MEMORANDUM OPINION

MARK R. HORNAK, District Judge.

This case arises on cross-appeal1 from a Memorandum Opinion and Order of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the "Bankruptcy Court") dated December 14, 2011. In re Iannini, 460 B.R. 676 (Bankr. W.D.Pa.2011) ("Iannini III"). The principal matter for the Court to address in this cross-appeal is whether the Bankruptcy Court had jurisdiction to grant, in part, an application for counsel fees recoverable from the debtor's estate. The Court concludes that it did not, and for the reasons that follow, will vacate the Bankruptcy Court's December 14, 2011 Order.

I. BACKGROUND

On March 26, 2009 the debtor, Lillian P. Iannini (the "Debtor"), filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition under Chapter 13 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Dkt. No. 2:12-cv-225, ECF No. 6 at 2; Dkt. No. 2:12-cv-225, ECF No. 4 at 5.2 In July 2009, the Debtor filed an adversary proceeding against Deutsche Bank National Trust Company (the "Bank"), alleging that a prepetition sheriff's sale of the Debtor's real property was an avoidable fraudulent conveyance. ECF No. 6 at 2. On December 3, 2009 the Bankruptcy Court granted the Bank's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, which was affirmed on appeal by this Court on May 24, 2010. See In re Iannini, No. 10-55, 2010 WL 2104244 (W.D.Pa. May 24, 2010) ("Iannini I"). The Debtor then appealed the district court's order affirming the Bankruptcy Court to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. ECF No. 6 at 2.

While that appeal was pending before the Third Circuit, the Debtor's Chapter 13 case was dismissed on August 26, 2010 for failure to make the required payments under the approved plan. ECF No. 6 at 3. On October 22, 2010, the Bankruptcy Court denied the Debtor's motion to reconsider dismissal of the Chapter 13 case. Id.; ECF No. 4 at 5. On December 21, 2010,3 counsel for the Debtor, David A. Colecchia ("Counsel"), filed an application for counsel fees in the amount of $17,809.22 for legal services rendered in the adversary proceeding against the Bank. ECF No. 4 at 5. Ronda J. Winnecour, acting as the standing Chapter 13 Trustee (the "Trustee"), noted and filed an objection to that fee application on January 11, 2011. ECF No. 6 at 3. With the appeal from the dismissal of the adversary proceeding still pending, the Bankruptcy Court deferred action on the counsel fee application until the Third Circuit rendered its decision.

On July 29, 2011, our Court of Appeals dismissed as moot the Debtor's appeal of the dismissal of the adversary proceeding because the underlying Chapter 13 case had been dismissed. In re Iannini, 435 Fed.Appx. 75 (3d Cir.2011) ("Iannini II"). Following that decision, the Bankruptcy Court held a hearing on the fee application on August 24, 2011, and Colecchia filed an amended fee application on September 8, 2011. Iannini III, 460 B.R. at 678, n. 2. An Order granting fees to Debtor's counsel was entered on December 14, 2011, in which the Court awarded Debtor's counsel $9,228.75 in fees, after taking into account the paid retainer and allowable fees under the local rules, and $1,016.31 in expenses.4 Counsel and Trustee filed a timely appeal and cross-appeal, respectively, and the matter, having been fully briefed, is ripe for disposition.

II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court has jurisdiction over these appeals pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). The primary issue presented on appeal is whether the Bankruptcy Court had subject matter jurisdiction to hear the claim for attorney's fees after the bankruptcy case had been dismissed.5 The "Bankruptcy Court's findings of fact are reviewed only for clear error, while legal determinations are reviewed de novo." In re Heritage Highgate, Inc., 679 F.3d 132, 139 (3d Cir.2012). Our Court of Appeals has consistently held that lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time, including for the first time on appeal.6 See, e.g., Brown v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 350 F.3d 338, 347 (3d Cir.2003).

III. DISCUSSION

Like other federal courts, bankruptcy courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. In re W.R. Grace & Co., 591 F.3d 164, 175 (3d Cir.2009). Generally speaking, bankruptcy courts have subject matter jurisdiction only over disputes that could affect the administration of the bankruptcy estate. In re Ragland, Nos. 05-18142 & 05-31361, 2006 WL 1997416, at *4 (Bankr. E.D.Pa. May 25, 2006) (citing Halper v. Halper, 164 F.3d 830, 837 (3d Cir.1999)). In determining whether a bankruptcy court has the ability to determine a dispute, this Court need only decide whether the proceeding is "related to" the bankruptcy. Id. A dispute is related to the bankruptcy case if it impacts the estate "by increasing or reducing estate property, by increasing or reducing claims, or by affecting the priority of claims." Id.

However, once the bankruptcy case has been closed, disputes arising post-closure of the underlying case, including applications for counsel fees, cannot have an effect on the administration of the estate. Id. at *4 (quoting Walnut Assocs. v. Saidel, 164 B.R. 487, 491 (E.D.Pa.1994) ("The court finds that where a bankruptcy case is closed and the estate no longer exists... the court is without jurisdiction to entertain any proceedings, irrespective of whether those proceedings are defined as `core' or related `non-core' proceedings.")). This principle applies with equal force to dismissed cases. Id. at *5; In re Smith, 866 F.2d 576, 580 (3d Cir.1989) ("[T]he dismissal of a bankruptcy case should result in the dismissal of `related proceedings' because the court's jurisdiction of the latter depends, in the first instance, upon the nexus between the underlying bankruptcy case and the related proceedings."). Thus, a bankruptcy court, in the normal course, has no jurisdiction to hear such post-dismissal disputes. Id. at *5.7

Here, Debtor's counsel filed his initial, albeit non-compliant, application for counsel fees in December 2010, nearly three months after the dismissal of the underlying bankruptcy case and just over one month after the Bankruptcy Court denied Debtor's motion to reconsider such dismissal. In fact, the application for counsel fees related to legal services rendered in the adversarial proceeding against the Bank, and that proceeding was initially dismissed in December 2009, a dismissal affirmed by this Court in May 2010. The record is devoid of any evidence that Debtor's counsel filed for compensation, or requested the Bankruptcy Court to hold open its jurisdiction over the case and fee application pending the appeal, at any time before dismissal.

In any event, a bankruptcy court has the ability under 11 U.S.C. § 349 to retain jurisdiction over the administration of the estate in its dismissal order, if it finds cause to do so. In re Ragland, 2006 WL 1997416, at *6; In re Orfa Corp. of Phila., 170 B.R. 257, 269 (E.D.Pa.1994) (quoting In re Pocklington, 21 B.R. 199, 202 (Bankr.S.D.Cal.1982)). Section 349(b)(3) provides that property of the bankruptcy estate revests in the entity that had possession prior to commencement of the bankruptcy case, unless the court, for cause, orders otherwise. Courts may determine the propriety of compensation in an underlying bankruptcy case post-dismissal by explicitly retaining jurisdiction. See In re Quaker Distributors Inc., 189 B.R. 63, 66 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1995) (bankruptcy court retained jurisdiction over compensation in its initial dismissal order); Matter of Mandalay Shores Co-op. Housing Ass'n, 60 B.R. 22, 23 (Bankr. M.D.Fla.1986) (dismissal of Chapter 11 case did not divest bankruptcy court of jurisdiction over professional fee application because court explicitly retained jurisdiction); Matter of Samford, 125 B.R. 230, 234 (E.D.Mo.1991) (when dismissing the case, the bankruptcy court retained jurisdiction to determine the disgorgement of counsel fees under section 329).

However, where the court does not explicitly retain such jurisdiction, the court thereafter presumptively lacks jurisdiction over the issue. See In re Ragland, 2006 WL 1997416, at *6 ("neither dismissal order retained jurisdiction.... Accordingly, it would appear that this court has no power to award those funds."); In re Matthews, No. 10-16869-MDC, 2012 WL 33213, at *2 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. Jan. 6, 2012) (court lacked jurisdiction to award counsel fees even though fee application was filed prior to case's dismissal because bankruptcy court did not retain jurisdiction); In re M.O.D., Inc., 170 B.R. 465, 466 (Bankr. M.D.Ala.1994) (bankruptcy court had no jurisdiction over fee application filed after the case was dismissed where the dismissal order did not retain jurisdiction over any estate property); Matter of Talandis, 95 B.R. 108, 109-10 (Bankr.S.D.Iowa 1989) (ruling that the court had no jurisdiction to consider fee application without express retention of jurisdiction in order of dismissal). In this case, the Bankruptcy Court did not retain jurisdiction over the bankruptcy case or the funds paid to the Trustee.

The fee application in question was filed well after the administration of the estate was terminated and nearly a full year after the dismissal of the adversary proceeding. As the courts in In re Ragland and In re Lewis noted, debtors' counsel are in the unique position to know when debtor is failing to make plan payments and that dismissal is a likely result for such failure. Counsel waited until well after the proceeding in the bankruptcy court had concluded. There is no economy to be had in stretching to reopen that proceeding after the fact.

Counsel also well knew that his legal fees were accruing in the adversary proceeding and he could have notified the Bankruptcy Court and the Trustee of this fact at any time before the dismissal of the underlying bankruptcy case. In fact, when the Trustee argued that this fee application was moot, given the timing of the application and exhaustion of any estate funds,8 Counsel conceded that he would have a hard time overcoming that legal principle. Bankr. Dkt. No. 182 at 21-22.

Counsel argues that the law in the lower courts in the Third Circuit on the jurisdiction for bankruptcy courts to hear applications for fees after dismissal is "hopelessly fractured." ECF No. 5 at 8. Counsel candidly cites to two opinions holding that where a fee application is filed after a case is dismissed and jurisdiction was not specifically retained, the bankruptcy court lacks jurisdiction to award fees. In re Ragland, 2006 WL 1997416, at *6; In re Lewis, 346 B.R. 89, 113 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2006).

Counsel then cites to two cases for the proposition that bankruptcy courts may review fee applications post-dismissal. However, these cases are readily distinguishable from the case at hand. In In re Quaker, the court in its dismissal order explicitly required counsel to file their fee applications by a certain date, thus at least implicitly preserving jurisdiction to later decide the fee issue. 189 B.R. at 66. In In re Gore, the court reopened the case after it had been closed in order to address counsel's failure to comply with his statutory duty to disclose his fee arrangement and receipt of fees. No. 07-21103REF, 2008 WL 5049915, at *2, *8 (Bankr. E.D.Pa.2008). The court reopened the case in order to disgorge from the attorney money that was wrongfully acquired in the course of the bankruptcy proceedings. Unlike this case, In re Gore deals with funds actually received by counsel and a subsequent disgorgement for wrongful conduct of the attorney committed during the bankruptcy proceedings. Secondly, as discussed below, unlike the situation in Gore, this case was dismissed, not closed. See In re Kent, 290 B.R. 471, 475-76 (where Chapter 11 case had been dismissed before it was fully administered, case could not later be reopened). Consequently, the Court does not find Counsel's argument persuasive.9

Counsel also argues that "if a court loses jurisdiction over determining fee applications at the time of the dismissal, the Court also would lose the authority to disallow unearned or improper fees or to use disallowance of fees as a sanction for attorney misconduct." ECF No. 4 at 9. Fear of this parade of horribles is not warranted. First, as discussed above, a bankruptcy court can retain jurisdiction for cause pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 349. Secondly, the Supreme Court has recognized that federal courts may exercise ancillary jurisdiction "(1) to permit disposition by a single court of claims that are, in varying respects and degrees, factually interdependent; and (2) to enable a court to function successfully, that is, to manage its proceedings, vindicate its authority, and effectuate its decrees." Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 379-80, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994) (citations omitted); see also Peacock v. Thomas, 516 U.S. 349, 354-60, 116 S.Ct. 862, 133 L.Ed.2d 817 (1996).10

Here, we are concerned only with the latter. Courts are able to invoke ancillary jurisdiction post-dismissal to interpret and effectuate previous decrees. In re Ragland, 2006 WL 1997416, at *8; see also In re Poplar Run Five Ltd. P'ship, 192 B.R. 848, 859 (Bankr.E.D.Va. 1995) ("A court does, however, have jurisdiction to enforce its own orders under the doctrine of ancillary jurisdiction."); In re Chateaugay Corp., 201 B.R. 48, 62 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.1996) ("Bankruptcy courts have inherent or ancillary jurisdiction to interpret and enforce their own orders ..."). For instance, in Post v. Ewing, a district court affirmed that a bankruptcy court's jurisdiction extended beyond the dismissal of a bankruptcy case because the debtors' attorney ignored court instructions and wrongfully acquired fees from the debtors. 119 B.R. 566, 568 (S.D.Ohio 1989). While the court did not explicitly invoke ancillary jurisdiction,11 the court reasoned that "[i]n this instance, denying the bankruptcy court jurisdiction to enter an Order to see that its prior instructions were followed by [the attorney] would only serve to thwart the goals of the Bankruptcy Code and unjustly enrich [the attorney]." Id. at 568-69; Cf. In re Matthews, 2012 WL 33213, at *2 (court lacked jurisdiction to award counsel fees even though fee application was filed prior to case's dismissal because bankruptcy court did not make a ruling on application). In this case, however, no order of the court has been violated, no disgorgement of fees for wrongful conduct sought, and there was no retention of on-going jurisdiction12 in the dismissal order.13 Applying ancillary jurisdiction in this situation is therefore inappropriate.14

Finally, Counsel proposes that

Id. at 7. The statutory grant of authority to reopen a bankruptcy case is found in 11 U.S.C. § 350(b), which allows a closed case to be reopened "to accord relief for the debtor, or for other cause." Counsel's argument is misplaced for three reasons. First, "closed" in the context of § 350(a) refers to when a case is "fully administered and the court has discharged the trustee." 11 U.S.C. § 350(a); In re Ragland, 2006 WL 1997416, at *4. This case was dismissed, not closed, due to the debtor's failure to make the required Chapter 13 plan payments. "[A] dismissed case could not be reopened under section 350(b)." 3 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 350.03, at 350-6 (15th ed. rev. 2004) (footnote omitted); see also In re Income Prop. Builders, Inc., 699 F.2d 963, 965 (9th Cir. 1982) ("An order dismissing a bankruptcy case accomplishes a completely different result than an order closing it would and is not an order closing."); Vergos v. Gregg's Enters., Inc., 159 F.3d 989, 991 n. 1 (6th Cir.1998) (explaining that "conversion," "dismissal" and "closure" are all distinct statutory "terms of art employed in the Bankruptcy Code").

Secondly, 11 U.S.C. § 350(b) states that a case may be reopened "to accord relief for the debtor, or for other cause." (emphasis added). Counsel asks this Court to reopen the case not to accord relief to the Debtor but to provide relief to Debtor's counsel and award fees against the Debtor personally or the Debtor's estate.

Third, even if the Bankruptcy Court could reopen a dismissed case, it did not do so here and it is generally accepted that a bankruptcy court has no power to decide a bankruptcy dispute after the case is closed unless it is first reopened. In re Ragland, 2006 WL 1997416, at *4; see also Cook v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 174 B.R. 321, 327 (M.D.Ala.1994) ("Absent reopening, there is no longer a bankruptcy estate being administered which could be affected by the present litigation. Therefore, the court does not find the present action to be one which arises under or relates to a Title 11 proceeding. The court interprets 28 U.S.C. § 1334 to contemplate pending bankruptcy proceedings."); In re Brantley, 1997 WL 74663, at *1 (Bankr. W.D.Ark.1997) (holding that an adversary proceeding filed after a debtor was discharged and the bankruptcy case was closed is improper).15 Finally, the Bankruptcy Court does have the power, for all of the reasons noted, to "retain jurisdiction over fee applications even after dismissal." In this case, Counsel did not ask that it do so.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Bankruptcy Court was without jurisdiction to consider Counsel's application for counsel fees. Any such application, absent the Bankruptcy Court's express pre-dismissal retention of jurisdiction over attorney compensation, should have been filed before dismissal of the underlying bankruptcy case. Therefore, the order of the Bankruptcy Court allowing the partial payment of counsel fees is vacated for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.16

An appropriate order will issue.