10/18, pp. 200-202, 207-211; N.T. 4/30/18, pp. 163-164; N.T. 5/1/18, p. 227; Exhibits Panzarella-44, Panzarella-47, Panzarella-60, Panzarella-61).

DISCUSSION

By this action, Cook Technologies5 brings four claims against Thomas Panzarella under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. §1001, et. seq.: for violation of the proscription against prohibited transactions, for breach of fiduciary duty, for an offset against Panzarella's plan benefits and for the appointment of an independent fiduciary6. Additionally, via a counterclaim asserted in Panzarella v. Cook Technologies, et. al., Civ. A. No. 15-3568, the Cook parties assert three counts against Panzarella under the Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. §§1962(b), (c), and (d), and two additional counts for breach of fiduciary duty. Thomas Panzarella in turn, brings two claims against Cook Technologies7 under §§502(a)(1)(B) and 502(a)(2) of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. §§1132(a)1)(B) and (a)(2) for failure to pay him the retirement benefits due and owing and breach of fiduciary duty and under Pennsylvania state law for breach of contract and violations of the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law, 43 P.S. 260.1, et. seq. In his counterclaim in Cook Technologies, et. al. v. Panzarella, Civil Action No. 15-1028, Mr. Panzarella adds claims for breach of the Salary Continuation Agreement and for Indemnification by the Cook ESOP.

A. ERISA/Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims

At its core, this is an action that has arisen under ERISA, which was erected in 1974 and which remains a comprehensive and complex scheme for regulating employee benefit plans. Estate of Kensinger v. URL Pharma, Inc., 674 F.3d 131, 135 (3d Cir. 2012). It has been said that "ERISA's central purpose is to protect the security of employee pension plans and to insure that benefits which have vested are paid to employees." Crown Cork & Seal Co. v. Central States Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Fund, 982 F.2d 857, 861 (3d Cir. 1993)(citing Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 104 S.Ct. 2709, 81 L. Ed.2d 601 (1984)). "Because `Congress did not require employers to establish benefit plans in the first place, ERISA represents a careful balancing between ensuring fair and prompt enforcement of rights under a plan and the encouragement of the creation of such plans.'" Renfro v. Unisys Corp., 671 F.3d 314, 321 (3d Cir. 2011)(quoting Conkright v. Frommert, 559 U.S. 506, 516, 130 S.Ct. 1640, 1648-49, 176 L. Ed.2d 469 (2010)).

"ERISA abounds with the language and terminology of trust law. . . [and] ERISA's legislative history confirms that the Act's fiduciary responsibility provisions, 29 U.S.C. §§1101-1114, codify and make applicable to ERISA fiduciaries certain principles developed in the evolution of the law of trusts." Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 110, 109 S.Ct. 948, 954, 103 L. Ed.2d 80 (1989).8 For one, "ERISA requires each plan to have one or more named fiduciaries that are granted the authority to manage the operation and administration of the plan." Renfro, supra(citing 29 U.S.C. §1102(a)(1)). Furthermore, "[t]o help fulfill ERISA's broadly protective purposes, Congress commodiously imposed fiduciary standards on persons whose actions affect the amount of benefits retirement plan participants will receive." John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Harris Trust and Savings Bank, 510 U.S. 86, 96, 114 S.Ct. 517, 524, 126 L. Ed.2d 524 (1993). "An ERISA fiduciary must discharge its duties with respect to a plan

Id, 510 U.S. at 94, 114 S. Ct. at 523 (quoting 29 U.S.C. §1104(a)(1). Stated otherwise, "ERISA trustees must act in the interest of the employee benefit plans they serve: their duties and powers `reflect Congress' policy of assuring the equitable character' of the plans and they are held accountable to the plans for their breaches." Bixler v. Central Pennsylvania Teamsters Health & Welfare Fund, 12 F.3d 1292, 1298 (3d Cir. 1993)(quoting Central States, Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Fund v. Central Transport, Inc., 472 U.S. 559, 570, 105 S.Ct. 2833, 86 L. Ed. 2d 447 (1985)). It should be noted that "[c]onsistent with these common law principles, the courts measure section 1104(a)(1)(B)'s `prudence' requirement according to an objective standard, focusing on a fiduciary's conduct in arriving at an investment decision, not on its results, and asking whether a fiduciary employed the appropriate methods to investigate and determine the merits of a particular investment." In re Unisys Savings Plan Litigation, 74 F.3d 420, 434 (3d Cir. 1986).

In the event of a breach of fiduciary duty, Section 502(a) of the Statute empowers the commencement of a civil action by, inter alia:

29 U.S.C. §1132(a)(1), (3). This provision has been held to authorize direct suits against fiduciaries for breach of their duties. See, e.g., Renfro v. Unisys, 671 F.3d at 325(citing Bixler, 12 F.3d at 1293-94).

In furtherance of the notions of trust and fiduciary responsibility, the Statute also outlines what not-to-do, that is, it delineates certain "prohibited transactions." In this regard, "Congress enacted §406 [29 U.S.C. §1106] `to bar categorically a transaction that is likely to injure the pension plan.'" Lockeed Corp. v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882, 888, 116 S.Ct. 1783, 1788, 135 L. Ed.2d 153 (1996)(quoting Commissioner v. Keystone Consol. Industries, Inc., 508 U.S. 152, 160, 113 S.Ct. 2006, 2012, 124 L. Ed.2d 71 (1993)). Specifically, §406 provides:

Thus, "Section 406(a)(1) regulates the conduct of plan fiduciaries, placing certain transactions outside the scope of their lawful authority [and] [w]hen a fiduciary violates the rules set forth in §406(a)(1), §409 of ERISA renders him personally liable for any losses incurred by the plan, any ill-gotten profits and other equitable and remedial relief deemed appropriate by the court." Lockheed, supra(citing 29 U.S.C. §1109(a)).9

However, as referenced in the opening paragraph of Section 406(a), in Section 408, 29 U.S.C. §1108(e)10, "Congress enacted a conditional exemption from the prohibited transaction rules for acquisition of employer securities by ESOPs and certain other plans." Donovan v. Cunningham, 716 F.2d 1455, 1465 (5th Cir. 1983). Under this exemption, "[a]n ESOP may acquire employer securities in circumstances that would otherwise violate Section 406 if the purchase is made for "adequate consideration." Id. "Adequate consideration" is defined in ERISA Section 3, 29 U.S.C. §1002(18) as meaning:

"In order to rely on the adequate consideration exemption, a trustee or fiduciary has the burden to establish that the ESOP paid no more than fair market value for the asset, and that the fair market value was determined in good faith by the fiduciary." Henry v. Champlain Enterprises, Inc., 445 F.3d 610, 619 (2d Cir. 2006)(quoting Chao v. Hall Holding Co., Inc., 285 F.3d 415, 436 (6th Cir. 2002)); Perez v. First Bankers Trust Services, Civ. A. No. 12-4450, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 52117 at *207 (D.N.J. March 31, 2017). "ESOP fiduciaries will carry their burden to prove that adequate consideration was paid by showing that they arrived at their determination of fair market value by way of a prudent investigation in the circumstances then prevailing." Donovan v. Cunningham, 716 F.2d at 1467-1468.

That having been said and although "securing an independent assessment from a financial advisor or legal counsel is evidence of a thorough investigation, it is not a complete defense to a charge of imprudence." Howard v. Shay, 100 F.3d 1484, 1489 (9th Cir. 1996)(citing, inter alia, Martin v. Feilen, 965 F.2d 660, 670-671 (8th Cir. 1992), Donovan v. Mazzola, 716 F.2d 1226, 1234 (9th Cir. 1983) and Donovan v. Bierwirth, 680 F.2d 263, 272 (2d Cir. 1982)). "The fiduciary must (1) investigate the expert's qualifications, (2) provide the expert with complete and accurate information, and (3) make certain that reliance on the expert's advice is reasonably justified under the circumstances." Id. What's more, "[t]o use an independent appraisal properly, ERISA fiduciaries need not become experts in the valuation of closely-held stock — they are entitled to rely on the expertise of others. Cunningham, 716 F.2d at 1474. "However, as the source of the information upon which the experts' opinions are based, the fiduciaries are responsible for ensuring that that information is complete and up-to-date." Id.

In this case, the parties appear to agree that Thomas Panzarella's sale of 3,000 shares of his "outside-the-plan" stock in Cook Technologies at the per-share price of $104.08 was, in fact, a prohibited transaction under Section 406. As the then-President of Cook Technologies and one of the Trustees of the ESOP, Thomas Panzarella was clearly a party-in-interest at the time of these three transactions. It was therefore incumbent upon the Plan's fiduciaries at the time —Thomas Panzarella, Michael Finnegan and Robert Ziegler, to verify that the amount to be paid for the stock purchases was "no more than fair market value, . . ." and to undertake a good faith investigation into the fair market value so as to ensure that the transactions were for no more than adequate consideration. See, e.g., Henry, supra.

However, here it is apparent that the only Trustee to conduct any investigation into the appropriate value for the stock was Thomas Panzarella, who was of course, the party-in-interest. Mr. Panzarella's investigation quite properly began with consulting the attorneys for both Cook Technologies, the company, and the Cook ESOP —William Watts and James Steiker. Mr. Watts deferred to Mr. Steiker's opinion as Mr. Steiker was the ESOP's attorney and had far more expertise in ERISA matters than did Mr. Watts. It also appears that there were some discussions with Regina O'Keefe and Alan Wecht, Cook's outside accountants and auditors, given that they were consulted and gave advice on the tax implications to be realized by Mr. Ziegler and Mr. Kulp if the stock valuation as of September 30, 2010 were utilized in lieu of the valuation as of December 31, 2010. Notwithstanding the propriety of these consultations, Mr. Panzarella did nothing more and misinterpreted the advice that he was given. As Mr. Steiker testified, while he advised Mr. Panzarella that he could sell his individually-owned shares to the ESOP for fair market value as determined by the ESOP as of the date of the transaction and that the corporation could redeem his shares for a value it reasonably believed was fair, he did not find it surprising that Panzarella could have "conflated" this advice with the result that he sold his shares to the ESOP for the most recently available valuation, which was then 15 months old at the time of the sale.

And, although Mr. Panzarella relayed what he understood Mr. Steiker's advice to be in a confirming email sent on February 14, 2012 to Nancy Henry, Regina O'Keefe and William Watts, he failed to copy Mr. Steiker on that email. For her part, Ms. O'Keefe did not respond to this message until more than two years later when she was conducting an audit for that year at which time she asked that Mr. Steiker confirm that the information that he had given to Mr. Panzarella was correct. Mr. Steiker agreed that the information was correct with the exception of the price to be paid for the stock which, he noted, should have been the subject of an updated valuation as of the dates of the actual transactions and a "bring-down letter."

Obviously, there were a number of serious mistakes that were made in this case —by Mr. Panzarella, by Ms. O'Keefe and by both Mr. Finnegan and Mr. Ziegler who, despite also being Trustees of the ESOP, remarkably undertook absolutely NO investigation into the price which the ESOP was to pay for Mr. Panzarella's stock.11 It has been noted that in enacting ERISA, Congress intended to provide the courts with broad remedies for redressing the interests of participants and beneficiaries when they have been adversely affected by breaches of a fiduciary duty. Donovan v. Bierwirth, 754 F.2d 1049, 1055 (2d Cir. 1985); Eaves v. Penn, 587 F.2d 453, 462 (10th Cir. 1978). One appropriate remedy in cases of breach of fiduciary duty is the restoration of the trust beneficiaries to the position they would have occupied but for the breach of trust. Donovan, 754 F.2d at 1056; Eaves, 587 F.2d at 463; Glass Dimensions, Inc. v. State Street Bank & Trust Co., 931 F.Supp.2d 296, 307 (D. Mass. 2013).

While we cannot find that Mr. Panzarella necessarily acted in bad faith given that he did seek advice from his legal and accounting advisors, we also cannot find that he acted wholly in good faith either inasmuch as he was well aware of the financial difficulties Cook was experiencing in 2012 and the necessary impact such hardships would had to have had upon the valuation of the company's stock. We therefore conclude that, in view of all of the foregoing and because the Cook stock as of March —May, 2012 has never been valued, the most appropriate remedy is that of rescission/restitution. See, e.g., 29 U.S.C. §1109(a). See also, Harris Trust and Savings Bank v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc., 530 U.S. 238, 253, 120 S.Ct. 2180, 2191, 147 L. Ed.2d 187 (2000)(recognizing that restitution against transferee of tainted plan assets is appropriate equitable remedy under ERISA and that "where statutory language provides a clear answer, it ends there as well); Leckey v. Stefano, 501 F.3d 212, 231 (3d Cir. 2007)(holding that imposition of appropriate equitable remedy under ERISA properly left to the District Court); Eaves v. Penn, supra, (holding proper District Court's conclusion that rescission of purchase-sale agreement to restore plan's original liquid assets is remedy most likely to protect participants and effectuate original purposes of profit-sharing plan); Gilliam v. Edwards, 492 F.Supp. 1255, 1266 (D.N.J. 1980)(noting that Section 409(a) grants courts wide discretion in fashioning legal and equitable relief to make plan whole and protect beneficiaries' rights including rescission of unlawful transactions).

Accordingly, we shall direct that Mr. Panzarella effectively "reverse" the prohibited transaction by repaying the ESOP the $312,240.00 which he received for the sale of his 3,000 shares and that those 3,000 shares of Cook Technologies' stock be returned to him.

There now remains the matter of the pension and other benefits due and owing to Mr. Panzarella that have never been paid, ostensibly because of the prohibited transaction. The Cook parties assert that under Section 206(d)(4), 29 U.S.C. §1056(d)(4), they were permitted to withhold the benefits due Mr. Panzarella under the Plan on advice of counsel and to offset the damages resulting from his ERISA violations.

Section 206(d) contains two provisions which are significant here. First, §206(d)(1) states the general rule that "Each pension plan shall provide that benefits provided under the plan may not be assigned or alienated." As claimed by the Cook parties, §206(d)(4) outlines certain exceptions to the general proscription on assignment/alienation as follows, inter alia,12 in relevant part:

In considering the interplay between Sections 409(a)(mandating that a person who breaches his or her duties to a pension fund shall be personally liable to make good to such plan any losses to the plan resulting from the breach) and 206(d)(1) and taking note of the legislative history of Section 206(d)(1) and its discussion of "a garnishment or levy," as opposed to an "attachment,"13 the Third Circuit has held that §206(d)(1) does not operate to foreclose a set-off of benefits due to "fiduciaries who breach their fiduciary duties to a pension fund and thereby cause it losses." Coar v. Kazimir, 990 F.2d 1413, 1424 (3d Cir. 1993). Thus, in appropriate circumstances such as those delineated in Section 206(d)(4), an offset of benefits otherwise due to a fiduciary who has harmed a Plan by and through a breach of the fiduciary duties he owes to that Plan may be warranted. Martorana v. Board of Trustees of Steamfitters Local 420, 404 F.3d 797, 804 (3d Cir. 2005).

In this case, however, although Mr. Panzarella may have breached the fiduciary duties which he owed to the Cook ESOP by selling his stock at an outdated price, his breach was the result of his mis-understanding of Mr. Steiker's sought-after advice and was thus the consequence of negligence —not intentional or malicious deceit. And, as we noted earlier, he was not the sole Trustee of the Plan. Given that Mr. Ziegler and Mr. Finnegan were equally negligent in this regard, we cannot find that the purposes of ERISA are in any way served by withholding from Mr. Panzarella the benefits to which he was clearly entitled after nearly 37 years of employment at Cook Technologies. We shall therefore direct that Mr. Panzarella promptly be paid all of those benefits which accrued and are still due and owing to him under and from the ESOP.

B. Rico Claims

In their Counterclaim to Panzarella's counter-suit in Case No. 15-3568, the Cook Parties raise three claims against Thomas Panzarella under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. §§1962(b), (c), and (d) ("RICO"), ostensibly arising out of Mr. Panzarella's having misled Cook Technologies' bank regarding Cook's financial condition and the value of its inventory, having engaged in the prohibited transactions at issue and in his handling of Freedom Sciences and its sale to Harmar by allegedly diverting funds from the sale of Freedom Sciences away from Cook and to himself and his son.

Civil remedies for RICO violations are authorized under Section §1964, subsection (c) of which permits "[a]ny person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962" to "sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court . . ." 18 U.S.C. §1964(c). Subsections (b), (c), and (d) of RICO Section 1962 invoked by the Cook parties, provide as follows in relevant part:

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1961, "person," "enterprise," "racketeering activity," and "pattern of racketeering activity," are defined in pertinent part as meaning:

"An enterprise must be an `entity separate and apart from the pattern of racketeering activity in which it engages,'" and "can be proven `by evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and by evidence that the various associates function as a continuing unit.'" Flood v. Makowski, Civ. A. No. 3:CV-03-1803, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16957 at *20 - *21 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 24, 2004)(quoting United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 2529, 69 L. Ed. 2d 246 (1981)). In accord, Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 947, 129 S.Ct. 2237, 2244, 173 L. Ed.2d 1265 (2009)("the existence of an enterprise is an element distinct from the pattern of racketeering activity and proof of one does not necessarily establish the other," although "the evidence used to prove the pattern of racketeering activity and the evidence establishing an enterprise may in particular cases coalesce"). To be an association-in-fact enterprise requires "three structural features: a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise's purpose." Boyle, supra.

Proving a pattern of racketeering activity, in turn, "requires plaintiffs to show `that the racketeering predicates are related, and that they amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.'" Germinaro v. Fidelity National Title Insurance Co., No. 17-1640, 737 Fed. Appx. 96, 102 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 15955 (3d Cir. June 14, 2018)(quoting United States v. Bergrin, 650 F.3d 257, 267 (3d Cir. 2011)). "Predicate acts are related if evidence demonstrates `that the criminal activities have the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission, or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated events." Id.(quoting Bergrin, supra, and H.J., Inc. v. New Bell Telephone Co., 492 U.S. 229, 240, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L. Ed.2d 195 (1989)).

Continued criminal activity, otherwise known as "continuity" may arise either where there is "a closed period of repeated conduct" or "past conduct that by its nature projects into the future with a threat of repetition." H.J., 492 U.S. at 241, 109 S. Ct. at 2902. Accordingly, "closed-ended continuity" "can be established `by proving a series of related predicates extending over a substantial period of time,'" and "open-ended continuity" can "be established by proving a threat of continuity, which exists where the predicate acts themselves involve threats of long-term racketeering activity, or where the predicate acts are part of an entity's regular way of doing business." H.J., and Germinaro, both supra; United States v. Pelullo, 864 F.2d 193, 208 (3d Cir. 1992). Thus, "[w]hether the predicate acts constitute a threat of continued racketeering activity depends on the facts of each case" with the result that "where it is shown that the predicates are a regular way of conducting a defendant's ongoing legitimate business or of conducting or participating in an ongoing and legitimate RICO enterprise," the continuity element may be satisfied. Tabas v. Tabas, 47 F.3d 1280, 1295 (3d Cir. 1995)(quoting H.J., 492 U.S. at 243, 109 S. Ct. at 2902).

To obtain civil relief under §1962(b), a plaintiff must establish that the defendant had an interest in or control of any enterprise which affects interstate or foreign commerce and that a specific nexus existed between control of a named enterprise and the alleged racketeering activity. Kehr Packages v. Fidelcor, Inc., 926 F.2d 1406, 1411 (3d Cir. 1991); Greenberg v. Tomlin, 816 F.Supp. 1039, 1047 (E.D. Pa. 1993). A violation of §1962(c) requires (1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity. Sedima. S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., Inc., 473 U.S. 479, 496, 105 S.Ct. 3275, 3285, 87 L. Ed.2d 346 (1985). "If a defendant engages in a pattern of racketeering activity in a manner forbidden by [the] provisions [of Section 1961(1)], and the racketeering activities injure the plaintiff in his business or property, the plaintiff has a claim under §1964(c)." Id, 473 U.S. at 495, 105 S. Ct. at 3284.

Finally, liability for a RICO conspiracy under §1962(d) "may be found where the conspirator intended to `further an endeavor which, if completed, would satisfy all of the elements of a substantive criminal offense, but it suffices that he adopt the goal of furthering or facilitating the criminal endeavor.'" United States v. Fattah, 902 F.3d 197, 247 (3d Cir. `)(quoting Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 65, 118 S.Ct. 469, 139 L. Ed.2d 352 (1997)). Where, for example, the substantive criminal offense is alleged to be the conducting of a §1962(c) enterprise, it must be shown that (1) two or more persons agreed to conduct or to participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of an enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity; (2) that the defendant was a party to or member of that agreement; and (3) that the defendant joined the agreement or conspiracy knowing of its objective to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of an enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity. Id.

In this case, the Cook parties allege that Thomas Panzarella committed "multiple related illegal acts," only three of which-mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §1341, wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §1343, and theft or embezzlement from employee benefit plan in violation of 18 U.S.C. §664, are predicate acts under Section 1961(1). These crimes are defined as follows:

Central to making out a cause of action based upon each of these three offenses is the necessity of showing that the defendant acted with the intent to defraud. See, e.g., United States v. Ferriero, 866 F.3d 107, 120 (3d Cir. 2017)("express falsehoods lie at fraud's core"); United States v. Murray, 468 Fed. Appx. 104, 109 (3d Cir. March 8, 2012)(defendant held properly convicted of wire fraud as scheme to defraud need not come to fruition so long as defendant had intent to defraud); United States v. Andrade, 788 F.2d 521, 527 (8th Cir. 1986)("essential element to establishing substantive fraud counts is a showing that [defendants] acted with intent to defraud"); United States v. Rodolitz, 786 F.2d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 1986)("proof of a fraudulent scheme requires evidence showing a specific intent to defraud"); United States v. Pearlstein, 576 F.2d 531, 537 (3d Cir. 1978)("under mail fraud statute, it must be shown that defendants possessed the requisite intent to defraud"); United States v. Felice, 481 F.Supp. 79, 90 (N.D. Ohio 1978). Here, the gist of Cook's RICO claims is that Panzarella, through the use of regular mail, email and other forms of electronic transmissions, intentionally misled Univest bank regarding Cook's financial condition and the value of its inventory, diverted loan proceeds intended for Cook to Freedom Sciences, improperly obtained ownership interests for himself and his son in Freedom Sciences without paying any consideration therefor and depleted Cook's funds and available credit by paying Freedom Sciences' operating and other expenses. The Court notes that while the Cook parties may have endeavored to make out these assertions at trial, the evidence which they presented fell far short —it was both inadequate and incredible. To be sure, as to Cook's first contention, the only real evidence produced was one email in which Mr. Panzarella references concern about the amount of Cook's inventory and the potential effect which a drop in that inventory figure could have on the company's position with its lender. Even putting aside for the moment that one incident does not make out the requisite pattern of racketeering activity, there simply is no evidence whatsoever that Panzarella was doing anything other than expressing concern about the status of Cook's inventory and alerting the company's controller that there could be a potential problem on the horizon. (Exhibit P-48). On this issue, Mr. Panzarella testified credibly and repeatedly and we cannot find that his testimony was refuted.

Similarly, as to the matter of their ownership interests in Freedom Sciences, the record evinces that both Thomas Panzarella, Sr. and Thomas Panzarella, Jr. performed extensive services on behalf of Freedom Sciences by, inter alia, creating the ATRS technology and writing computer codes and grant applications, attending trade shows and securing funding from outside investors and government sources. In so doing, the Panzarellas effectively earned their ownership interests in Freedom Sciences through "sweat equity" in lieu of making monetary capital contributions to the entity. Insofar as we know of nothing improper or untoward in acquiring ownership through the contribution of work in lieu of money, we do not find that the Panzarellas' interests in Freedom Sciences were acquired through a pattern of racketeering activity.

Finally, Cook Technologies' investment in Freedom Sciences occurred largely through in-kind, non-cash contributions, the assumption of debt in the amount of $3.685 million and the purchase by Freedom Sciences of certain property and equipment, inventory and intangible assets with a value of $552,000 for $5.5 million from Cook Technologies. Although the debt was eventually transferred back to Cook's books to make Freedom Sciences more saleable, the record evinces that Cook received a corresponding increase in equity in return. In short, there is no evidence on this record to support the Cook parties' claim that Freedom Sciences' operating expenses were paid without appropriate remuneration being given to Cook in return.

Likewise, there is no evidence that Mr. Panzarella in any way intended to defraud or mislead Cook or anyone else or that he conspired with anyone, including his son, to accomplish this objective. While in hindsight Mr. Panzarella could certainly have made better decisions with respect to the merger with Advent, functioning as the chief executive officer for Cook and Freedom Sciences simultaneously, the sale of Freedom Sciences to Harmar and in his succession planning at Cook, there is absolutely no evidence of any malice or ill-will on Panzarella's part at the time that these decisions were made and nothing to suggest that they were made in anything other than good faith. Likewise, while the sale of his outside-the-plan stock at the $104 per share value was obviously improper, it is clear from the record that it was the result of Panzarella's misunderstanding of Mr. Steiker's legal advice and not the result of racketeering activity. Accordingly, we cannot find that the Cook Plaintiffs have made out any of the elements required to sustain a RICO cause of action under Sections 1962(b), (c), or (d) and judgment shall therefore be entered in favor of Thomas Panzarella on Counts I, II, and III of the Counterclaim in Case No. 15-CV-3568.

C. Cook's Common Law Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims

In Counts IV and V of its Counterclaim in Panzarella v. Cook Technologies, Inc., et. al., No. 15-CV-3568, the Cook parties assert two claims under Pennsylvania common law for breach of fiduciary duty against Thomas Panzarella. In Count IV, Cook avers that by identifying an opportunity in the assisted-mobility products marketplace and forming Freedom Sciences, Mr. Panzarella breached the duty of loyalty which he owed to Cook by funneling opportunities to Freedom Sciences that were within the scope of Cook Technologies' business. In Count V, it is alleged that Mr. Panzarella engaged in a pattern of self-dealing in breach of his duty of loyalty to Cook by using Cook's employees to perform wiring, repairs and renovations to his house while these employees were paid by Cook, using Cook's funds for personal expenses, including personal vacations, using Cook's funds to employ family members when such employment was not in Cook's best interests, and by using Cook's funds to support his other business opportunities.

It is a well-established principle of Pennsylvania law that officers and directors of a corporation are deemed to stand in a fiduciary relation to the corporation. Seaboard Industries, Inc. v. Monaco, 442 Pa. 256, 261, 276 A.2d 305, 308 (1970). Under this fiduciary standard, "there is demanded of the officer or director of a corporation that he furnish to it his undivided loyalty; if there is presented to him a business opportunity which is within the scope of its own activities and of present or potential advantage to it, the law will not permit him to seize the opportunity for himself. . . ." Id, 276 A. 2d at 309 (quoting, inter alia, Lutherland, Inc. v. Dahlen, 357 Pa. 143, 151, 53 A.2d 143, 147 (1947) and Bailey v. Jacobs, 325 Pa. 187, 194, 189 A. 320, 324 (1937)); Ciampa v. Conversion Sciences, Inc., 135 A.3d 652 (Pa. Super. 2015). Stated otherwise, "[t]he duty of loyalty under Pennsylvania law requires that corporate officers devote themselves to the corporate affairs with a view to promote the common interests and not their own." Estate of Lemington for the Aged v. Baldwin, 777 F.3d 630, 636 (3d Cir. 2015).

However, "[w]here the corporation is unable to avail itself of the business opportunity, there can be no usurpation of a corporate opportunity." Robinson v. Brier, 412 Pa. 255, 257, 194 A.2d 204, 206 (1963). Thus, an officer or director may seize a corporate opportunity if the same is made known to the shareholders who consent to the acquisition of the opportunity by the individual officer or director instead of the corporation, and such action is not detrimental to the creditors of the corporation. CST, Inc. v. Mark, 360 Pa.Super. 303, 308, 520 A.2d 469, 471 (1987). "Whether a business opportunity is a `corporate' opportunity is a question of fact to be determined from the circumstances existing at the time when it arose," but is generally acknowledged as belonging to the corporation if the corporation is in the same or related business as is the subject matter of the opportunity. Id; Tyler v. O'Neill, 994 F.Supp. 603, 612 (E.D. Pa. 1998). The test of liability is whether the officer or director has been unjustly enriched by their actions. InfoSAGE, Inc. v. Mellon Ventures, L.P., 2006 PA Super 68, 896 A.2d 616, 637 (2006); Tyler, supra. A showing of unjust enrichment, of course, requires a demonstration that: (1) a benefit was conferred on the defendant; (2) the defendant retained that benefit; and (3) it would be inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit without paying full value for it. Lampe v. Lampe, 665 F.3d 506, 520 (3d Cir. 2011)(citing Schenck v. K.E. David, Ltd., 446 Pa.Super. 94, 666 A.2d 327, 328 (1995).

In this case, although Cook Technologies had been producing some assisted mobility products for another company, some parts of which had been designed by Thomas Panzarella, Cook's primary business was manufacturing and production —not engineering technology and design. The evidence produced at trial evinces that although Cook essentially "incubated" Freedom Sciences, it could only go so far in growing and developing the ATRS technology. Both Thomas Panzarella, Sr. and Thomas Panzarella, Jr. testified without contradiction by any other witness that in order to obtain grant monies and secure funding from government and other outside sources, it was necessary to set Freedom Sciences up as a separate entity —they couldn't obtain grants or financing if the technology was being developed by Cook, which was an established, older manufacturing business. And, while there is no doubt that both Panzarellas were ultimately benefitted and enriched by the creation and eventual sale of Freedom Sciences, it clearly appears from Cook's financial statements and other records that Cook also reaped significant benefits from its exclusive manufacturing arrangement with Freedom Sciences. Accordingly, we cannot find that Thomas Panzarella usurped Cook's corporate opportunity or that he breached the fiduciary duties which he owed to Cook in forming Freedom Sciences. Nor can we find that Panzarella was unjustly enriched at Cook's expense, given the amount of time and work which he expended on the development of the ATRS, in securing grant monies and other funding to support that development and in the marketing and sale of Freedom Sciences' products, all of which were manufactured by Cook. For these reasons, judgment shall therefore be entered in Panzarella's favor on Count IV of the Counterclaim.

Judgment shall likewise be entered in favor of Panzarella with respect to the fifth and final count of Cook's counterclaim. Again, Cook's claims are that Panzarella breached his fiduciary duties to Cook by using its employees to perform wiring, repairs and renovations to his home, paying his personal expenses with Cook's funds, including his personal vacations and employing his family members at Cook when such employment was not in Cook's best interests. Simply stated, there is no evidentiary support whatsoever for these allegations and no basis upon which to afford Cook any relief in Count V.14

D. Thomas Panzarella's Breach of Contract Claims

As noted above, in both his Complaint in Case. No. 15-3568 and in his Counterclaim in Case No. 15-1028, Thomas Panzarella seeks damages under Pennsylvania common law for Cook's purported breaches of the following contracts: (1) the Note securing Panzarella's loan to the company in the principal amount of $208,160 dated July 26, 2012; (2) his Salary Continuation Agreement dated June 1, 2012; and (3) his Stock Purchase Redemption Agreement entered into on December 21, 1990.

It is axiomatic that to make out a cause of action for breach of contract under the law of Pennsylvania, the following elements must be proven: (1) the existence of a contract, including its essential terms, (2) a breach of a duty imposed by the contract, and (3) resultant damages. Ware v. Rodale Press, Inc., 322 F.3d 218, 225 (3d Cir. 2003); Republic Services of Pennsylvania, LLC v. Caribbean Operators, LLC, 301 F.Supp.3d 468, 476 (E.D. Pa. 2018). "To prove damages, a plaintiff must give a factfinder evidence from which damages may be calculated to a `reasonable certainty.'" Ware, at 226 (quoting ATACS Corp. v. Trans World Communications, Inc., 155 F.3d 659, 668 (3d Cir. 1998). "At a minimum, reasonable certainty embraces a rough calculation that is not `too speculative, vague or contingent upon some unknown factor.'" Id.

Turning first to the Demand Note, the essential terms are straight-forward and the Note provides as follows in pertinent part:

(Exhibit Panzarella 19).

There is no dispute that Cook has paid no money whatsoever to Mr. Panzarella in repayment of the $208,160 principal amount of this loan, nor has it made any interest payments either. According to Messrs. Kulp and Ziegler, no monies have been paid on the advice of their current legal and ERISA counsel and because Cook does not have the money to pay Mr. Panzarella back. As the Note itself makes clear, "[i]rrespective of any claim, defense, credit or offset the Company may have against the Lender, these shall not discharge or modify the Company's absolute, independent obligation to repay the Lender any sums advanced to the Company pursuant to this Note." It is therefore apparent that the Cook parties are in breach of the contractual undertakings to which they agreed in the terms of this Note, and that Mr. Panzarella is entitled to repayment of the principal amount in full, to wit, $208,160, together with accrued interest at the rate of 1.93% per annum from July 26, 2012 and that he is likewise entitled to recoupment of the attorneys' fees, costs and other expenses which he has incurred to secure re-payment. In the Salary Continuation/Non-Competition Agreement which Thomas Panzarella entered into with Cook Technologies, the parties agreed to, inter alia, the following terms and conditions, in relevant part:

(Exhibit P-16.)

It appears that Cook did pay Panzarella his $1,000 weekly salary for the one-year contract period and his attendant expenses but failed to make more than two payments in the amount of $1,155.33 in payment of the balance of his unused vacation time and failed to reimburse him for his having paid off the company-provided vehicle in the amount of $6,788.35. (Exhibits P-139; P-140; Panzarella 17; Panzarella 47). The Cook parties do not dispute this. Given the clarity of the terms of the Salary Continuation Agreement, we find that Cook is in breach by failing to pay Panzarella all of the monies to which he is entitled thereunder and hence judgment in Panzarella's favor is warranted in the amount of $77,942.11.

Thomas Panzarella next submits that the Cook parties have breached the Redemption Agreement of December 21, 1990 under which Cook was required to purchase all of his individually, outside-the-plan stock upon his retirement from the company, ". . . at the fair market value as of the end of the Company's fiscal year immediately preceding the Shareholder's death or termination of employment as the case may be, as determined by the independent third party appraiser retained or engaged by the Company to value its stock for purposes of the Company Employee Stock Ownership Plan." (Exhibit Panzarella 9, ¶s 3, 4). However, the Redemption Agreement upon which Mr. Panzarella relies in support of this breach of contract claim was superceded by the Stockholder Agreement which he entered into with the Company, along with Messrs. Kulp and Ziegler, on February 14, 2012. (Exhibit Panzarella 10). Again under this Stockholder Agreement, Cook had a 60-day option to buy all of Mr. Panzarella's stock upon his retirement; if this option were not exercised within that time-frame, Mr. Panzarella was thereafter free to make any "Voluntary Lifetime Transfer" to an outside individual(s) provided that notice of the identity, address, and business or occupation of that outside offeree be disclosed to the Company. In that event, the Company would again have sixty days within which to elect to buy all of the offered stock and, if it again declined to exercise its option to buy, the Lifetime Transfer could be consummated. Here, no showing has been made that Mr. Panzarella gave the required notice of the identity of an outside offeree to whom he wished to transfer his Cook stock. Accordingly, we cannot find any breach here and judgment is properly entered in favor of the Cook parties as to this claim.

E. Panzarella's Claims Under Pennsylvania's Wage Payment and Collection Law

In the final two counts of his Complaint in Case No. 15-CV-3568, Thomas Panzarella seeks to recover unpaid fringe benefits and other statutory damages from both Cook Technologies and Michael Finnegan, Gordon Kulp and Robert Ziegler individually under the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law, 43 P.S. §260.1, et. seq. ("WPCL").

It has been observed that "Pennsylvania enacted the WPCL to provide a vehicle for employees to enforce payment of their wages and compensation withheld by their employers." Oberneder v. Link Computer Corp., 449 Pa.Super. 528, 674 A.2d 720, 721 (1996), aff'd, 548 Pa. 201, 696 A.2d 148 (Pa. 1997). "To present a wage-payment claim, the employee must aver a contractual entitlement to compensation from wages and a failure to pay that compensation." Braun v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2011 PA Super. 121, 24 A.3d 875, 954 (Pa. Super. 2011). In this regard, 43 P.S. §260.3 provides, in relevant part:

Under the following pertinent provisions of 43 P.S. §260.9a:

Thus, "[t]he WPCL does not create an employee's substantive right to compensation; rather, it only establishes a statutory vehicle to enforce payment of wages and compensation to which an employee is otherwise entitled by the terms of an agreement." Andrews v. Cross Atlantic Capital Partners, Inc., 2017 PA Super. 72, 158 A.3d 123, 133 (Pa. Super. 2017)(quoting Scungio Borst & Associates v. 410 Schurs Lane Development, LLC, 2015 PA Super. 260, 106 A.3d 103, 109 (Pa. Super. 2014)). "Therefore, the right to recover wages `earned' by employees upon separation from employment under the WPCL is a statutory remedy which supplements rather than supplants a common law action for breach of contract." Id.(emphasis in original). Stated otherwise,

Id., 153 A.3d at 134(quoting Thomas Jefferson University v. Wapner, 2006 PA Super 156, 903 A.2d 565, 574 (Pa. Super. 2006). "Good faith, under section 260.10, must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Id.

As noted, Thomas Panzarella is endeavoring to recover from both Cook Technologies and/or Michael Finnegan, Gordon Kulp and Robert Ziegler certain fringe benefits allegedly due and owing to him under the Salary Continuation/Non-competition Agreement which he and Cook entered into upon his June 1, 2012 retirement from the company. Specifically, Mr. Panzarella seeks to enforce the terms of Paragraphs 2b and 2c of that Agreement which read:

These benefits clearly fall within the definition of "Fringe benefits or wage supplements" set forth in §260.2a of the WPCL as those include:

See generally, Scully v. US Wats, Inc., 238 F.3d 497, 517 (3d Cir. 2001)(Third Circuit "confident that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would conclude that the stock option granted to [plaintiff] essentially a `call option,' constitutes `wages or compensation' within the meaning of the WPCL"). And "Employer" is defined in 43 P.S. §260.2a as including "every person, firm, partnership, association, corporation, receiver or other officer of a court of this Commonwealth and any agent or officer of any of the above-mentioned classes employing any person in this Commonwealth." Inasmuch as it is undisputed that Messrs. Kulp, Finnegan and Ziegler "were working on behalf of, or as agents of, the corporate defendant, they would be included within these definitions and subject to personal liability for violations of [the WPCL]." Accurso v. Infra-Red Services, 169 F.Supp.3d 612, 617 (E.D. Pa. 2016); Tyler v. O'Neill, supra.

Here, the payment of the accrued vacation and conveyance of the title to the company-provided vehicle were terms negotiated into a binding one-year employment contract between Thomas Panzarella and Cook Technologies. See, Hartman v. Baker, 2000 PA Super 140, 766 A.2d 347, 353 (Pa. Super. 2000(citing Bowers v. NETI Technologies, Inc., 690 F.Supp. 349, 353 (E.D. Pa. 1988)). Cook does not dispute that it has made only two of the $1,155.33 monthly unused vacation payments and thus has not paid Panzarella in full for his earned vacation nor does it contest that it failed to tender the title to the company-provided vehicle, a failure which Panzarella remedied by paying off the balance of the loan for the car himself. Inasmuch as Mr. Panzarella has thus established his claims under the WPCL, we find that he is entitled to damages in the amount of $71,153.76 for unpaid earned vacation time, and $6,788.35 for the company car.

To obtain statutory liquidated damages on the overdue amount, however, requires that there be no good faith contest or dispute of any wage claim including a good faith assertion that a right of set-off or counterclaim exists accounting for such non-payment. 43 P.S. §260.10. On this point, the evidence reflects that in similar fashion to Thomas Panzarella's many years of reliance upon his legal and accounting professionals, the Cook parties also followed the advice of their attorneys and ERISA counsel who erroneously informed them that they would be wise to forego paying Panzarella anything until after the matter of the "prohibited transaction" had been resolved. While hindsight now shows the ill-advised nature of this advice, it nevertheless suffices to provide Cook, Kulp, Finnegan and Ziegler an adequate "good faith" basis to relieve them of the WPCL's imposition of the 25% liquidated damages as a sanction for their decision.

In light of all of the foregoing, we now enter the following:

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

1. This Court has jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter of this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§1331 and 1367 and 29 U.S.C. §1001, et. seq.

2. Thomas Panzarella's sales in March, April and May of 2012 of 3,000 shares of his "outside-the-plan" stock in Cook Technologies at the per-share price of $104.08 to the Cook ESOP were prohibited transactions under Section 406 of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. §1106.

3. The appropriate remedy for the undertaking of the prohibited transactions in this case is the restoration of the trust beneficiaries to the position they would have occupied had the transactions not taken place. Accordingly, the Court shall hereby direct that the prohibited transactions be "reversed," and Mr. Panzarella shall be ordered to repay the Cook ESOP the $312,240.00 which he received for the sale of his 3,000 shares to the ESOP and that those 3,000 shares of Cook Technologies' stock be returned to him.

4. The Cook parties did not have sufficient grounds to withhold the payment of Thomas Panzarella's retirement and pension benefits from him as an offset for the prohibited transactions. Thomas Panzarella is therefore entitled to the prompt payment of any and all monies due and owing from both the cash investment and company stock portions of his retirement accounts from the Cook ESOP. Those payments are appropriately made in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Cook Employees Stock Option Plan (ESOP) applicable to payment of benefits in effect as of the date of Panzarella's retirement.

5. The Cook Plaintiffs have failed to make out any of the elements required to sustain causes of action under RICO, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(b), (c), or (d) and have failed to make the requisite showing that equitable tolling of the RICO statute of limitations is warranted in this case. Judgment is therefore properly entered in favor of Thomas Panzarella on Counts I, II, and III of the Counterclaim in Case No. 15-CV-3568.

6. The Cook parties have failed to prove that Thomas Panzarella usurped Cook's corporate opportunity or breached the fiduciary duties which he owed to Cook in forming Freedom Sciences, nor have they proven that Panzarella was unjustly enriched at Cook's expense. The Cook parties have also failed to demonstrate grounds for equitable tolling of the state statute of limitations for their common law breach of fiduciary duty claims against Thomas Panzarella. For these reasons, judgment in Panzarella's favor is properly entered on Count IV of the Counterclaim in Case No. 15-CV-3568.

7. There was no evidence whatsoever that Thomas Panzarella ever used Cook's employees to perform wiring, repairs and renovations to his home without having paid them personally or that any such work was performed during the time that such employees were being paid to work for Cook, nor was there any evidence that Cook paid Panzarella's personal expenses with Cook's funds, or that Cook ever paid for Panzarella's personal vacations. Finally, there was no evidence presented that Panzarella's family members were employed at Cook when such employment was not in Cook's best interests nor evidence upon which this Court could find that the statute of limitations is properly tolled. There being no evidentiary support whatsoever for any of these allegations, judgment is also properly entered in favor of Panzarella and against Cook on Count V of Cook's counterclaim in Case No. 15-CV-3568.

8. Cook breached its loan agreement with Thomas Panzarella by its failure and refusal to make any payments on the principal amount of $208,160 or any interest payments to be paid at the rate of 1.93%. Thomas Panzarella is entitled to repayment of the principal amount in full, to wit, $208,160, together with accrued interest at the rate of 1.93% per annum from July 26, 2012 and is likewise entitled to recoupment of the attorneys' fees, costs and other expenses which he has incurred to secure re-payment.

9. Cook also breached the Salary Continuation Agreement which it entered into with Thomas Panzarella on June 1, 2012 by failing to pay Panzarella for all of his accrued but unused vacation and by failing to tender to him the title to the company-provided vehicle which he had been driving. Panzarella is thus entitled to the entry of judgment in his favor in the amount of $77,942.11.

10. The Redemption Agreement which Thomas Panzarella and Cook entered into on or about December 21, 1990 under which Cook was required to purchase all of his individually, outside-the-plan tock upon his retirement from the company, was superceded by the Stockholder Agreement which he entered into with the Company, along with Messrs. Kulp and Ziegler, on February 14, 2012. Cook therefore did not breach the original Redemption Agreement and Thomas Panzarella is not entitled to any relief under the terms of that superceded Agreement.

11. By failing to pay Thomas Panzarella all of the fringe benefits to which it had agreed in the Salary Continuation Agreement, the Cook Technologies and its three officers and/or directors, Michael Finnegan, Gordon Kulp and Robert Ziegler violated the Pennsylvania Wage Payment Collection Law, although they reasonably believed in good faith that they had a valid reason for doing so. They are therefore properly held liable to Thomas Panzarella for the balance due and owing for his unpaid and unused vacation time ($71,153.76) and the amount which Panzarella personally paid to obtain the title for the company car ($6,788.35). Statutory, liquidated damages in the amount of 25% of the amount due and owing is not properly awarded.

An order follows.