DONETTA W. AMBROSE, Senior District Judge.
This civil action rests, in part, on the allegedly improper execution of an "all persons present" search warrant on Plaintiff's property. Plaintiffs claim that Defendants violated their First Amendment rights by applying the search warrant to "violently search" plaintiffs for engaging in protected speech and religious association (Count I); and violated their Fourth Amendment rights by subjecting them to search and detention without probable cause or reasonable suspicion (Counts II and III).
Summary judgment shall be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
Rule 56, however, mandates the entry of judgment against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The sum of the affirmative evidence to be presented by the non-moving party must be such that a reasonable jury could find in its favor; it cannot simply reiterate unsupported assertions, conclusory allegations, or suspicious beliefs. Groman v. Township of Manalapan, 47 F.3d 628, 633 (3d Cir.1995).
Before reaching the validity of the search warrant, I take note of Defendant's contention that the Fourth Amendment is not implicated by the facts of this case, because there was no reasonable expectation of privacy in the public CULM property searched. I do not, however, understand Plaintiffs' claim to challenge the search of the CULM property. Instead, it appears that Plaintiffs' challenge is limited to the "all persons" aspect of the warrant, by which the individuals were searched or detained, and the resulting searches and seizures. Plaintiffs address the public nature and large size of the CULM property, and the geographic breadth of the warrant, in the context of whether it was appropriate to authorize a search of all persons present on that property. Defendants do not contend, and nor could they, that the individual Plaintiffs do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their bodies that implicates the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, I need not reach Defendants' contentions regarding the scope of the CULM property searched.
Thus, I must address Plaintiffs' assertion that the "all persons present" warrant, pursuant to which they were searched or detained, was not supported by probable cause.
An "all persons" warrant presents probable cause issues, rather than particularity issues. A reviewing court has the duty to ensure that the issuing judicial officer had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-39, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). "The substance of all the definitions of probable cause is a reasonable ground for belief of guilt." Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949). The United States Supreme Court has held that generalized statements, such as those regarding "the special circumstances of today's drug culture," may not substitute for individualized evaluation of whether the Fourth Amendment's requirements are satisfied. Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385, 392, 117 S.Ct. 1416, 137 L.Ed.2d 615 (1997).
In State v. De Simone, 60 N.J. 319, 288 A.2d 849, 850 (1972),
A majority of state and federal courts addressing the issue have followed De Simone's pronouncement that an "all persons" warrant is constitutional if the information given the issuer established probable cause to believe that all persons on the premises at the time of the search are involved in the criminal activity. See, e.g., Owens v. Lott, 372 F.3d 267, 276 (4th Cir.2004). Otherwise stated, such a warrant is authorized only if "the supporting affidavit establishes probable cause that evidence of illegal activity will be found upon every person likely to fall within the warrant's scope at the time of execution." United States v. Swift, 720 F.Supp.2d 1048, 1056 (E.D.Ark.2010).
In this case, the affidavit tendered to the issuing judge did not set forth reasonable grounds to believe that all persons on the premises at the time were engaged in criminal activity, or that the premises were dedicated to criminal activity.
The affidavit does not state, nor do the facts recited therein reasonably lead to the conclusion, that evidence of illegal activity would be found upon every person at the "Funk Fest," or even every person in the vending, stage, or camping area of the CULM property. The facts stated in the affidavit simply could not lead one to analogize the subject premises during music concerts, to locations such as an apartment used as a crack house, or a barn used as a methamphetamine lab. Thus, this case echoes Lott:
Lott, 372 F.3d at 279.
In addition, Defendants address two concepts that merit separate mention. First, they suggest that I am bound by the issuing judge's probable cause determination, and by the Court of Common Pleas' determinations, made upon suppression motions filed by non-parties to this action, that the warrant was valid.
Second, Defendants suggest that the fact that innocent parties were searched, or present at the time of the search, does not render the warrant invalid. Indeed, our Court of Appeals has rejected the proposition that "the potential for [innocent parties] to be present negates probable cause with respect to every person who could be in the house." Abbott, 574 F.3d at 213. Abbott involved the search of a private residence, as well as an affidavit describing an identified man loitering in front of the residence, meeting with the informant, taking his money, entering the house, returning with heroin, and giving it to the informant, along with a statement regarding the affiant's experience that drugs are frequently sold and stored inside a location. Id. Thus, the Court concluded that this established probable cause applicable standards, and that probable cause was not negated by the potential that family or guests might be present at the residence. Id. Certainly, it is not the possible presence of innocents that is fatal to the warrant presently at issue. Aside from the other evident and material factual differences between Abbott and this case, probable cause to search all persons present was lacking here in the first instance.
In sum, viewed as a whole, the affidavit did not provide a substantial basis for the issuing judge's finding of probable cause, solely to the extent that it authorized the search of all persons present on the identified premises. Therefore, Plaintiffs' Motion in that regard must be granted, and that aspect of Defendants' Motion denied. I emphasize, however, that this conclusion neither constitutes nor compels a finding of liability. Defendants have asserted several defenses, and their disentitlement to those defenses has not been established. Likewise, other prima facie elements of Plaintiffs' Section 1983 claims have not yet been proven or determined. Thus, unless and until those issues are disposed of, I cannot find that Plaintiffs are entitled to a judgment on liability.
Next, Defendants seek judgment on Plaintiffs' claim that the investigation and raid were conducted in retaliation for CULM's involvement in prior legal proceedings involving Defendants. In particular, they contend that Plaintiffs cannot prove that the individual Defendants were aware of the proceedings, and thus cannot demonstrate retaliatory motive or causation. Plaintiffs, however, do not rely on their participation in legal proceedings as the protected conduct that forms the basis of their claim.
Instead, Plaintiffs focus on the execution of the warrant as part of a larger pattern of retaliation for protected speech and religious association — they argue that they "were engaging in constitutionally protected activity when they attended the event at the Church on the date of the Raid." They assert only that the prior litigation exacerbated Defendants' already-existing animus. Of course, there are activities other than litigation that receive First Amendment protection: "(1) expression of ideas, which is protected by the free speech clause whether the ideas in question are religious or not; and (2) exercise of religion, which may include actions that are not covered by the free speech clause." Salvation Army v. Department of Community Affairs, 919 F.2d 183, 199 (3d Cir.1990). In addition, people have a
Next, I address Defendants' contention that because each Plaintiff is unable to identify the particular officers with whom he or she had unconstitutional contact, the claims must fail. Separately, Defendant Reese also contends that Plaintiffs have not alleged that he committed any constitutional violation. Defendants correctly assert that Section 1983 requires a defendant to have been personally involved in the alleged wrongs. Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (3d Cir. 1988).
As regards Defendants' personal involvement in the alleged violations, Plaintiff Stephens identifies Defendant Fike, and Plaintiff Hendricks identifies an Officer "Reed," which a jury could reasonably deem a reference to Defendant Reese. It is undisputed that Defendant Reese applied for the search warrant, and supervised and was present at the raid. Likewise, it is undisputed that Defendant Brooks was involved with obtaining the warrant and was present at its execution; the affidavit of probable cause states that he acted as a Lead Coordinator of the drug task force. "A supervisor's personal involvement may be shown by establishing that the supervisor had actual knowledge of, and acquiesced in, [a constitutional] deprivation." Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh, 120 F.3d 1286, 1294 (3d Cir.1997) (abrogated on other grounds). Although Defendants challenge the Plaintiffs' credibility, resolving issues of witness believability and factual conflict is for the jury, and not for the Court on summary judgment. Thus, the individually named Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment on grounds that they were not personally involved in the alleged violations.
Defendant's point, however, raises significant concerns about the status of Defendant John Doe. Though named in the singular, that Defendant might encompass any of the thirty-four officers allegedly involved in the raid who have not been identified or named as defendants. Although Defendants couch their Motion in terms of the individual Plaintiffs' failure to establish an actor, and thus to meet their prima facie cases, Defendants' argument essentially seeks relief on behalf of the Doe officers. Whether or not Defendants have standing to raise this contention, Fed. R.Civ.P. 21 provides that "on motion or on its own, the court may at any time, on just terms, add or drop a party." Indeed, "[w]here the plaintiff fails to identify which defendant officer is responsible for the alleged [constitutional violation], there is no evidentiary basis on which to hold any of the defendants liable." McNeil v. City of Easton, 694 F.Supp.2d 375, 395 (E.D.Pa. 2010). Therefore, "[u]se of John Doe defendants is permissible in certain situations until reasonable discovery permits the true defendants to be identified.... If
Plaintiffs have produced evidence suggesting that an Officer Christopher Kozlowski came into contact with Plaintiffs Pritts and Miller, but Plaintiffs never attempted to add him to their pleading. Moreover, Plaintiffs have not identified the female officer — apparently, one of two female officers present at the raid, the other being Defendant Fike — who came into contact with Kimberlye and Ashley Keffer. Plaintiffs aver that they requested the officer's identity, but that Defendants have not provided that information. This action commenced by Complaint on October 26, 2010; the Amended Complaint was filed in April, 2011. In May, 2011, I set a discovery deadline of November, 2011. That deadline was subsequently extended until February, 2012, then (albeit for a limited purpose) extended again. At no time did Plaintiff bring alleged non-compliance with discovery to the Court's attention, by Motion or otherwise. Moreover, there is no reason to assume that Plaintiffs did not have reasonable opportunities for discovery, and Plaintiffs do not suggest to the contrary. In addition, Plaintiffs never sought to amend their Complaint to add the identity of any Doe Defendant. Lastly, Plaintiffs do not now suggest that any identification of the officers involved with Plaintiffs Wright, Miller, and Hanlon is imminent, likely, or even possible. Despite the fact that Plaintiffs had ample time to determine officers' identities and amend their pleading accordingly, they did not do so.
I am not eager to dismiss these claims, because of the disagreeable conduct attributed to the unidentified actors. It is far too late in the proceeding, however, for further discovery and amended pleadings; extending this matter for those purposes would be both disruptive and prejudicial. Under the circumstances, the interests of both justice and efficiency are best served by dismissing the action as against the Doe Defendant.
Defendants also contend that Officer Fike acted in an objectively reasonable manner when executing the warrant, and therefore she is entitled to judgment in her favor on Plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment claim.
To the extent that Plaintiffs intend to bring an excessive force claim against Defendant Fike, I must look to "whether, under the totality of the circumstances, [the officer's] actions were objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivations." Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d 497, 515 (3d Cir.2003). Moreover, reasonableness is evaluated in light of facts and circumstances including "`the severity of the crime at issue, whether the
The crime at issue was the use and possession of illegal substances and related paraphernalia. Plaintiff Stephens' description of the incident differs only slightly from that of Defendant Fike. For present purposes, I will accept Plaintiff's version of the facts. Plaintiff Stephens, who was in a uniform and was armed at the time, was told to get his hands in the air, and he did so. Defendant Fike frisked him, removed his gun, and then grabbed his insulin pump. He advised her, "that's my Animas pump." She responded, "what the F's an Animas pump?" Defendant Reese heard, and told her that Stephens was diabetic, and to leave it alone. She then "backed off." There is no evidence that Plaintiff resisted Officers, acted in any way that suggested that he posed a threat, or attempted to flee. Following the incident, Plaintiff Stephens in Plaintiffs' words, suffered "fatigue and discomfort."
Under all of the facts and circumstances, Defendant Fike did not use an objectively unreasonable amount of force. From the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, it was reasonable to handle — even if more roughly than proved necessary — an unidentified pouch on the person of a detained individual known to have been armed. I find no case law, and Plaintiffs point to none, that would suggest a contrary conclusion under similar facts. Thus, to the extent that the insulin pump incident is intended to form the basis of an excessive force claim, Defendant is entitled to judgment in her favor thereon.
Next, the individual Defendants assert that they are entitled to immunity. Defendants Fike and Reese seek qualified immunity for their conduct in executing the search warrant. Further, Defendant Brooks seeks absolute prosecutorial immunity for his participation in the preparation of the warrant and the execution of the warrant. From the outset, I note that qualified immunity impacts only individual capacity claims, and Plaintiffs do not indicate that they bring individual capacity claims. An individual capacity claim essentially seeks to hold the officer personally liable for his or her conduct. See Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 25, 112 S.Ct. 358, 116 L.Ed.2d 301 (1991). Nonetheless, because of the type of relief sought, I will proceed under the assumption that they intend to pursue Defendants in their individual capacities.
Qualified immunity involves a two-prong inquiry. The court must "decide whether the facts, taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, demonstrate a constitutional violation," and "whether the constitutional right in question was clearly established." Couden v.
A legal right is "clearly established" if "its contours [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987). "The relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted." Duffy, 446 F.3d at 492.
Having found that the warrant did not comport with constitutional standards, I must address whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time that the warrant was executed. The Supreme Court, and lower courts, have found that "all persons" warrants may be constitutional under certain circumstances. Beyond the "broad conclusion" that such warrants are not per se unconstitutional, however, "courts impose different requirements for what is necessary to sustain the validity of such a warrant." Lott, 372 F.3d at 280. Indeed, as set forth at footnote 2, supra, Pennsylvania law was arguably ambiguous at the time the warrant was issued and executed.
In addition, a judge issued the warrant. Although a judge's approval does not per se entitle the officers to qualified immunity, it is not irrelevant. Messerschmidt v. Millender, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 1235, 182 L.Ed.2d 47 (2012). Likewise, receipt of favorable advice from a prosecutor — which Reese received in this case — is a factor. Kelly v. Borough of Carlisle, 622 F.3d 248, 255 (3d Cir.2010). Under the circumstances, it would not have been clear to a reasonable officer that it was unlawful to search all persons present on the premises identified in the warrant. I find, therefore, that the pertinent law was not "clearly established" for purposes of qualified immunity. Accordingly, Defendants Reese and Fike, in their individual capacities, are entitled to qualified immunity from suit on Plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment claim, as it relates to the fact that they executed an unconstitutional "all persons" search warrant.
Next, Defendants contend that Brooks is entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity on the claims against him. Absolute prosecutorial immunity affixes to actions "intimately associated" with the judicial aspects of litigation, but not to administrative and investigatory conduct not related to conducting or initiating judicial proceedings. Odd v. Malone, 538 F.3d 202, 208 (3d Cir.2008). "[W]hen prosecutors perform investigatory functions, like determining whether there is probable cause ..., they are entitled only to qualified, and not absolute, immunity." Walker v. Clearfield County DA, 413 Fed.Appx. 481, 483 (3d Cir.Pa.2011). The entitlement to absolute prosecutorial immunity is a fact-intensive inquiry; it requires careful consideration of the prosecutor's actions. Malone, 538 F.3d at 210. Nonetheless, there is a presumption that qualified immunity, and not absolute immunity, applies. Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478, 111 S.Ct. 1934, 114 L.Ed.2d 547 (1991). Accordingly, a Defendant bears a "heavy burden" to demonstrate entitlement to absolute immunity. Malone, 538 F.3d at 207-08.
Thus, "in providing advice to the police, the prosecutor act[s] to guide the police, not to prepare his own case." Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 286, 113 S.Ct. 2606, 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (U.S. 1993). Under such circumstances, there is an "insufficient link between the judicial process and the prosecutor's actions to warrant absolute immunity." Id.
In this case, Defendant Brooks is alleged to have been present on CULM property when the warrant was executed. Plaintiffs aver that he was acting as a supervisor for the raid. Defendant Brooks' testimony, as well as the affidavit of probable cause, indicates that he went to the CULM property on two occasions, in May and July. On both occasions, Defendant Brooks was working undercover. The affidavit of probable cause suggests that he was present in his capacity as the Lead Coordinator of the Fayette County Drug Task Force. In Defendant Brooks' own words, the task force is an investigatory body. "[T]he supervision and control of a municipal task force appears to fall under the administrative, not prosecutorial, duties of the district attorney." Barnes v. City of York, No. 10-1684, 2011 WL 1398399, at *5, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 40010, at **16 (M.D.Pa. Mar. 24, 2011).
Moreover, "absolute immunity does not apply when a prosecutor gives advice to police during a criminal investigation." Van de Kamp v. Goldstein, 555 U.S. 335, 343, 129 S.Ct. 855, 172 L.Ed.2d 706 (2009). It has been said that "a prosecutor who assists, directs or otherwise participates... in obtaining evidence prior to an indictment undoubtedly is functioning more in his investigative capacity than in his quasi-judicial capacities of `deciding which suits to bring and ... conducting them in court.'" Marrero v. Hialeah, 625 F.2d 499, 505 (5th Cir.1980). Carefully considering all of the facts at hand, I conclude that Defendant Brooks was not acting within the scope of his prosecutorial duties when he participated in the investigation, preparation, and execution of the search warrant. He is not, therefore, entitled to absolute immunity from Plaintiffs' suit in that regard, and Defendants' Motion will be denied to that extent.
Finally, I address Defendants' contention that Plaintiffs' Monell claims must fail, because they have not identified a government policy or custom. Plaintiffs did not initially address this challenge, but at the Court's behest, they have clarified that their Monell claim is grounded in a failure to train officers regarding the parameters of "all persons present" warrants, and also an ongoing practice of persecuting CULM.
A failure to train claim requires a plaintiff to identify specific training not provided that could reasonably be expected to prevent the injury that occurred. Joines v. Twp. of Ridley, 229
The inadequacy of Plaintiffs' failure to train claim, however, is not conclusive of Plaintiffs' remaining, broadly painted Monell claim. Plaintiffs suggest that taken together with the actions of other municipal actors, Defendants' conduct reflect an overarching custom or policy of harassing CULM — either by affirmative harassment or indifference to that harassment. "Monell's policy or custom requirement is satisfied where a local government is faced with a pattern of misconduct and does nothing, compelling the conclusion that the local government has acquiesced in or tacitly authorized its subordinates' unlawful actions." Reynolds v. Giuliani, 506 F.3d 183, 192 (2d Cir.2007). Moreover, actions taken by a municipal legislative body may constitute an official policy to which liability could attach. Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986).
Here, much of the contentious history between CULM and the municipality is a matter of public record, involving multiple municipal actors and multiple acts.
Here, there is evidence that policymakers authorized or acquiesced in the warrant, which I have found did not comport with the Fourth Amendment, and its execution. Defendant Brooks, for example, acting in his administrative — rather than
In sum, Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment will be granted to the extent stated in the body of the Opinion, and Defendants' will be granted in part and denied in part.
An appropriate Order follows.
AND NOW, this 31st day of August, 2012, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment [37] is GRANTED in part, and Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment [42] is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, as follows:
Summary Judgment is entered in Plaintiffs' favor solely on the issue that the warrant to search "all persons present" was not supported by probable cause, and thus violated the Fourth Amendment;
Summary Judgment is entered in favor of Defendant Fike on any Fourth Amendment claim for use of excessive force against Plaintiff Stephens;
Defendants Fike and Reese are entitled to qualified immunity from suit on any claim grounded in the fact that they executed an invalid "all persons present" warrant;
Summary Judgment is entered in favor of Defendants on Plaintiffs' failure to train claim; and
The Amended Complaint is dismissed as against all Doe Defendants.
