OPINION BY OLSON, J.:
Appellant, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, appeals from an order entered on April 16, 2010, which granted Jamar Simmons' motion to suppress physical evidence. For the following reasons we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
Trial Court Opinion, 8/3/2010, at 2-3.
Simmons filed a motion to suppress the evidence recovered as a result of the protective frisk. After a hearing and additional
The Commonwealth presents one issue for appeal:
Commonwealth's Brief at 2.
Where a motion to suppress has been filed, the burden is on the Commonwealth to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the challenged evidence is admissible. Commonwealth v. Powell, 994 A.2d 1096, 1101 (Pa.Super.2010), citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 323(h); Commonwealth v. Iannaccio, 505 Pa. 414, 480 A.2d 966 (1984). When reviewing a decision from the suppression court, our responsibility is (1) to determine whether the record supports the factual findings of the court below, and (2) to evaluate the legitimacy of the inferences and legal conclusions drawn from those findings. Commonwealth v. Bull, 382 Pa.Super. 559, 555 A.2d 1341 (1989). Where, as here, it is the Commonwealth who is appealing the decision of the suppression court, we must consider only the evidence of the defendant's witnesses and so much of the evidence for the prosecution which when read in the context of the record as a whole, remains uncontradicted. Commonwealth v. Hamlin, 503 Pa. 210, 469 A.2d 137, 139 (1983). If the record supports the factual findings below, we are bound by those findings. Commonwealth v. James, 506 Pa. 526, 486 A.2d 376, 379 (1985).
However, while we are bound by the suppression court's findings of fact if supported by the record, we are not bound by the court's legal conclusions which are drawn from the facts of the case. Commonwealth v. Lagana, 517 Pa. 371, 537 A.2d 1351, 1353 (1988). In the present case, both parties are in agreement as to the facts; therefore, the question which remains is whether the court committed an error in its legal conclusions drawn from those facts. See Bull, 555 A.2d at 1343.
In particular, the Commonwealth appeals the trial court's finding that the officers did not have a reasonable basis to conduct a protective frisk of Simmons. According to the Commonwealth, the trial court's holding was based upon an improper reading and application of this Court's en banc decision in Commonwealth v. Reppert, 814 A.2d 1196 (Pa.Super.2002). The Commonwealth argues that, contrary to the trial court's belief, the factual scenario in Reppert is significantly different from the facts of the instant matter and that, when one considers the totality of the circumstances in the instant matter, it becomes apparent that the police officers had a reasonable basis to conduct a protective frisk of Simmons. We agree.
Specifically, "[i]t is hornbook law that the [F]ourth [A]mendment to the United States Constitution as well as Article I, § 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect citizens from `unreasonable
Terry further held that "[w]hen an officer is justified in believing that the individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or to others" the officer may conduct a pat down search "to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon." Terry, 392 U.S. at 24, 88 S.Ct. 1868. "The purpose of this limited search is not to discover evidence of crime, but to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence." Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972).
In order to conduct an investigatory stop, the police must have reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. Terry, 392 U.S. at 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868. In order to determine whether the police had reasonable suspicion, the totality of the circumstances—the whole picture— must be considered. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981). "Based upon that whole picture the detaining officers must have a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity." Id. at 417-418, 101 S.Ct. 690. To conduct a pat down for weapons, a limited search or "frisk" of the suspect, the officer must reasonably believe that his safety or the safety of others is threatened. Commonwealth v. Arch, 439 Pa.Super. 606, 654 A.2d 1141, 1144 (1995). If either the seizure (the initial stop) or the search (the frisk) is found to be unreasonable, the remedy is to exclude all evidence derived from the illegal government activity. Commonwealth v. Gibson, 536 Pa. 123, 638 A.2d 203, 206-207 (1994).
The Terry totality of the circumstances test applies to traffic stops or roadside encounters in the same way that it applies to typical police encounters. See Commonwealth v. Mesa, 453 Pa.Super. 147, 683 A.2d 643, 646 (1996). Moreover, the principles of Terry apply to all occupants of the stopped vehicle, not just the driver. See id. (applying the principles of Terry to determine whether the police were permitted to conduct a pat down search of the passenger in a vehicle that was stopped pursuant to a motor vehicle violation). Indeed, as we have observed, "roadside encounters, between police and suspects are especially hazardous, and that danger may arise from the possible presence of weapons in the area surrounding a suspect." In re O.J., 958 A.2d 561, 564 (Pa.Super.2008) (en banc), citing Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1049, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983).
In this matter neither side disputes that the vehicle in question was subject to a valid stop as a result of a brake light violation of the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Code. Therefore, we focus on whether, given the totality of the circumstances, Officer Galiczynski witnessed behavior that could lead him to reasonably believe that
The record in this matter establishes that the vehicle in question was stopped at night in a high drug and high crime area. Furthermore, Officer Galiczynski testified that prior to exiting his police vehicle, he witnessed Simmons, the passenger in the vehicle, reach down towards the floor and then reach across his chest. Officer Galiczynski, an officer with over 12 years of experience, believed that Simmons' movements were consistent with concealing a weapon, and warned his partner about his concern. Based upon that concern, when Officer Galiczynski reached Simmons' side of the vehicle, Officer Galiczynski frisked Simmons in the areas in which he witnessed the furtive movements. As a result of that frisk, Officer Galiczynski felt a bulge in Simmons' clothing that he immediately recognized to be packaged narcotics. Consequently, he seized the narcotics and arrested Simmons.
Under such circumstances, we hold that Officer Galiczynski's observation of furtive movements, within the scope of a lawful stop, led him to reasonably be concerned for his safety and therefore justified the Terry protective frisk. Indeed, on multiple occasions we have held that similar furtive movements, when witnessed within the scope of a lawful traffic stop, provided a reasonable basis for a protective frisk. See e.g. Commonwealth v. Morris, 537 Pa. 417, 644 A.2d 721, 723 (1994); In re O.J., 958 A.2d at 566; Commonwealth v. Mack, 953 A.2d 587, 591 (Pa.Super.2008); Commonwealth v. Parker, 957 A.2d 311, 316 (Pa.Super.2008); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 927 A.2d 279, 284-285 (Pa.Super.2007).
The trial court recognized the above precedent, but disregarded it based upon its mistaken belief that our en banc holding in Reppert invalidated the holdings in those cases. Trial Court Opinion, 8/3/2010, at 12-13. In its opinion the trial court quoted extensively from Reppert and incorrectly interpreted it to categorically hold that furtive movements are irrelevant to the consideration of whether officers have the necessary level of suspicion to justify a Terry stop and frisk. Id. at 4-13. Reppert made no such holding.
Rather, Reppert is distinguishable from this matter and the cited precedent because in Reppert the search and seizure in question took place after the lawful traffic stop had concluded. Specifically, in Reppert the defendant was a passenger in a vehicle which was lawfully pulled over for a registration sticker violation. Reppert, 814 A.2d at 1199. During a brief pursuit of the vehicle, the officer observed the defendant in the back seat engaged in movements suggestive of stuffing something into his pockets or between the seat cushions of the car. Id. Apparently, however, the defendant's movements did not significantly concern the officer, because rather than immediately frisk the defendant, he proceeded with the traffic stop. The officer interacted with the driver, and eventually accepted his explanation for the registration sticker violation, deciding not to issue a citation. Id. At that point, we concluded that the officer "had realized the purpose for the stop and had no further reason to detain the driver of the vehicle or its occupants under the guise of the original traffic infraction." Id. at 1203. Nevertheless, the officer then ordered the defendant to exit the back seat, at which time he observed bulges in the defendant's pockets. Id. at 1199. Claiming that he was concerned for his safety, the officer ordered the defendant to empty his pockets which revealed cash, narcotics, and a small scale. Id. The defendant was consequently arrested.
Contrary to the trial court's interpretation, Reppert did not hold that furtive movements are irrelevant to the totality of the circumstances test set forth in Terry. When properly understood, Reppert stands for the proposition that pre-stop furtive movements, by themselves, may not be used to justify an investigative detention and search commenced after the conclusion of a valid traffic stop where the totality of circumstances has established that the furtive movements did not raise immediate concern for the safety of the officer who undertook the initial vehicle detention.
In contrast with Reppert, this case involved a single police encounter—a valid stop during which suspicious movements were observed. That suspicious behavior reasonably led Officer Galiczynski to believe that Simmons may have been concealing a weapon. Therefore, Officer Galiczynski had valid grounds to conduct a protective frisk. Consequently, we reverse the trial court's suppression order and remand for further proceedings.
Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.