MEMORANDUM OPINION

JOY FLOWERS CONTI, District Judge.

I. Introduction

This opinion concerns sample plaintiff Robert Bajkowski ("Bajkowski"). Pending before the court are eight motions for summary judgment filed by the relevant operating subsidiaries (collectively "defendants") of defendant Enterprise Rent-a-Car Company ("ERAC") against sample plaintiffs1 selected from the cases consolidated in this multidistrict litigation ("MDL"). The consolidated cases involve allegations that defendants violated the compensation requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. ("FLSA"), by failing to pay plaintiffs overtime compensation. Plaintiffs are or were assistant managers employed by one of the defendants.

This memorandum opinion addresses the motion for summary judgment filed by defendant Enterprise Leasing Company of Chicago, LLC ("ERAC-Chicago"), against Bajkowski. (ECF No. 253.)2 ERAC-Chicago argues that Bajkowski qualified for the executive, administrative and combination exemptions from the compensation requirements of the FLSA. Bajkowski responds that summary judgment would be improper at this stage because there are genuine disputes of material facts concerning whether the "narrowly construed" FLSA exemptions are applicable. ERAC-Chicago argues that no dispute is genuine because plaintiffs submitted declarations that violated the "sham affidavit" doctrine in an attempt to fabricate disputes of fact. In response, Bajkowski argues that the sham affidavit doctrine is not applicable and that certain of the declarations filed in support of the motion for summary judgment were submitted in violation of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26. Each of those arguments will be addressed.

After an extensive review of the parties' submissions, the hearing transcript of the oral argument and the applicable legal principles, the court concludes that in light of the summary judgment standard of review and the narrowness of the FLSA exemptions, ERAC-Chicago failed to satisfy its burden of proving as a matter of law that Bajkowski was properly classified as exempt. The motion for summary judgment filed by ERAC-Chicago against sample plaintiff Bajkowski will be DENIED.

II. Factual Background

Bajkowski was first employed by ERAC-Chicago as a management trainee in July 2003. (Bajkowski Joint Concise Statement of Material Facts I ("Bajkowski JCS I") (ECF No. 405) ¶¶ 1-2.) He was promoted to assistant manager at Branch 15C1 in Chicago, Illinois in June 2006. (Id. ¶ 4.) On February 1, 2007, Bajkowski was transferred to Branch 15NH, located in Des Plaines, Illinois. (Id. ¶ 5.) On June 12, 2007, he transferred to Branch 1553 in Skokie, Illinois. (Id. ¶ 6.)

Bajkowski testified that, most of the time, his work as an assistant manager consisted of writing tickets and renting cars, picking up customers, driving them back and cleaning cars. (Bajkowski JCS I ¶ 7; Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 29.) Bajkowski wrote on a performance review that he spent sixty percent of his time on customer service management, but explained during his deposition that he equated those responsibilities with writing tickets, renting cars and washing cars. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 29.) He testified that those were the same responsibilities he had as a management trainee and management assistant. (Id. at 29.) According to Bajkowski, there was little to no difference between the daily tasks assigned to assistant managers and management trainees3 while employed by ERAC-Chicago. (Id. at 24.) For example, Bajkowski explained that many of his duties as an assistant manager overlapped with the work of nonexempt branch employees, including performing call backs, fleet management, responsibility for the branch cash box, and opening and closing the branch. (Id. at 6, 29-30.) Bajkowski's branch manager at the 15NH branch, Andrew Mikkila ("Mikkila"), averred in a declaration that Bajkowski "was in charge of fleet management." (Mikkila Decl. (ECF No. 288-3) ¶ 9.) Mikkila also averred that Bajkowski was responsible for performing many tasks that other employees were not permitted to perform. (Id. ¶ 8.) Mikkila described two examples: (1) Bajkowski had access to the credit card system to facilitate customer refunds (id.); and (2) Bajkowski was the only employee, other than the branch manager, with a set of keys to the store, and thus shared the responsibility with the branch manager to open and close the store each day. (Id. ¶ 5.)

The parties dispute who had authority over the branch when the branch manager was not present. Mikkila averred that "[Bajkowski] was in complete control of the office when I was out marketing, when I had the day off, or when I was on vacation." (Id. ¶ 11.) Bajkowski testified at his deposition that he was "the last point of authority at his branches" when the branch manager was not present. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 9.) He also stated that in the absence of the branch manager, he was required to call the area manager regarding employee discipline because the area manager "was basically in charge." (Id. at 7.) Bajkowski later averred in his supplemental declaration that "[w]hen the Branch Manager was away from the branch and unavailable, the Area Manager was responsible for the operation of the branch." (Bajkowski Suppl. Decl. (ECF No. 329, Ex. A) ¶ 9.)

The parties likewise dispute who had authority over the branch when both the branch manager and assistant manager were present. Bajkowski testified that his schedule largely overlapped with that of his branch manager and the branch manager was present the majority of the time that Bajkowski was scheduled to work. (Bajkowski Suppl. Decl. (ECF No. 329, Ex. A) ¶ 8.) Bajkowski testified that when Mikkila was present, Mikkila always made decisions regarding fleet management because "he was in charge." (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 10.) Bajkowski further testified that he never independently made fleet management decisions when Mikkila was present, but "would ask him first." (Id.) Jeff Ragona ("Ragona"), who was Bajkowski's area manager at ERAC-Chicago from April 2008 until October 2008, provided a declaration in which he stated that "[a]n Assistant Manager is empowered to supervise, direct, and delegate work to [subordinate] employees . . . [and] is also empowered to run a branch without a Branch Manager's supervision." (Ragona Decl. (ECF No. 288-4) ¶ 5.) Ragona also averred that Bajkowski had been responsible for running the morning meeting at his branch every other day (alternating with the branch manager). (Id. ¶ 13.)

Bajkowski testified that he did not conduct performance reviews of branch employees. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 15.) Instead, Bajkowski added comments to a review after the form was completed by the branch manager. (Id.) While Bajkowski did not discipline employees, he recalled one instance when he complained about an incident involving an employee to his manager. (Id. at 16.) The employee was terminated for that incident "and a few other things," but Bajkowski did not recommend she be terminated and did not believe he had the authority to write her up. (Id.) He believed he was required to call the area manager if a disciplinary decision arose and the branch manager was unavailable. (Id. at 7.) Ragona, on the other hand, averred that "an Assistant Manager . . . may discipline or reprimand an employee if necessary." (Ragona Decl. (ECF No. 288-4) ¶ 5.)

With respect to training employees and scheduling their work, the parties dispute whether the assistant manager was responsible for those tasks. Bajkowski testified that he did not have any role in scheduling employees and did not have the responsibility to teach, train, motivate or manage employees. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 10, 24.) Ragona averred that "[Bajkowski] was in charge of scheduling." (Ragona Decl. (ECF No. 288-4) at 5.) Bajkowski testified he was not responsible for planning employees' "flex plans," by which employees could make marketing calls and return home without returning to the branch. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 28-29.) Bajkowski recalled one instance where he counseled a branch employee about a test based on his experience with the exam. (Id. at 28.) Mikkila averred that Bajkowski "had the same responsibilities" as the branch manager regarding the managing of employees and was "responsible for training the employees whenever we had down time." (Mikkila Decl. (ECF No. 288-3) ¶ 4.)

Bajkowski acknowledged that on three occasions he conducted observational interviews of management trainee candidates. (Bajkowski JCS ¶¶ 57, 58.) Bajkowski gave the candidates a tour of the branch, asked the candidates predetermined questions, recorded the candidates' responses, and transmitted the responses with his comments to ERAC-Chicago's human resources personnel. (Id. ¶ 57.) Bajkowski believed his comments were considered by human resources when making hiring decision with respect to the interviewees. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 7.)

Bajkowski admitted to inflating his managerial percentages on his performance evaluation because it would "look better under review." (Id. at 29.) While he indicated in his performance evaluation that he spent ten percent of his time on human resources management, he testified at his deposition that he probably only spent one percent of his time on those duties. (Id.) Likewise, he listed sales and marketing at ten percent on his evaluation, but testified at his deposition that he thought the number was closer to six or seven percent. (Id.) He also put "management of customer service" at 100%, but testified that at the time he had only been employed as an assistant manager for one month and did not understand the form. (Id. at 27.) Bajkowski also overemphasized his assistant manager duties on his resume because "if I put I washed cars and I rent[ed] cars . . . I wouldn't get a job so I . . . had to put something in [the resume] to get a job. . . ." (Id. at 38-39.)

Bajkowski's 2007 Form W-2 indicates that his total compensation as an assistant manager in 2007 was $38,375.29. (Bajkowski App. (ECF No. 329, Ex. F).) Bajkowski testified that he worked approximately sixty hours per week during his tenure as an assistant branch manager. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 17.) Assuming fifty working weeks per year at sixty hours per week, Bajkowski earned approximately $12.79 for each hour that he worked, without being paid any overtime rates.4 The $12.79 hourly rate may be somewhat misleading. If Bajkowski had been classified as nonexempt (and had worked 60 hours in each of 50 weeks in 2007) his annual earnings of $38,375.29 would have reflected a starting hourly rate of approximately $10.96 per hour.5 In 2007, management assistants earned between $11.19 and $11.89 per hour; management trainees earned between $10.49 and $11.19 per hour; and car prep/porters earned between $7.00 and $8.75 per hour. (Hartline Decl. (ECF No. 288, Ex. 1) ¶ 14.)

III. Summary Judgment Standard

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides in relevant part:

FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a), (c)(1)(A), (B).

Marten v. Godwin, 499 F.3d 290, 295 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986)).

An issue of material fact is in genuine dispute if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); see Doe v. Abington Friends Sch., 480 F.3d 252, 256 (3d Cir. 2007) ("A genuine issue is present when a reasonable trier of fact, viewing all of the record evidence, could rationally find in favor of the non-moving party in light of his burden of proof." (citing Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322-23; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248)).

Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986)). The court must rely on the substantive law to identify which facts are material. Abington Friends Sch., 480 F.3d at 256 (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248).

In deciding a summary judgment motion, a court must view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and must draw all reasonable inferences, and resolve all doubts in favor of the nonmoving party. Woodside v. Sch. Dist. of Phila. Bd. of Educ., 248 F.3d 129, 130 (3d Cir. 2001); Doe v. Cnty. of Centre, Pa., 242 F.3d 437, 446 (3d Cir. 2001); Heller v. Shaw Indus., Inc., 167 F.3d 146, 151 (3d Cir. 1999). A court must not engage in credibility determinations at the summary judgment stage. Simpson v. Kay Jewelers, Div. of Sterling, Inc., 142 F.3d 639, 643 n.3 (3d Cir. 1998).

IV. Discussion

The FLSA is a federal statute, originally enacted in 1938, and designed to combat substandard labor conditions relating to unfair wages, overlong working hours and a variety of other perceived evils. At issue in this motion for summary judgment are some of the myriad exemptions to the FLSA's overtime requirements. Specifically, ERAC-Chicago claims that Bajkowski was exempt from the FLSA's compensation requirements under one of the following exemptions: 1) executive, 2) administrative or 3) combination.

As a preliminary matter, before addressing the substantive arguments relating to FLSA exemptions, the court will address the two secondary arguments presented by the parties. First, ERAC-Chicago argues that Bajkowski submitted a sham affidavit after his deposition, which this court should disregard in assessing the existence of genuinely disputed material facts. Second, Bajkowski argues that ERAC-Chicago failed to disclose the identity of witnesses whose statements were attached to its motion for summary judgment, in violation of Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

A. Sham Affidavit Doctrine

ERAC-Chicago asserts that Bajkowski submitted a "sham affidavit." Under the "sham affidavit" doctrine, district courts "`disregard[] an offsetting affidavit that is submitted in opposition to a motion for summary judgment when the affidavit contradicts the affiant's prior deposition testimony.'" Seitz v. Detweiler, Hershey and Assocs., P.C. (In re CitX Corp.), 448 F.3d 672, 679 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting Baer v. Chase, 392 F.3d 609, 624 (3d Cir. 2004)); see, e.g., Jiminez v. All Am. Rathskeller, Inc., 503 F.3d 247, 252 (3d Cir. 2007) (holding that to permit the plaintiffs to engineer factual disputes by means of self-serving affidavits "`would greatly diminish the utility of summary judgment as a procedure for screening out sham issues of fact'" (quoting Perma Research & Dev. Co. v. Singer Co., 410 F.2d 572, 577-78 (2d Cir. 1969))); Zalewski v. PNC Fin. Servs. Group, Inc., No. 06-1231, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70026, at *4 (W.D. Pa. Feb. 4, 2008) (second report and recommendation) (granting summary judgment based on employee's "performance evaluations . . ., her contemporaneous reporting of her job responsibilities, [her] resume, and her deposition testimony"), adopted by Memorandum Opinion, Zalewski v. PNC Fin. Servs. Group, Inc., No. 06-1231 (W.D. Pa. Apr. 7, 2008).

"A sham affidavit is a contradictory affidavit that indicates only that the affiant cannot maintain a consistent story or is willing to offer a statement solely for the purpose of defeating summary judgment." Jiminez, 503 F.3d at 253. Because the trial court is vested with the inherent power to grant summary judgment on disputed records, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 251 (1986), the court may conclude that no reasonable jury could accord evidentiary weight to an affidavit that is clearly offered solely for the purpose of defeating summary judgment. Jiminez, 503 F.3d at 253. The practical underpinning of the sham affidavit doctrine "is that prior depositions are more reliable than affidavits." Id.

In Jiminez the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit recognized that other courts of appeals have "adopted a particularly robust version of the sham affidavit doctrine, holding that, whenever a subsequent affidavit contradicts prior deposition testimony, it should be disregarded." Id. at 254. The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has "adopted a more flexible approach." Id. The court recognized in Jiminez that "not all contradictory affidavits are necessarily shams." Id. Notably, "`[w]hen there is independent evidence in the record to bolster an otherwise questionable affidavit, courts generally have refused to disregard the affidavit." Id. (quoting Baer v. Chase, 392 F.3d 609, 625 (3d Cir. 2004)). "Such corroborating evidence may establish that the affiant was `understandably' mistaken, confused, or not in possession of all the facts during the previous deposition," and the affiant should have the opportunity to provide a "satisfactory explanation" for the conflict between the prior deposition and the affidavit. Id.; see Martin v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 851 F.2d 703, 706 (3d Cir. 1988) ("When, as in the present case, the affiant was carefully questioned on the issue, had access to the relevant information at the time, and provided no satisfactory explanation for the later contradiction, the courts of appeals are in agreement that the subsequent affidavit does not create a genuine issue of material fact.").

When deposition testimony is ambiguous or incomplete, subsequent affidavits may be provided to clarify the testimony and will not be discarded as sham documents. See Lytle v. Capital Area Intermediate Unit, No. 1:05-CV-0133, 2009 WL 82483, at *2 (M.D. Pa. Jan. 9, 2009) ("Situations may arise where an affidavit does not `raise a new or distinct matter,' but rather explains certain aspects of a deposition testimony that caused confusion." (quoting Baer, 392 F.3d at 625)). To that end, "[d]isregarding statements in an affidavit is appropriate on `clear and extreme facts' . . . when the affidavit is `flatly contradictory' to the prior testimony. . . ." Coleman v. Cerski, No. 3:04-cv-1423, 2007 WL 2908266, at *5 (M.D. Pa. Oct. 4, 2007) (quoting Videon Chevrolet, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 992 F.2d 482, 488 (3d Cir. 1993)). When allegations in a subsequent affidavit could support statements made in prior deposition testimony, the dueling statements "are more appropriately dealt with on cross-examination than on summary judgment." Ragan v. Fuentes, No. 05-2825, 2007 WL 2892948, at *11 (D.N.J. Sept. 28, 2007).

Bajkowski's original declaration is dated October 20, 2009. He was deposed on January 20, 2010, and submitted a supplemental declaration dated January 31, 2010. Bajkowski argues the two declarations are consistent with each other and with his deposition testimony. Specifically, paragraph 5 of Bajkowski's original declaration states in relevant part:

(Bajkowski Decl. (ECF No. 329, Ex. B) ¶ 5.) In paragraph 5 of Bajkowski's supplemental declaration, he stated:

(Bajkowski Suppl. Decl. (ECF No. 329, Ex. A) ¶ 5.)

Paragraph 5 of the supplemental declaration does not flatly contradict Bajkowski's deposition testimony. It does not contradict his deposition testimony that on three occasions he was directed to tour the branch with potential hires, ask pre-printed questions, write down responses and submit them with comments6 to human resources. Conversely, in his deposition, he never testified that the branch manager or area manager asked him for input concerning hiring. To that end, defense counsel did not inquire during the deposition whether Bajkowski believed he could recommend to his branch manager or area manager that an applicant should be hired. Bajkowski's deposition clearly indicates that he sent his comments to "H.R." and that it was his understanding that "H.R." would consider his comments. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 19.) He testified at his deposition that ultimate hiring decisions were made by the "area rental manager." (Id. at 41.) He stated that all candidates he interviewed were subsequently interviewed by the branch and area manager and that he believed the checklist he submitted "didn't . . . matter[] because [the candidates] would go for the next interview either way." (Id. at 40.) The statements in paragraph 5 are not "flatly contradictory" because there are reasonable situations in which both the deposition testimony and the supplemental declaration could be true, and because a reasonable jury could afford evidentiary weight to the averments in the supplemental affidavit. See Jiminez, 503 F.3d at 253.

In paragraphs 3, 6 and 9 of Bajkowski's supplemental declaration he respectively stated in pertinent part:

I recall while employed [as Assistant Manager] the Branch Manager was responsible for the operation and management of the branch, including the following: . . . directing and supervising the work of branch employees. . . .

(Bajkowski Suppl. Decl. (ECF No. 329, Ex. A) ¶¶ 3, 6, 9.)7 Defendant alleges these paragraphs contradict Bajkowski's testimony that he "ran the branch" for the four of the six months that he was without a branch manager, and that he was "the last point of authority at his branches." (See Defs.' Reply at 3, 5.) Bajkowski responds that defendant uses this four-month period where he assumed the role of "acting branch manager" to characterize his entire two-year period of employment as an assistant manager, which is inaccurate and does not create a genuine sham affidavit issue.

Bajkowski's supplemental declaration does not contradict his prior deposition testimony that he "ran the branch" for four months. The supplemental declaration applies to his tenure generally, while the deposition testimony was clearly directed at a limited time period where his branch manager was on medical leave. ERAC-Chicago's argument that Bajkowski's supplemental declaration contradicts his prior testimony regarding being the last point of authority in his branch when the manager was not present must fail to the extent that declaration is not contradictory with respect to the entire time frame of his employment. It can be explained as applying when the absence was not extended—i.e., a medical leave. The supplemental declaration explains and expands Bajkowski's testimony without explicitly or flatly contradicting it.

Because the supplemental declaration is not flatly contradictory of prior deposition testimony, the court will not disregard Bajkowski's supplemental declaration. The court does, however, note that ERAC-Chicago could not meet its substantial burden of proof even if the supplemental declaration were disregarded. There would still be sufficient genuinely disputed material facts to preclude the court from entering summary judgment in ERAC-Chicago's favor.

B. Rule 26 Disclosures

Plaintiffs assert that statements submitted by defendants in support of the various motions for summary judgment were made in violation of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26. Defendants argue that they satisfied their Rule 26 obligations because the identities of the declarants were disclosed in the course of depositions. Attached to ERAC-Chicago's motion for summary judgment were the declarations of Ragona, Mikkila, and Teshena Hartline ("Hartline," and together with Ragona and Mikkila, "declarants"), all of whom are employees of ERAC-Chicago. (ECF No. 288.) ERAC-Chicago argues that the identity of two of the three declarants was disclosed to Bajkowski through the course of discovery. The record indicates that Ragona was present at Bajkowski's deposition. (e.g., Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 3.) The record also indicates that Mikkila's role in the litigation was discussed at the deposition. (see, e.g., id. at 10.) Defendant admits that Hartline's identity was not otherwise made known to the plaintiffs during discovery. (Defs.' Suppl. Br. on the Sufficiency of Disclosures (ECF No. 769) at 13 n.2.)

A party must provide "the name and, if known, the address and telephone number of each individual likely to have discoverable information—along with the subjects of that information—that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely for impeachment." FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(i). "A party must make its initial disclosures based on the information then reasonably available to it. A party is not excused from making its disclosures because it has not fully investigated the case or because it challenges the sufficiency of another party's disclosures or because another party has not made its disclosures." FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(E).

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(e)(1):

Rule 37(c) states that "[i]f a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless." FED. R. CIV. P. 37(c) (emphasis added); see Sherrod v. Lingle, 223 F.3d 605, 612 (7th Cir. 2000).

Because the court is denying this motion for summary judgment, it need not rule on the propriety of the disclosures under Rule 26. Instead, the discretionary application of Rule 37 sufficiently disposes of the issue, because, presuming defendants did violate Rule 26, the presumed violations would have been harmless. The imposition of Rule 37 sanctions is within the discretion of this court. Newman v. GHS Osteopathic, Inc., Parkview Hosp. Div., 60 F.3d 153, 156 (3d Cir. 1995). There are several factors which courts of appeals will consider in evaluating how this court exercises its discretion regarding Rule 37 sanctions. In re TMI Litig., 193 F.3d 613, 721 (3d Cir. 1999). This court will use those factors as a guide in applying its discretion. The factors are:

Id. (citing Meyers v. Pennypack Woods Home Ownership Ass'n, 559 F.2d 894, 904-05 (3d Cir. 1977)).

Bajkowski was given the opportunity to pursue additional discovery of declarants before the court ruled on the motion for summary judgment and chose not to do so. (Tr. of Continued Arg. (ECF No. 807) at 117, July 25, 2011.) The only relief requested by plaintiffs in the briefing on this issue is a "request that the Court disregard the declarations of Defendants' witnesses provided after the close of the summary judgment discovery period." (Pl.'s Resp. to Defs.' Suppl. Br. on the Sufficiency of Disclosures (ECF No. 791) at 2.) There is no pending motion for sanctions. As the court explains infra in Section IV.C, genuinely disputed material facts compel a resolution of this motion in favor of Bajkowski. Thus, to the extent the court relied on declarants' testimony, the reliance was harmless, as the only relief requested by Bajkowski relates to the court's determination of this motion, on which Bajkowski ultimately prevailed.

Applying the TMI/Meyers factors, the court finds: first, there is no prejudice to Bajkowski, as explained above; second, Bajkowski had the opportunity to conduct further discovery with respect to the declarants, but chose not to do so, and could have cured any perceived prejudice; third, efficient administration of this multidistrict litigation compels the court to resolve this summary judgment motion without further procedural delay or complicated wrangling of the record without purpose; and fourth, the court finds no bad faith on the part of ERAC-Chicago. For these reasons, and all the reasons listed above, but primarily because the court is resolving the summary judgment in favor of Bajkowski, there is no need to disregard the statements of the declarants, as requested by Bajkowski.

C. The FLSA Exemptions

1. General Framework

The FLSA exempts from its overtime provisions "any `employee in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity.'" Soehnle v. Hess Corp., 399 F. App'x 749, 750 n.1 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1)). Additionally, the FLSA exempts from its overtime provisions "[e]mployees who perform a combination of exempt duties." 29 C.F.R. § 541.708.

In light of the broad remedial purpose of the FLSA,8 exemptions are narrowly construed against the employer. Madison v. Resources for Human Dev., Inc., 233 F.3d 175, 183 (3d Cir. 2000). An FLSA exemption is properly characterized as an affirmative defense. Id. at 180-81, 183. Thus, "[t]he burden of proof to establish that its employees come within the scope of an overtime exemption is on the employer." Friedrich v. U.S. Computer Serv., 974 F.2d 409, 412 (3d Cir. 1992). "[I]f the record is unclear as to some exemption requirement, the employer will be held not to have satisfied its burden." Martin v. Cooper Elec. Supply Co., 940 F.2d 896, 900 (3d Cir. 1991).

ERAC-Chicago bears the burden of proving that Bajkowski was exempt from the overtime provisions of the FLSA. Id. In order for summary judgment to be granted, ERAC-Chicago must establish all the essential elements of the exemption to the extent required by the summary judgment standard discussed above. If a reasonable jury could find that ERAC-Chicago did not meet its burden with respect to just one element of the exemptions, it would be compelled to return a verdict in favor of Bajkowski. As such, summary judgment is inappropriate here unless there are no genuine issues as to material facts with respect to any of the elements of the exemption. Each exemption, however, is independently sufficient to provide the basis for judgment in favor of ERAC-Chicago. See 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1) (providing that "any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity" is exempt (emphasis added)). To prevail, ERAC-Chicago must establish a lack of genuinely disputed material facts with respect to all the elements of at least one of the asserted exemptions.

The Secretary of Labor has statutory authority to publish FLSA regulations to aid courts in determining the scope of exemptions and has exercised that authority. 69 Fed. Reg. 22, 121 (Apr. 23, 2004). Section 13(a)(1) of the FLSA provides that "any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity . . . or in the capacity of outside salesman as such terms are defined and delimited from time to time by regulations of the Secretary" is exempt. 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1) (emphasis added). Unlike prior regulations, the currently applicable 2004 regulations were adopted after notice and comment and fall within the ambit of the Secretary's legislative rule-making authority. 69 Fed. Reg. 22, 121, 22, 124 (Apr. 23, 2004). These regulations are, therefore, entitled to Chevron deference. See Chevron USA v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984); Cash v. Cycle Craft Co., Inc., 508 F.3d 680, 683. (1st Cir. 2007).

Under the regulations, exempt work includes any work which is "directly and closely related to the performance of exempt work." 29 C.F.R. § 541.703. The regulations provide the following guidance:

Id. In a similar vein, "[o]ccasional, infrequently recurring tasks that cannot practicably be performed by nonexempt employees" are exempt when they are done as a means of performing an exempt task. 29 C.F.R. § 541.707. The court should consider the following factors in determining whether occasional tasks are exempt: (1) "[w]hether the same work is performed by any of the exempt employee's subordinates"; (2) the "practicability of delegating the work to a nonexempt employee"; (3) "whether the exempt employee performs the task frequently or occasionally"; and (4) "existence of an industry practice for the exempt employee to perform the task." Id.

The executive, administrative and combination exemptions will be addressed in order.

2. The Executive Exemption

An exempt "executive" is any employee:

29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a).

(a) Management as Primary Duty

The regulations provide a nonexhaustive list of "management" duties. 29 C.F.R. § 541.102.10 An employee may concurrently perform nonexempt duties and still qualify for the executive exemption as long as the requirements of § 541.100 (including the primary duty requirement) are otherwise satisfied. Id. § 541.106.

The regulations define "primary duty" as "the principal, main, major or most important duty that the employee performs." 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(a); see Reich v. Wyoming, 993 F.2d 739 742 (10th Cir. 1993) (providing that the employee's primary duty is that which is of principal importance to his or her employer); Donovan v. Burger King Corp., 675 F.2d 516, 521 (2d Cir. 1982) (finding assistant manager's primary duty to be that which is most critical or important to success of the business). Thus, "[d]etermination of an employee's primary duty must be based on all the facts in a particular case, with the major emphasis on the character of the employee's job as a whole." 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(a). The regulations identify four nonexhaustive factors to consider when determining an employee's primary duty, including:

Id. The amount of time spent in the performance of exempt work may be a useful guide in determining whether exempt work is an employee's primary duty. Id. Employees who spend more than half of their time on exempt work generally satisfy the primary duty requirement. Id. The regulations caution, however, against blind adherence to a time-based analysis, as time spent on exempt work is only one of the four nonexhaustive factors to consider. Id.11

Each of the four factors will be considered in order.

First, with respect to the relative importance of exempt duties, Bajkowski testified that approximately sixty percent of his time as an assistant manager was spent writing rental tickets, cleaning and washing cars, and picking up and dropping off customer's cars. All these duties are nonexempt, nonmanagerial duties. Importantly, these nonexempt duties were the same types of tasks he was charged with executing as a management trainee and management assistant. Bajkowski repeatedly testified that the branch manager had authority to manage the branch, train employees, hire, fire and discipline and conduct performance appraisals, and set the shift schedules. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Bajkowski, his performance of any of those exempt duties, to the extent it occurred, was extremely limited in frequency and scope.

ERAC-Chicago focuses the court's attention on Bajkowski's resume and performance evaluation as undeniable evidence that Bajkowski's managerial duties were more important than his ancillary nonexempt tasks. Bajkowski stated in his deposition that the percentages on the performance evaluation were inaccurate reflections of his actual duties, and his statements in his resume were inflated to obtain employment. He also clarified that he believed the term "customer service management" (which he indicated he spent sixty percent of his time performing) meant writing tickets, renting cars and washing cars, none of which are exempt duties. To the extent the resume discredits Bajkowski's testimony, such determinations are appropriately left for a jury.

Additionally, ERAC-Chicago points to Bajkowski's four-month period of employment at the 15C1 branch where no branch manager was present as indicative of the importance of Bajkowski's managerial duties. The court finds problematic ERAC-Chicago's reliance on this time period to demonstrate Bajkowski's primary duty was management. While Bajkowski indicated he gave direction to employees, those instances were limited to the four-month period during which the branch manager was absent. (See Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 9 ("Yeah, the time when I was . . . was by myself, then it was either me or MT would . . . would go and do it.").) The court must consider the totality of Bajkowski's employment circumstances, construing any conflicts in the light most favorable to Bajkowski. Given the circumstances set forth by the parties, there is a genuine dispute regarding whether Bajkowski's nonexempt duties during the period when he was not acting as the branch manager were more important than his exempt duties. Thus, because the court must resolve all doubts in favor of Bajkowski, the court concludes that a reasonable jury could find that the first factor favors Bajkowski.

Second, regarding the amount of time spent on exempt work, the largest amount of Bajkowski's time as an assistant manager (60%) was spent renting cars, writing tickets, driving customers and washing cars. Many of Bajkowski's allegedly exempt responsibilities were shared by nonexempt employees and subject to the supervision and approval of the branch manager. ERAC-Chicago argues that Bajkowski's performance of nonexempt duties does not preclude a finding that the executive exemption applies. The converse is also true: mere performance of exempt duties does not preclude a finding of nonexempt employment status. The court must balance and weigh the amount of time spent on exempt and nonexempt work as part of its determination of Bajkowski's primary duty. Given the summary judgment standard, and Bajkowski's testimony regarding his allocation of time between exempt and nonexempt work at ERAC-Chicago, the court concludes that a reasonable jury could find the second factor favors Bajkowski.

Third, with respect to freedom from supervision, Bajkowski testified about the supervision and control exercised by his branch manager over him and the other employees in the branch office. Specifically, the branch manager was responsible for scheduling, training, hiring and firing, discipline and performance evaluations. Bajkowski stated that his schedule largely overlapped with the branch manager's schedule and that his branch manager was present the majority of the time he was scheduled to work. The branch manager directed and supervised Bajkowski's work. Bajkowski was required to ask the branch manager before making fleet management decisions because the branch manager "was in charge." (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 10.) Bajkowski testified that in the absence of the branch manager, he was required to call the area manager regarding employee discipline because the area manager "was basically in charge." (Id. at 7.) He provided in his supplemental declaration that "[w]hen the Branch Manager was away from the branch and unavailable, the Area Manager was responsible for the operation of the branch." (Bajkowski Suppl. Decl. (ECF No. 329, Ex. A) ¶ 9.) Resolving factual disputes in Bajkowski's favor, a reasonable jury could find the area manager was responsible for the operation of the branch, including the monitoring and supervising of branch employees, in the branch manager's absence.

ERAC-Chicago asserts that Bajkowski's delegation of work and monitoring of other employees demonstrates that management was his primary duty. Examples of Bajkowski directing the work of other employees are scant, especially considering that much of that direction occurred when Bajkowski was managing the 15C1 branch when the branch manager was on medical leave. Considering the totality of the circumstances, there is a genuine dispute concerning whether Bajkowski was free from direct supervision. The third factor favors Bajkowski because a reasonable jury could find he was not free from supervision.

Fourth, the court must consider Bajkowski's wage in relation to nonexempt employees. Based upon fifty work weeks per year at sixty hours per week, Bajkowski earned approximately $12.79 per hour worked.12 If a nonexempt employee had the same annual earnings and worked the same hours per week, his base hourly rate would be $10.96 per hour.13 Thus, Bajkowski was paid the same amount as a hypothetical nonexempt employee who worked the same amount of hours as him, and was paid a $10.96 hourly wage.14 The next position below Bajkowski was the management assistant position. Employees in those positions earned between $11.19 and $11.89 per (non-overtime) hour in 2007. Even at the low end, management assistants only earned $1.60 less (or 14% less) per hour than Bajkowski, but, unlike him, they were compensated for overtime hours. At $11.19 per hour, with overtime, the least paid management assistant who worked sixty hours per week for fifty weeks would earn $39, 165 annually, which is $789.71 or 2.1% more than Bajkowski earned in 2007. A reasonable jury could find this factor favors Bajkowski.

Because the court concludes that, when viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Bajkowski, the four primary duty factors collectively could be found in Bajkowski's favor, it is for a jury to determine whether his primary duty was management. A reasonable jury could conclude that Bajkowski's nonexempt tasks—like preparing cars and renting to customers— were his duties of principal importance to ERAC-Chicago, see Reich v. Wyoming 993 F.2d 739, 742 (10th Cir. 1993), and were most critical or important to the success of ERAC-Chicago, see Donovan v. Burger King Corp., 675 F.2d 516, 521 (2d Cir. 1982). A jury could reasonably conclude that his most critical or important purpose to ERAC-Chicago was to perform the necessary menial functions remaining after the nonexempt management assistants and trainees had used their forty hours (without incurring any overtime expenses to ERAC-Chicago).

(b) Customarily and Regularly Directs Work of Two or More Employees

To qualify under the executive exemption, an employee must customarily and regularly direct the work of two or more other employees. 29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a)(3). According to the regulations:

29 C.F.R. § 541.701. "An employee who merely assists the manager of a particular department and supervises two or more employees only in the actual manager's absence, does not meet this requirement." Id. § 541.104(c).

ERAC-Chicago did not meet its burden to demonstrate that, as a matter of law, Bajkowski customarily and regularly directed the work of two or more full time employees. "An employee who merely assists the manager of a particular department and supervises two or more employees only in the actual manager's absence, does not meet this requirement." Id. Accepting Bajkowski's deposition testimony, the branch manager was responsible for training branch employees, directing and supervising their work, motivating and managing them, and setting the work schedule. ERAC-Chicago's cursory, two-sentence argument regarding this element of the executive exemption culminated with a bare assertion that this element was undisputed. To the contrary, genuine issues of fact remain about the extent to which Bajkowski shared in supervision of branch employees with the branch manager. His testimony indicates that he directed the work of employees for a four-month period while his branch manager was on medical leave. He clearly states, however, that he did not share those functions during the rest of his tenure. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 9.)15 As discussed above in Part IV.A, Bajkowski's deposition testimony that he was the last point of authority in the branch in the absence of the branch manager could be consistent with his supplemental declaration testimony that the area manager—although outside the branch—was responsible for the branch in the branch manager's absence. The court concludes there are material and genuinely disputed facts regarding who was in charge of an ERAC-Chicago branch when Bajkowski was not present.

Directing the work of other employees was infrequent and limited to instances when Bajkowski either ran the 15NH branch during the branch manager's medical leave, or during other instances when the branch manager was absent. Accepting the facts in the light most favorable to Bajkowski, the branch manager—except for a four-month period when he was on medical leave—was scheduled to work with Bajkowski the majority of the time. Under those circumstances a reasonable jury could find that any direction Bajkowski gave to branch employees occurred infrequently at most—except during that four-month period. The court concludes that ERAC-Chicago failed to meet its burden to satisfy this factor of the executive exemption because a reasonable jury could conclude that, except during a four-month period when Bajkowski served as acting manager: (1) Bajkowski did not supervise two or more full-time employees on a customary and regular basis, and (2) Bajkowski "merely assist[ed] the manager . . . and supervise[d] . . . only in the actual manager's absence. . . ." 29 C.F.R. § 541.104(c).

(c) Authority to Hire, Fire, or Effect Some "Other Change of Status"

In order to qualify as an exempt executive, an employee must have authority to hire or fire other employees, or have particular weight given to his or her suggestions and recommendations regarding hiring, firing, promotion, advancement or other changes of status. 29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a)(4). "[O]ther change of status" means any "tangible employment action" as that term is commonly used under Title VII, such as "reassignment with significantly different responsibilities." 69 Fed. Reg. 22, 122, 22, 131 (Apr. 23, 2004). In the Title VII context, the Supreme Court has defined "tangible employment action [to] constitute[] a significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits." Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998); see Pa. State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 144 (2004). "A tangible employment action in most cases inflicts direct economic harm." Burlington Indus., 524 U.S. at 762.

To determine whether an employee's suggestions and recommendations are given "particular weight," it is not required that the employee have final authority regarding any of the above-listed changes of employment status. 29 C.F.R. § 541.105. Instead, courts should consider whether making suggestions is part of the employee's job description or duties, whether suggestions are made or requested frequently, and whether they are frequently relied upon. Id.; see Davis v. Mountaire Farms, Inc., 453 F.3d 554, 558 (3d Cir. 2006) (finding crew leaders of chicken catchers to be nonexempt when they could not hire or fire employees, but had limited authority to borrow workers from other crews, and made referrals to their employer regarding prospective employees).

Bajkowski was not responsible for the hiring, firing, advancement, promotion or other changes of the status of branch employees. ERAC-Chicago only pointed to three instances in which Bajkowski played some role in the hiring of three management trainees. While it is evident that Bajkowski was a part of the hiring process, it is obvious that his role was limited. He gave a tour, asked predetermined questions, wrote down answers and provided single sentence, perfunctory comments. He testified that he believed candidates would always reach the next stage of the interview process regardless of his comments. He did not ultimately hire or fire anyone, he did not conduct performance evaluations, and he did not discipline employees. With respect to the performance evaluations, Bajkowski simply filled in a brief comments section after the branch manager had completed the form.

ERAC-Chicago contends that other employees testified that Bajkowski contributed to the hiring process and that interviews with potential employees were one of the differences between assistant managers and management trainees. While Bajkowski contributed to the hiring and performance appraisal process, mere contribution is not what is required by the regulation. An employee must have independent authority to hire and fire or his suggestions must be given particular weight. With regard to authority to hire and fire, genuine disputes exist. Bajkowski testified that in the absence of the branch manager, he believed he was required to call the area manager if a disciplinary situation arose. If he could not independently discipline or reprimand employees, a reasonable jury could likewise find he could not have independently fired them. He also testified that he did not have the authority to fire or hire employees. At the summary judgment stage the court is in no position to discredit this testimony.

With respect to particular weight, the court must consider whether suggesting employment actions is part of the employee's job description or duties, whether suggestions are frequently made or requested, and whether they are frequently relied upon. 29 C.F.R. § 541.105; Davis v. Mountaire Farms, Inc., 453 F.3d 554, 558 (3d Cir. 2006). There are genuine disputes with respect to this component as well. Specifically, it is unclear to what extent Bajkowski's comments, both on performance reviews and interview checklists, were relied upon. It is also disputed whether suggestions were made with any frequency. Resolving doubts in favor of Bajkowski, the court finds that Bajkowski minimally participated in three job interviews, reported the bad behavior of one co-worker who was ultimately fired, and did not believe he was permitted to discipline or otherwise affect the advancement and promotion of his co-workers beyond providing good leadership to them. Because there are material facts in dispute, a jury should be permitted to determine whether Bajkowski's suggestions were given "particular weight."

Because there are material facts in dispute with regard to three of the four elements of the executive exemption, ERAC-Chicago failed to meet its burden and summary judgment cannot be granted on the basis of the executive exemption.

3. The Administrative Exemption

An exempt "administrative" employee is any employee:

29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a).

(a) Primary Duty of Management or Business Related Office Work

Under the administrative exemption, an employee's "primary duty"17 must consist of performing office or nonmanual work directly related to the management and general business operations of the employer. 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(2). Section 541.201(b) provides examples of "[w]ork directly related to management or general business operations":

29 C.F.R. § 541.201(b).

In order for work to be "directly related to the management or general business operations," it must be "directly related to assisting with the running or servicing of the business, as distinguished, for example, from working on a manufacturing production line or selling a product in a retail or service establishment." Id. § 541.201(a). The concept of a "production worker" is not limited to individuals involved in the manufacture of tangibles. Martin v. Cooper Elec. Supply Co., 940 F.2d 896, 903-04 (3d Cir. 1991). For example, in Martin v. Cooper, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held inside salespersons18 of electrical products to be production, rather than administrative, employees. Id. at 903.

The administrative/production dichotomy turns on whether the services or goods provided by the employee constitute the marketplace offerings of the employer, or whether they contribute to the running of the business itself. Bothell v. Phase Metrics, Inc., 299 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2002). Thus, context matters: an underwriter at a department store who decides whether to issue credit to consumers "performs a support function auxiliary to the department store's primary function of selling clothes"; whereas, an underwriter for a large bank "is directly engaged in creating the `goods'—loans and other financial services—produced and sold by [the bank]." Davis v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 587 F.3d 529, 535 (2d Cir. 2009). Courts distinguish exempt administrative employees from nonexempt production employees who perform administrative tasks by determining whether the employees are engaged in the "running of the business and not merely . . . the day-to-day carrying out of its affairs." Bratt v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d 1066, 1070 (9th Cir. 1990).

ERAC-Chicago argues that Bajkowski was involved in many of the activities expressly identified in § 541.201(b), including finance, marketing, safety and health, personnel management and human resources. (Mem. in Supp. of Def. Enterprise Leasing Co. of Chicago, LLC's Mot. for Summ. J. as to Pl. Robert Bajkowski ("ERAC-Chicago Br.") (ECF No. 254) at 26.) Bajkowski argues that a reasonable jury could find that ERAC-Chicago failed to meet its burden of proof with regard to Bajkowski's primary duty. (Pl.'s Resp. to Def. Enterprise Leasing Co. of Chicago, LLC's Mot. for Summ. J. as to Pl. Robert Bajkowski ("Bajkowski Brief") (ECF No. 326) at 27.) Bajkowski argues that his office responsibilities were not sufficiently important to ERAC-Chicago and were merely the carrying on of its daily affairs. (Id. at 27-28.) He argues that his primary job duty was sales.

To the extent ERAC-Chicago points to specific administrative job duties performed by Bajkowski, there are material factual disputes about whether Bajkowski performed those duties and what the actual performance entailed. For example, ERAC-Chicago argues that Bajkowski created "marketing-flex plans" for his employees, an arguably administrative task relating to marketing. (ERAC-Chicago Br. (ECF No. 254) at 26.) For the court to rely on that information, however, it would be required to make a credibility determination regarding Bajkowski's deposition testimony in which he testified that branch managers were in fact responsible for making those plans. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 108-10.) ERAC-Chicago points to testimony that Bajkowski was "particularly active in expanding his branches' business with the sizable Polish community in Chicago." (ERAC-Chicago Br. (ECF No. 254) at 26.) This argument is based, however, on testimony by Bajkowski's branch manager that Bajkowski "would often take the keys to a car and set off to get new business for the branch." (Decl. of Andrew Mikkila (ECF No. 288-3) ¶ 10.) For a variety of reasons, the court is not persuaded that such actions, even if they were Bajkowski's primary duty, would qualify as administrative under the regulations. First, making sales calls is not an office task, and driving a vehicle to a prospective customer is more akin to manual work, such as operating machinery. Second, making sales calls and salesmanship (which are distinct from marketing) are not listed as examples of exempt areas of work in § 541.201(b). Third, the regulations provide a separate exemption for outside sales employees, which ERAC-Chicago did not raise as an issue in this motion for summary judgment.

ERAC-Chicago presents several other arguably administrative duties—managing accounts receivable, making bank deposits, managing the rental car inventory, personnel management and human resources. (ERAC-Chicago Br. (ECF No. 254) at 27-28.) To entertain those arguments regarding personnel management, however, the court would be required to disregard the testimony of Bajkowski that he did not schedule, train, or discipline employees. The court also concludes there are genuine disputes of material fact regarding whether Bajkowski managed the rental car inventory, as he testified that his branch manager was ultimately responsible for making final decisions.

More importantly, there is insufficient evidence to determine as a matter of law that the arguably administrative tasks performed by Bajkowski constituted his "primary duty." It is not the province of this court on a motion for summary judgment to determine which witness to credit and which to discredit, and the court cannot disregard the testimony of Bajkowski that his primary responsibility in terms of time spent was writing tickets, washing cars and renting cars. He testified that he spent sixty percent of his time performing these tasks. Inside sales tasks and physical tasks are not within the ambit of the administrative exemption. Martin v. Cooper, 940 F.2d at 903-06. Inside salespeople may be production employees. Id. ERAC-Chicago did not meet its burden of proving that Bajkowski's primary duty was management— or business-related office or nonmanual work.

(b) Discretion and Independent Judgment and Matters of Significance

To fall within the administrative exemption, an employee must "exercise . . . discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance." 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(3). The regulations consider the exercise of discretion and independent judgment to involve evaluation of options and subsequent decisionmaking. Id. § 541.202(a). Courts should determine whether an employee exercises discretion and independent judgment "in . . . light of all the facts involved in the particular employment situation in which the question arises." Id. § 541.202(b). When determining whether an employee exercises discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance, courts should consider the following nonexhaustive list of factors:

Id.

The FLSA "discretion and independent judgment" requirement can be satisfied even if the employee's decisions are reviewed or changed by a superior. "[T]he term `discretion and independent judgment' does not require that the decisions made by an employee have a finality that goes with unlimited authority and a complete absence of review," but the employee's decisions "may consist of recommendations for action rather than the actual taking of action." 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(c). For that reason, "[t]he fact that an employee's decision may be subject to review and that upon occasion the decisions are revised or reversed after review does not mean that the employee is not exercising discretion and independent judgment." Id. Employees can exercise discretion and independent judgment even when their recommendations are subject to review. Id.; accord Paul v. UPMC Health Sys., No. 09-1565, 2009 WL 699943, at *12 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 10, 2009). Carrying out clerical duties, on the other hand, is not sufficient for administrative exemption, even if the duties involve a small amount of discretion. See Goldstein v. Dabanian, 291 F.2d 208, 210-11 (3d Cir. 1961) (holding that employees, whose duties included cashing checks, accepting payments and issuing money orders, were not within the administrative exemption).

Here, ERAC-Chicago argues that Bajkowski "performs `work that affects business operations to a substantial degree.'" (ERAC-Chicago Br. (ECF No. 254) at 28 (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(b)).) They argue that his involvement in managing accounts receivable, developing relationships with customers, managing cash assets, training and managing employees, and developing and implementing marketing plans required the exercise of independent judgment and discretion. (Id. at 29-30) ERAC-Chicago argues that Bajkowski's discretion is reinforced by his having often been the most senior employee on site at his branch. (Id.) Bajkowski argues that the discretion he exercised was no greater than the discretion exercised by nonexempt employees at ERAC-Chicago and did not affect "matters of significance." (Bajkowski Br. (ECF No. 326) at 30.) Many of the facts relied upon by ERAC-Chicago in arguing that Bajkowski performs "work that affects business operations to a substantial degree" are disputed by Bajkowski's deposition testimony. For example, Bajkowski testified that his involvement in managing accounts receivable—by following up on debts owed to the branch by their larger accounts—was shared with management trainees and management assistants. (Bajkowski Dep. (ECF No. 288-1) at 12-13.)

Resolving factual doubts in favor of Bajkowski's testimony, the court finds that a reasonable jury could conclude that none of the enumerated factors listed in 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(3) are satisfied in this case. At the summary judgment stage, the court cannot discredit Bajkowski's testimony that the majority of his time was spent performing menial tasks, that his branch manager and area manager were ultimately responsible for the operation of the branch, and that he did not believe he had much independent authority to make decisions (excluding the four months when his branch manager was on sick leave). In light of that testimony, there are material facts in genuine dispute regarding both Bajkowski's independence and his discretion.

For the reasons stated above, the court finds that there are genuine disputes with respect to material facts in two of the three § 541.200(a) elements of the administrative exemption. Because ERAC-Chicago has the burden of proving each element of the exemption, these genuine disputes preclude summary judgment on the basis of the administrative exemption.

4. The Combination Exemption

Under the FLSA regulations, an employee who performs a combination of exempt duties—but who does not satisfy the primary duty requirement under any of the stand-alone exemptions—may nonetheless qualify for exempt status. 29 C.F.R. § 541.708. "[A]n employee whose primary duty involves a combination of exempt administrative and exempt executive work may qualify for exemption" so long as the other requirements, such as the salary basis test, are met. Id.; accord IntraComm, Inc. v. Baja, 492 F.3d 285, 292-95 (4th Cir. 2007) (deferring to the Secretary of Labor's interpretation that "the combination exemption provides a mechanism for cobbling together different exempt duties for the purposes of meeting the primary-duty test" but "does not . . . relieve employers of their burden to independently establish the other requirements of each exemption whose duties are combined"). The primary thrust of the combination exemption, therefore, is merely that the performance of exempt executive work cannot be the basis for preventing an otherwise exempt administrative employee from being exempted because his primary duty is blended between executive and administrative work and vice versa. Id.

Bajkowski's testimony that he spent sixty percent of his time writing tickets, washing cars, and renting cars precludes summary judgment based on the combination exemption. As was explained above, a reasonable jury, giving credence to Bajkowski's testimony, could conclude that these activities would not fall within either the executive or administrative exemption. Thus, a reasonable jury could conclude that Bajkowski's most important and critical job responsibility, and the responsibility on which he spent the majority of his time, did not involve any exempt work (as opposed to ERAC-Chicago's contention that it involved a combination of exempt work). Conclusively, because ERAC-Chicago did not meet its burden with respect to other necessary elements of both the administrative and the executive exemptions—beyond merely failing to establish the primary duty element—the combination exemption is inapplicable to Bajkowski. See IntraComm, Inc. 492 F.3d at 292-95. Thus, the court cannot grant ERAC-Chicago's motion for summary judgment on the basis of the combination exemption.

V. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth in this memorandum opinion, because ERAC-Chicago did not as a matter of law prove all the elements of at least one of the exemptions, and in consideration of the relevant summary judgment standard and the narrowly construed FLSA exemptions, ERAC-Chicago's motion for summary judgment against sample plaintiff Robert Bajkowski (ECF No. 253) will be denied. Summary judgment is precluded by the abundance of disputed material facts regarding Bajkowski's job responsibilities, on which the court must defer to future resolution by a jury. An order will follow.