MEMORANDUM ORDER

GARY L. LANCASTER, Chief Judge.

Plaintiff's Complaint was received by the Clerk of Courts on January 11, 2008 and was referred to Chief United States Magistrate Judge Lisa Pupo Lenihan for pretrial proceedings in accordance with the Magistrate Judges Act, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), and Rules 72.1.3 and 72.1.4 of the Local Rules for Magistrate Judges.

The Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation (Doc. No. 285) filed on June 3, 2011, recommended that the Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant Judge Walker (Doc. No. 194) be granted. Service was made on all counsel of record and pro se Plaintiff Daniel J. Goodson, III. The parties were informed that in accordance with the Magistrate Judge's Act, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and (C), and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b)(2), and Local Rule of Court 72.D.2., the parties had fourteen (14) days from the date of service to file objections to the Report and Recommendation. No objections have been filed. After review of the pleadings and the documents in the case, together with the Report and Recommendation, the following Order is entered:

AND NOW, this 23 day of June, 2011,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 194) filed by Defendant Judge Walker is GRANTED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Report and Recommendation (Doc. No. 285) of Magistrate Judge Lenihan, dated June 3, 2011, is adopted as the Opinion of the Court.

MAGISTRATE JUDGE'S REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

LISA PUPO LENIHAN, United States Chief Magistrate Judge.

I. RECOMMENDATION

It is respectfully recommended that the Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 194) filed by Defendant Judge Douglas S. Walker be granted.

II. REPORT

A. Relevant Facts

Plaintiff Daniel J. Goodson III (hereinafter "Father" or "Plaintiff") is a pro se individual who has filed this civil action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, 1986 and 1988 on behalf of himself and his four minor children, D.G. VI, J.G., S.G. and D.G. (ECF No. 36 at Overview.)1 At ECF No. 242, Chief District Judge Lancaster dismissed the claims of minor Plaintiffs without prejudice, and on December 23, 2010, these minor children were terminated as parties in the above-captioned case. Therefore, Father, Daniel J. Goodson, III, is the only remaining Plaintiff.

Plaintiff asserts violations of his First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. (ECF No. 36 at Overview.) The Amended Complaint contains a plethora of different claims regarding a variety of different situations. The majority of the claims, however, stem from custody proceedings regarding Father's children in the state courts of Pennsylvania and Colorado (hereinafter the "underlying custody matter"). Plaintiff has named 37 different defendants who are judges, courts, court employees, county commissioners and controllers, social workers employed by various county children and youth services, the mothers of Father's children, Father's former counsel, foster parents, a guardian ad litem, a state trooper, a prison official, a sheriff, and state and federal prosecutors.

According to Plaintiff, Father and Defendant Tara Thompson ("Thompson"), the biological mother of D.G. VI, J.G., and S.G., divorced in 2000. Plaintiff Father filed for custody of D.G. IV, J.G., and S.G. in Westmoreland County Court of Common Pleas ("Westmoreland County Court"). (ECF No. 36 at Overview.) In the meantime, Thompson and children moved to Colorado and she filed for divorce in the La Plata County District Court in Durango, Colorado (hereinafter "Colorado Court"). (ECF No. 36 at Overview.) Defendant Judge John Driscoll of the Westmoreland County Court relinquished jurisdiction of the case to the Colorado Court. (ECF No. 36 at ¶ 31.) During all or most of these four years, Father was incarcerated in the Allegheny County Jail. (ECF No. 36 at Synopsis.) Plaintiff avers that Defendant Judge Douglas S. Walker ("Judge Walker"), then a magistrate in Colorado's Sixth Judicial District, presided over the divorce action involving Plaintiff and Defendant Thompson. Eventually, Father's parental rights were involuntarily terminated by the Colorado Court in 2004. (ECF No. 36 at Synopsis.)

Plaintiff seeks generally declaratory, injunctive and monetary relief against all Defendants. (ECF No. 36 at Posture.) With regard to Judge Walker, who has filed the present Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff requests the following injunctive and/or declaratory relief:

(ECF No. 36 at Synopsis.) In addition, Plaintiff also requests an order directing (1) the filing of federal criminal charges against those Defendants as warranted and (2) a federal investigation of all Defendants' conduct and actions in regard to the complaint. With regard to monetary relief, Plaintiff seeks from each Defendant compensatory damages in the amount of $50,000 and punitive damages in the amount of $100,000. (ECF No. 36 at Synopsis.)

In his response to Judge Walker's Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff Goodson states at ECF No. 212 that the following averments of the Amended Complaint are directed against Judge Walker (as well as other defendants):

B. Legal Standards

PRO SE PLEADINGS

The Court must liberally construe the factual allegations of Plaintiff's Amended Complaint because pro se pleadings, "however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers." Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972). Further, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(e) requires that all pleadings be construed "so as to do justice." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e).

MOTION TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO RULE 12(b)(1)

A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) may be treated as either a facial or factual challenge to the court's subject matter jurisdiction. Patsakis v. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, 339 F.Supp.2d 689, 692 (W.D.Pa.2004) (citing Mortensen v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 549 F.2d 884, 891 (3d Cir.1977)); Gould Electronics, Inc. v. United States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d Cir.2000). In the case at bar, Judge Walker presents a facial challenge. (Brief in Support of Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 195 at 3.) In a facial attack, the court must consider the allegations of the complaint as true, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, similar to a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Mortensen, 549 F.2d at 891; In re Kaiser Group Int'l, Inc., 399 F.3d 558, 561 (3d Cir.2005).

In support of his Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Judge Walker argues that Plaintiff's claims are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine in that Plaintiff seeks appellate-type review of a final judgment of the Colorado Court. In response, Plaintiff argues that this case involves a state court conspiracy and does not involve a state court judgment.

MOTION TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO RULE 12(b)(2)

In deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2), the court must accept all allegations of the complaint as true. Dayhoff, Inc. v. H.J. Heinz, Co., 86 F.3d 1287, 1302 (3d Cir.1996). Once defendant raises the personal jurisdictional defense, plaintiff bears the burden of proving that jurisdiction is proper by producing affidavits or other competent evidence. Id. See also North Penn Gas Co. v. Corning Natural Gas Co., 897 F.2d 687, 689 (3d Cir.1990).

In support of his Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), Judge Walker argues that the Amended Complaint contains no factual allegations from which he should have foreseen that he would be haled into a Pennsylvania court.

In response, Plaintiff argues that Judge Walker is subject to personal jurisdiction in Pennsylvania because he allegedly engaged in a conspiracy that violated Plaintiff's rights.

MOTION TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO RULE 12(b)(6)

A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 183 (3d Cir.1993). A complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a claim if it does not allege "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (rejecting the traditional 12(b)(6) standard set forth in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-57, 127 S.Ct. 1955). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). The Supreme Court further explained:

Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57, 127 S.Ct. 1955).

Recently, in Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.2009), the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit discussed its decision in Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 232-33 (3d Cir.2008) (construing Twombly in a civil rights context), and described how the Rule 12(b)(6) standard had changed in light of Twombly and Iqbal as follows:

Fowler, 578 F.3d at 210.

Thereafter, In light of Iqbal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.2009), set forth a two-prong test to be applied by the district courts in deciding motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim:

Fowler, 578 F.3d at 210-11.

In support of the Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Judge Walker argues that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because he is entitled to absolute judicial immunity.

Plaintiff does not specifically respond to this argument, he states only that "[t]he facts pled show entitlement to the relief requested."

C. Analysis

1. SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

Rooker-Feldman

The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is a judicially-created doctrine that bars lower federal courts from reviewing certain state court actions. The doctrine originated from two Supreme Court opinions: Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 44 S.Ct. 149, 68 L.Ed. 362 (1923), and District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 103 S.Ct. 1303, 75 L.Ed.2d 206 (1983). Specifically, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine holds that a United States District Court has no subject matter jurisdiction to review final judgments of a state court, because only the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to review state court judgments under 28 U.S.C. § 1257. Feldman, 460 U.S. at 482, 103 S.Ct. 1303.2 "The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is based on the statutory foundation of 28 U.S.C. § 1257 and the well-settled understanding that the Supreme Court of the United States, and not the lower federal courts, has jurisdiction to review a state court decision." Parkview Assocs. P'ship v. City of Lebanon, 225 F.3d 321, 324 (3d Cir.2000); see also Gulla v. North Strabane Twp., 146 F.3d 168, 171 (3d Cir.1998). This doctrine applies even where the challenges to the state court judgment allege that the state court's action was unconstitutional, such as a deprivation of due process and equal protection rights. Feldman, 460 U.S. at 485-86 (citation omitted).

In Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, the Supreme Court emphasized the narrowness of the doctrine and held that Rooker-Feldman is "confined to cases of the kind from which the doctrine acquired its name: cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejections of those judgments." 544 U.S. 280, 284, 125 S.Ct. 1517, 161 L.Ed.2d 454 (2005).3 The Court in Exxon Mobil further clarified that just because a federal claim was previously adjudicated in state court does not trigger the application of Rooker-Feldman. Thus, the court must determine if the plaintiff in the federal lawsuit has presented "some independent claim, albeit one that denies a legal conclusion that a state court has reached in a case to which he was a party." Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 293, 125 S.Ct. 1517 (citations omitted). If the court finds that an independent claim has been presented, then jurisdiction exists and state law controls whether the defendant prevails on preclusion principles. Id. As the Court pointed out, "[p]reclusion, of course, is not a jurisdictional matter." Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)).

Shortly after the Supreme Court's determination in Exxon Mobil, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, while acknowledging the recent Exxon Mobil decision, still applied the two-step Rooker-Feldman inquiry that it had applied in the past-a claim in federal court will be barred by Rooker-Feldman under two circumstances: "first, if the federal claim was actually litigated in state court prior to the filing of the federal action or, second, if the federal claim is inextricably intertwined with the state adjudication, meaning that federal relief can only be predicated upon a conviction that the state court was wrong." In Re Knapper, 407 F.3d 573, 580 (3d Cir.2005). More recently, however, the court of appeals has cautioned that reliance on its pre-Exxon formulation of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, and in particular the "inextricably intertwined" prong, may no longer be appropriate. See, e.g., Gary v. Braddock Cemetery, 517 F.3d 195, 200 n. 5 (3d Cir.2008) (citations omitted); East Hill Synagogue v. City of Englewood, 240 Fed.Appx. 938, 940 n. 1 (3d Cir.2007) (noting that after Mobil, "[t]here is little reason to believe that inextricably intertwined' . . . does anything more than state a conclusion or describe a claim that meets the requirements of Exxon.") (collecting decisions from other courts of appeals).

In 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit rejected its pre-Exxon Mobil formulation of the Rooker-Feldman inquiry, and established the following test, based on the Supreme Court's holding in Exxon Mobil:

Great Western Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 166 (3d Cir.2010) (quoting Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284, 125 S.Ct. 1517). Furthermore, in formulating the four-part test, the court of appeals determined that the phrase "inextricably intertwined" neither created an additional legal test nor expanded the scope of the doctrine beyond challenges to state-court judgments. Id. at 170. Rather, "[t]he purpose of the [phrase had been] to highlight that a challenge to a judgment is barred even if the claim forming the basis of the challenge was not raised in the state proceedings." Id. (alteration to original) (citing Bolden v. City of Topeka, Kan., 441 F.3d 1129, 1141 (10th Cir.2006)). Hence, the court of appeals opined that the phrase is no more than "a descriptive label attached to claims that meet the requirements outlined in Exxon Mobil." Id. at 170 (quoting Hoblock v. Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 422 F.3d 77, 87 (2d Cir.2005)).

The court of appeals in Great Western found that the key to determining whether Rooker-Feldman barred a claim lies within the second and fourth requirements of the four-part test. 615 F.3d at 166. Essentially, the second requirement—plaintiff must complain of injuries caused by the state court judgment—is an inquiry into the source of the plaintiff's injury. Id. (citing Turner v. Crawford Square Apartments III, L.P., 449 F.3d 542, 547 (3d Cir.2006)). The court of appeals offered the following illustration of a situation where the state court judgment itself was the source of the injury:

Id. at 166-67 (emphasis added) (citing Hoblock, 422 F.3d at 87-88). By contrast, the court of appeals noted that in the following example, the source of the injury was the defendants' actions (as opposed to the state court judgment), even though the federal lawsuit asks the federal court to deny a legal conclusion reached by the state court:

Id. at 167 (citing Hoblock, 422 F.3d at 88). The court of appeals further explained that a useful guidepost in determining the source of the injury is the injury's timing, "that is, whether the injury complained of in federal court existed prior to the state-court proceedings and thus could not have been caused by' those proceedings." Id.

The fourth requirement of the four-part test—that the plaintiff must invite federal court review and rejection of the state court judgment—is closely related to the second requirement. Id. at 168 (quoting Bolden, 441 F.3d at 1143). The fourth requirement focuses, however, on "whether the federal plaintiff's claims will require appellate review of state-court decisions by the district court." Id. at 169. Moreover, it looks at the relief that is requested by the plaintiff.

In Great Western, the plaintiff claimed that due to an alleged conspiracy between the arbitrator, numerous attorneys, and state court judges, the state court's decisions had been predetermined before the hearing had taken place, violating its constitutional right to a fair hearing. Id. at 171. When addressing the second and fourth requirements, the court of appeals relied on the reasoning used by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in two separate cases with similar claims. Id.

In Nesses v. Shepard, the Great Western court observed that "the federal plaintiff alleged that his losses in state court were the product of a conspiracy among the judges and lawyers." Id. (citing Nesses v. Shepard, 68 F.3d 1003, 1004 (7th Cir.1995)). But even though the Great Western court acknowledged that the federal plaintiff was, in a sense, attacking the ruling and decision of the state court, because the federal plaintiff "alleged that, `people involved in the decision violated some independent right of his, such as the right (if it is a right) to be judged by a tribunal that is uncontaminated by politics, then he [could], without being blocked by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, sue to vindicate that right.'" Id. (quoting Nesses, 68 F.3d at 1005) (emphasis in original). Therefore, as a part of the plaintiff's claim for damages, the Great Western court found that the plaintiff may show that the violation had caused the state court's decision to be adverse to him, thus doing him harm. Id. (citing Nesses, 68 F.3d at 1005).

Next, the Great Western court noted the reasoning of the court of appeals in Brokaw v. Weaver, 305 F.3d 660, 665 (7th Cir.2002). In that case, the plaintiff contended that her relatives and certain officials had "`conspired—prior to any judicial involvement—to cause false child neglect proceedings to be filed, resulting in her removal from her home in violation of her . . . substantive and procedural due process rights[.]'" Great Western, 615 F.3d at 172 (quoting Brokaw, 305 F.3d at 665). Whether the alleged conspiracy would have caused the plaintiff to suffer any damages, absent the state court order, was found to be irrelevant. Id. The Brokaw court held that Rooker-Feldman did not bar the plaintiff's claim, "`because her claim for damages [was] based on an alleged independent violation of her constitutional rights. It was this separate constitutional violation which caused the adverse state court decision.'" Id. (quoting Brokaw, 305 F.3d at 667).

In applying the reasoning of the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, the court in Great Western found that the federal plaintiff was "not merely contending that the state-court decisions were incorrect or that they were themselves in violation of the Constitution. Instead, [the federal plaintiff] claim[ed] that people involved in the decision violated some independent right,' that is, the right to an impartial forum." Id. (quoting Nesses, 68 F.3d at 1005). Because the federal plaintiff based its claim on an alleged independent violation of its constitutional rights, the Great Western court found that actions of the defendants and members of Pennsylvania judiciary, and not the state court decisions themselves, were the source of the federal plaintiff's purported injury. Id. (quoting Brokaw, 305 F.3d at 667).

Although the court of appeals' finding on the second requirement was enough to render Rooker-Feldman inapplicable to the case, the Great Western court examined the facts as applied to the fourth requirement as well. Id. at 173. The court of appeals found that "if [the federal plaintiff] could prove the existence of a conspiracy to reach a predetermined outcome in state court, it could recover nominal damages for this due process violation." Id. (citing Carey, 435 U.S. at 262-64, 98 S.Ct. 1042). Because the merits of the state court decisions were immaterial to the existence of the alleged violation, the court of appeals held that the federal plaintiff's "entitlement to such damages could be assessed without any analysis of the state-court judgments. To recover for more than the alleged due process violation, however, [the federal plaintiff] would have to show that the adverse state-court decisions were entered erroneously." Id. (citing Nesses, 68 F.3d at 1005).

Nevertheless, the Great Western court found that this is not the type of appellate review that is barred by Rooker-Feldman. Id. The relief requested by the plaintiffs in both Rooker and Feldman, who were seeking to have the state-court decisions undone or declared null and void by the federal courts, required effectively overruling the state-court judgments. Id. (citing Rooker, 263 U.S. at 414, 44 S.Ct. 149; Feldman, 460 U.S. at 468-69, 103 S.Ct. 1303). To differentiate, the federal plaintiff in Great Western had sought relief in the form of damages, and hence, "may, as part of [its] claim for damages,' show that the [constitutional] violation caused the decision[s] to be adverse to [it] and thus did [it] harm.'" Id. (citing Nesses, 68 F.3d at 1005). Therefore, "while Great Western's claim for damages may require review of state-court judgments and even a conclusion that they were erroneous, those judgments would not have to be rejected or overruled for Great Western to prevail. Accordingly, the review and rejection requirement of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine [was] not met[.]" Id. (alteration to original).

In the instant matter, the Court finds that all four requirements of Great Western are met with regard to the claims against Judge Walker seeking the following relief:

First, Father was the losing party in the custody action with regard to D.G. IV., J.G. and S.G., which was transferred to Judge Walker in the Colorado Court in 2000. Judge Walker subsequently terminated Father's parental rights to D.G. IV, J.G., and S.G. in 2004. Second, it is clear that the source of Plaintiff's alleged injuries in this federal action is the Colorado state court judgment terminating Father's parental rights issued by Judge Walker. Father is now suing in federal court for the reinstitution of his parental rights, an award of custody to the paternal grandparents, and return of jurisdiction over the custody matters to the Pennsylvania state court. It is clear from Plaintiff's declaratory and injunctive requests for relief set out above that he is seeking reversal of the Colorado judgment. Plaintiff is, in essence, seeking appellate review of the Colorado state court judgment, and therefore, the Court finds that the source of Plaintiff's alleged injuries as to these claims seeking equitable relief is the state court judgment issued in the Colorado court by Judge Walker. The third requirement is also satisfied here because it is clear that the state court judgment was entered by Judge Walker in 2004, well before the present litigation was commenced. Finally, the fourth requirement of Great Western is satisfied because, as discussed, Plaintiff specifically seeks an injunction barring enforcement of the Colorado state court judgment, the restoration of Father's parental rights, and an award of custody to the paternal grandparents, which, if granted, would effectuate a reversal of the Colorado state court judgment. Accordingly, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the claims against Judge Walker seeking the equitable relief set out above.

According to Great Western, however, Father's claims for violation of his federal constitutional rights and conspiracy for which he seeks monetary damages, are not barred by Rooker-Feldman. The source of Plaintiff's injuries as to these claims is not the Colorado state court judgment. Instead, the source of Plaintiff's alleged injuries is Judge Walker's alleged actions in participating in the claimed conspiracy. Even though these actions may have lead up to the Colorado state court judgment, these claims are independent because they stemmed from the alleged actions of Judge Walker, rather than from the judgment itself. Further, as to the fourth element of Great Western, although Father's claim for damages may require review of the Colorado state court judgment and even a conclusion that it was erroneous, the Colorado state court judgment would not have to be rejected or overruled for Father to prevail on his independent constitutional claims for damages. Accordingly, Rooker-Feldman does not bar the claims against Judge Walker seeking monetary damages.

2. PERSONAL JURISDICTION

In responding to a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, facts sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over the defendants, by producing affidavits or other competent evidence. Metcalfe v. Renaissance Marine, Inc., 566 F.3d 324, 330 (3d Cir.2009) (citing Pinker v. Roche Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 368 (3d Cir.2002); Dayhoff Inc. v. H.J. Heinz Co., 86 F.3d 1287, 1302 (3d Cir.1996)); Time Share Vacation Club v. Atlantic Resorts, Ltd., 735 F.2d 61, 65 (3d Cir.1984) (citation omitted). If an evidentiary hearing is not held on the 12(b)(2) motion, then the plaintiff need only demonstrate a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction. Metcalfe, 566 F.3d at 330 (citing O'Connor v. Sandy Lane Hotel Co., 496 F.3d 312, 316 (3d Cir.2007)); D'Jamoos v. Pilatus Aircraft Ltd., 566 F.3d 94, 102 (3d Cir. 2009) (citing Miller Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Smith, 384 F.3d 93, 97 (3d Cir.2004)). In deciding a Rule 12(b)(2) motion, the court must accept as true all allegations contained in the complaint and view all factual disputes in plaintiff's favor. D'Jamoos, 566 F.3d at 102 (citing Miller Yacht Sales, 384 F.3d at 97).

The starting point for determining whether personal jurisdiction can be exercised over a nonresident defendant is Rule 4(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 4(e) "authorizes personal jurisdiction over non-resident defendants to the extent permissible under the law of the state where the district court sits." Mellon Bank (East) PSFS, Nat'l Ass'n v. Farino, 960 F.2d 1217, 1221 (3d Cir.1992) (citation omitted); D'Jamoos, 566 F.3d at 102 (citing Provident Nat'l Bank v. Cal. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 819 F.2d 434, 436 (3d Cir.1987)). Pennsylvania's long-arm statute, codified at 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5322(b), permits Pennsylvania courts to exercise personal jurisdiction "to the fullest extent allowed under the Constitution of the United States and may be based on the most minimum contact with [Pennsylvania] allowed under the Constitution of the United States."4 Thus, as long as the requirements of the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution have been satisfied, jurisdiction will lie over non-resident defendants in Pennsylvania. Farino, 960 F.2d at 1221; Pennzoil Prod. Co. v. Colelli & Assoc., Inc., 149 F.3d 197, 200 (3d Cir.1998) (citing Farino, 960 F.2d at 1221; Renner v. Lanard Toys Ltd., 33 F.3d 277, 279 (3d Cir.1994)); Santana Prod., Inc. v. Bobrick Washroom Equip., 14 F.Supp.2d 710, 713 (M.D.Pa.1998).

It is axiomatic that to satisfy due process, the defendant must have certain "minimum contacts" with the forum state "such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend `traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'"5 Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S.Ct. 339, 85 L.Ed. 278 (1940)) (other citations omitted). The minimum contacts requirement serves the purpose of "protect[ing] the defendant against the burdens of litigating in a distant and inconvenient forum" by requiring that the "defendant's conduct and connection with the forum State [be] such that [a defendant] should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 291-92, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980) (citations omitted). This framework enables "potential defendants to structure their primary conduct with some minimum assurance as to where that conduct will and will not render them liable to suit." Id. at 297, 100 S.Ct. 559. Thus, a plaintiff cannot unilaterally create the necessary contacts between the defendant and the forum; rather, "minimum contacts" can arise only by "`some act by which the defendant purposely avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.'" Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958)).

Personal jurisdiction can exist in one of two forms: specific jurisdiction or general jurisdiction. Specific jurisdiction applies where the cause of action is related to or arises from the defendant's contacts with the forum, Toys "R" Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 451 (3d Cir.2003) (quoting Pinker, 292 F.3d at 368), while general jurisdiction applies where the defendant's contacts with the forum are "continuous and systematic" but are not related to the plaintiff's cause of action, Pennzoil, 149 F.3d at 200 (citation omitted).

a. Specific Jurisdiction

In determining whether it can exercise specific jurisdiction, the court must undertake a three-part inquiry. D'Jamoos, 566 F.3d at 102. Initially, the court must determine whether the defendant has "`purposefully directed'" its activities toward the forum State. Id. (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 472, 105 S.Ct. 2174 (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 775, 104 S.Ct. 1473, 79 L.Ed.2d 790 (1984) (whether "minimum contacts" exist requires the court to examine "the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation."))). "Second, the litigation must arise out of or relate to' at least one of those activities." Id. (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408 414, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984); O'Connor, 496 F.3d at 317). Finally, if the plaintiff has established the first two elements, only then does the court proceed to the third part of the inquiry—whether the defendant's contacts with the forum state are such that maintenance of the action "`does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'"6 World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 292, 100 S.Ct. 559 (citing, Int'l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316, 66 S.Ct. 154); D'Jamoos, 566 F.3d at 102. In this regard, the court of appeals observed:

D'Jamoos, 566 F.3d at 102-03.

The Court has carefully reviewed the factual allegations contained in Plaintiff's Amended Complaint and concludes that the allegations, even when taken as true and viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, do not support a prima facie case of specific personal jurisdiction. The allegations in the Amended Complaint simply fail to establish that Judge Walker purposely directed any of his activities at Plaintiff while he was in Pennsylvania.

Likewise, Plaintiff is unable to establish the second requirement that this litigation arises out of or relates to any activities purposefully directed toward Pennsylvania, since Plaintiff has failed to establish any activities purposefully directed to Pennsylvania by Judge Walker in the first instance.

Because the Court has found that Plaintiff has failed to establish the first two requirements of specific personal jurisdiction, it need not address the third element, i.e., whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Defendant would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. D'Jamoos, 566 F.3d at 106 (citations omitted). Accordingly, the Court finds that it lacks specific personal jurisdiction over Judge Walker.

b. General Jurisdiction

Having failed to establish a prima facie case of specific personal jurisdiction over Judge Walker, Plaintiff must now show that Judge Walker had "continuous and systematic" contacts with Pennsylvania, such that general personal jurisdiction exists. Plaintiff's Amended Complaint, however, is completely devoid of any allegations that would suggest such contacts.

The Court of Appeals has held that a plaintiff must prove significantly more than mere minimum contacts to invoke the court's general jurisdiction. Provident Nat'l Bank v. California Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 819 F.2d 434, 437 (3d Cir.1987) (citations omitted). Thus, to satisfy due process, the contacts of a nonresident defendant with the form must be continuous and substantial. Id. (citations omitted). For example, continuous and substantial contacts were found to exist where the evidence of record showed that defendants transacted business in the forum "[b]y maintaining an office and an agent in [the forum] on an ongoing basis, entering into contractual relationships in [the forum], and designating and maintaining billing and technical contacts within [the forum]," thereby subjecting the non-resident defendants to the general jurisdiction of the forum district. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. v. iCraveTV, Nos. Civ. A. 00-121 and 00-120, 2000 WL 255989, at *4 (W.D.Pa. Feb. 8, 2000) (citations omitted).

A review of Plaintiff's Amended Complaint reveals that Judge Walker has not engaged in any activities in Pennsylvania, let alone any continuous and substantial business activities, that would allow this Court to properly exercise jurisdiction over him. Indeed, Plaintiff's Amended Complaint is completely devoid of any allegations of fact suggesting any contacts by Judge Walker with Pennsylvania. Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case of general personal jurisdiction over Judge Walker.

Finally, Plaintiff suggests that this Court has personal jurisdiction over Judge Walker because Plaintiff has attempted to state a claim for conspiracy, and the alleged co-conspirators are within this Court's personal jurisdiction. (Plaintiffs' Response in Opposition of Defendant Walker's Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 212 at 3.) "Under Pennsylvania law, personal jurisdiction of a non-forum co-conspirator may be asserted only where a plaintiff demonstrates that substantial acts in furtherance of the conspiracy occurred in Pennsylvania and that the non-forum co-conspirator was aware or should have been aware of those acts." Santana Prod., Inc., 14 F.Supp.2d at 718 (citing Raymark Indus., Inc. v. Baron, No. Civ. 96-7625, 1997 WL 359333, at *4 (E.D.Pa. June 23, 1997)) ("Pennsylvania law requires proof that the co-conspirator was or should have been aware of the conspiratorial acts within the forum state."); Murray v. Nat'l Football League, No. Civ. A. 94-5971, 1996 WL 363911, at *15 (E.D.Pa. June 28, 1996) ("Plaintiff must show that substantial acts in furtherance of the conspiracy occurred in the forum state, `of which the out-of-state co-conspirator was, or should have been aware.'"); Massachusetts Sch. of Law v. American Bar Assoc., 846 F.Supp. 374, 379 (E.D.Pa.1994), aff'd, 107 F.3d 1026, 1042 (3d Cir.1997) ("[T]here must also be substantial acts in furtherance of the conspiracy within the forum, of which the out-of-state co-conspirator was or should have been aware."). Therefore, an alleged co-conspirator is not subject to the jurisdiction of every other co-conspirator's forum by virtue of his membership alone, in the alleged conspiracy.

Here, there are absolutely no facts alleged in the voluminous Amended Complaint that Judge Walker was aware, or should have been aware of, any of the alleged activities occurring in Pennsylvania. The mere fact that Judge Walker assumed jurisdiction in the Colorado Court of a domestic case originally filed in Pennsylvania, is not enough to support a claim of personal jurisdiction under a conspiracy theory. Consequently, this Court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over Judge Walker without offending "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 292, 100 S.Ct. 559.

FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

Absolute Judicial Immunity

Judge Walker argues, in the alternative, that Plaintiff's civil rights claims against him in his individual capacity are barred by the doctrine of absolute judicial immunity. The doctrine of judicial immunity grants judges absolute immunity from liability for damages "for acts committed within their judicial jurisdiction." Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 553-54, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 18 L.Ed.2d 288 (1967). "A judge will not be deprived of immunity because the action he took was in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of his authority; rather, he will be subject to liability only when he has acted in the `clear absence of all jurisdiction.'" Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356-57, 98 S.Ct. 1099, 55 L.Ed.2d 331 (1978) (internal citation and quotation omitted). Judicial immunity will not apply only if the judge acts with "clearly no jurisdiction over the subject matter," id. at 356 n. 6, 98 S.Ct. 1099 (quoting Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 335, 351, 20 L.Ed. 646 (1871)), or where the challenged conduct is not a judicial act, Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11, 112 S.Ct. 286, 116 L.Ed.2d 9 (1991). Whether an act is a judicial one is determined by whether the action is typically one performed by a judge and whether the parties thought they were dealing with a judge acting in his judicial capacity. Stump, 435 U.S. at 362, 98 S.Ct. 1099.

Clearly, Plaintiff's claims for monetary damages against Judge Walker are barred by judicial immunity. Judge Walker was acting in his judicial capacity when the events in question occurred and was not acting in clear absence of his jurisdiction. Plaintiff's allegations against Judge Walker stem from his rulings and courtroom proceedings (Amended Compl. at ¶¶ 37, 38, 39, 40, & 53) regarding the custody of D.G. VI, J.G., and S.G. Making rulings and conducting proceedings in a custody matter are clearly functions performed by judges. Hence, Judge Walker was not acting in clear absence of jurisdiction when he allegedly performed the acts at issue.

Because the acts of Judge Walker were of a judicial nature and he did not act in clear absence of jurisdiction, Plaintiff's claims for monetary damages against Judge Walker are barred by the doctrine of absolute judicial immunity. Moreover, to the extent that Plaintiff seeks injunctive and declaratory relief against the Judge, those claims are also barred. Shallow v. Rogers, 201 Fed.Appx. 901, 904 n. 4 (3d Cir.2006) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Brandon E. ex rel. Listenbee v. Reynolds, 201 F.3d 194 (3d Cir.2000)).7

Accordingly, because Plaintiff's claims against Judge Walker in his individual capacity are barred by the doctrine of absolute judicial immunity, said claims should be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.8

Further, Judge Walker is also not a "person" under Section 1983 with regard to the claims brought against him in his official capacity, because the state is the real party in interest when state officials are sued in their official capacities; the state is not a "person" under § 1983. Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 26, 112 S.Ct. 358, 116 L.Ed.2d 301 (1991) (citing Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989)).

Further, the claims against Judge Walker in his official capacity are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. The Eleventh Amendment bars civil rights suits against a state in federal court by private parties where the state has not consented to such action. Laskaris v. Thornburgh, 661 F.2d 23, 25 (3d Cir.1981) (citing Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 98 S.Ct. 3057, 57 L.Ed.2d 1114 (1978)). This immunity applies even to claims seeking injunctive relief. Id.; Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984) (holding Eleventh Amendment immunity applies "regardless of the nature of the relief sought."). Hence, the Eleventh Amendment bars actions in federal court against state officials acting in their official capacity for money damages or back pay, as such retrospective relief would be paid out of the state treasury. Laskaris, 661 F.2d at 26 (citing Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974)). However, the Supreme Court has noted an exception to this rule where "suits against individual state officers [are] for prospective injunctive and declaratory relief to end an ongoing violation of federal law." Pa. Fed'n of Sportsmen's Clubs, Inc. v. Hess, 297 F.3d 310, 323 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing MCI Telecomm. Corp. v. Bell Atlantic-Pa., 271 F.3d 491, 503 (3d Cir. 2001)). This exception is commonly referred to as the doctrine of Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 155-56, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908). See Pa. Fed'n of Sportsmen's Clubs, 297 F.3d at 323. The Supreme Court has narrowly applied this exception, Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 102, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984), and indeed, has declined to apply the exception to relief styled as prospective relief but which, in actuality, seeks compensation for a past injury by a state official. Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 73, 106 S.Ct. 423, 88 L.Ed.2d 371 (1985).

Here, Plaintiff's claims for declaratory and injunctive relief against Judge Walker in his official capacity are barred because in actuality, the so-called prospective relief sought against him is not prospective at all. An examination of the injunctive and/or declaratory relief requested in the complaint reveals that five (5) of the requests for injunctive/declaratory relief arguably pertain to Judge Walker: 1) declare the Colorado Court's judgment null and void and reverse; 2) order that the names of the minor children be changed back to their birth names; 3) order that D.G. IV, J.G., and S.G. be returned to Pennsylvania and that they be placed under the guardianship of their paternal grandparents; 4) order that jurisdiction in all custody matters be remanded to the Westmoreland County Court and Westmoreland County Children and Youth Services; and 5) order that an injunction issue to disqualify the Colorado Court and relieve it of any jurisdiction. None of this relief would end an ongoing violation of federal law. These requests are purely an attempt by Father to have this Court review the prior decisions of the state court judges, which it is not empowered to do.9 Likewise, Plaintiff's requests that this Court order a federal criminal investigation and the filing of federal criminal charges are a violation of the separation of powers provisions in the United States Constitution, and clearly outside its Article III powers. Therefore, the exception of Ex Parte Young is not applicable here and the Eleventh Amendment bars all of Plaintiff's claims against Judge Walker in his official capacity.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, it is respectfully recommended that Defendant Judge Walker's Motion to Dismiss at ECF No. 194 be granted.

In accordance with the Magistrate Judge's Act, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and (C), and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b)(2), and Local Rule of Court 72.D.2., the parties are allowed fourteen (14) days from the date of service to file objections to this report and recommendation. Any party opposing the objections shall have fourteen (14) days from the date of service of objections to respond thereto. Failure to file timely objections will constitute a waiver of any appellate rights.