JOY FLOWERS CONTI, Chief District Judge.
Plaintiff Kevin Thomas ("plaintiff") brought this civil rights action against Holly Thomas, plaintiff's estranged wife; John and Dolores DiCola, the parents of Holly Thomas; Norman Barilla, Holly Thomas's attorney; two judges on the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, Thomas Piccione ("Judge Piccione") and John Hodge ("Judge Hodge"); and Michael Occhibone, a court administrator (with Judges Piccione and Hodge, the "judicial defendants"). Plaintiff asserted that Holly Thomas and her parents conspired with the judicial defendants to deprive him of due process in a child-custody action between plaintiff and Holly Thomas pending before Judge Piccione. Plaintiff requested that the court award damages and order Judge Piccione to recuse himself from the underlying state action or transfer it to a different venue.
The court issued a memorandum opinion (ECF No. 58) dismissing the claims against Judge Piccione due to absolute judicial immunity. The court abstained and dismissed plaintiff's claims for equitable relief under the principles articulated by the Supreme Court in Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), and its progeny and stayed plaintiff's federal claims for damages and claims under state law until the conclusion of the underlying state litigation. (ECF No. 58, at 9.) In large part, the court based its decision to abstain upon the three conditions identified by the Supreme Court in Middlesex County Ethics Commission v. Garden State Bar Association, 457 U.S. 423 (1982). (Id. at 7.)
On November 6, 2013, plaintiff filed a motion (ECF No. 61) for reconsideration of the dismissal of equitable claims and stay of damage claims pursuant to Younger.
The court may grant a motion for reconsideration if the party seeking reconsideration establishes one of the following grounds: "(1) an intervening change in the controlling law; (2) the availability of new evidence that was not available when the court granted the motion for summary judgment; or (3) the need to correct a clear error of law or fact or to prevent manifest injustice." Max's Seafood Cafe v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 677 (3d Cir. 1999). Because of the interest in finality, motions for reconsideration should be granted sparingly; the parties are not free to relitigate issues the court has already decided. Rottmund v. Cont'l Assurance Co., 813 F.Supp. 1104, 1107 (E.D. Pa. 1992). "[A] motion for reconsideration is not properly grounded in a request for a district court to rethink a decision it, has already made, rightly or wrongly." Williams v. City of Pittsburgh, 32 F.Supp.2d 236, 238 (W.D. Pa. 1998).
In Younger, the Supreme Court held that federal courts may not enjoin pending state court criminal prosecutions absent special circumstances such as bad faith or harassment. Younger, 401 U.S. at 41, 54. In Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd., 420 U.S. 592 (1975), the Court expanded the abstention doctrine to civil nuisance proceedings. The Court reasoned that the nuisance proceeding at issue in Huffman, to which the state was a party, was "in important respects ... more akin to a criminal prosecution than are most civil cases." Id. at 604. The Court later expanded Younger to civil cases in which a state is not a party, but which involve the authority of the state judicial system to enforce its orders and judgments. Juidice v. Vail, 430 U.S. 327, 336 n.12 (1976) (applying Younger to challenges to civil contempt orders); Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 13-14 (1897) (applying Younger to a challenge to the execution of a civil judgment pending appeal). In New Orleans Public Service, Inc. v. Council, 491 U.S. 350 (1989) ("NOPSI"), the Court explained that that Younger was not generally applicable to all cases that involve parallel state and federal proceedings. Id. at 361. The Court noted that it had only extended Younger to state criminal prosecutions, civil enforcement proceedings, and "civil proceedings involving certain orders that are uniquely in furtherance of the state courts' ability to perform their judicial functions." Id. Abstention is limited to such "exceptional circumstances." Id.
In Middlesex, the Court addressed the applicability of Younger abstention to state bar administrative proceedings. Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 425. The Court set out three factors in considering this question:
Id. at 432. Many courts "strictly and mechanically applied the three-part test from Middlesex, while largely ignoring the limitations imposed by NOPSI." ACRA Turf Club, LLC v. Zanzuccki, No. 13-3064, 2014 WL 1272859, at *6 & n.7 (3d Cir. Mar. 31, 2014).
In Sprint, the Supreme Court clarified that this mechanical approach attributed Middlesex with "extraordinary breadth" and conflicted with the Court's "dominant instruction" that "abstention from the exercise of federal jurisdiction is the `exception, not the rule.'" Sprint, 134 S. Ct. at 593 (quoting Hawaii Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 299, 236 (1984)). The state bar ethics proceeding in Middlesex was akin to a criminal proceeding. Id. "Divorced from their quasi-criminal context, the three Middlesex conditions would extend Younger to virtually all parallel state and federal proceedings, at least where a party could identify a plausibly important state interest." Id. "The three Middlesex conditions ... were not dispositive; they were, instead, additional factors appropriately considered by the federal court before invoking Younger." Id. The scope of Younger abstention is limited to "the three `exceptional circumstances' identified in NOPSI." Id. at 594.
In the memorandum opinion dated October 9, 2013, the court abstained after reviewing the "Middlesex conditions." In light of Sprint, performing this analysis without considering the limited categories of cases to which Younger can apply is clear error. The court therefore considers whether this case falls into one of the exceptional categories identified in NOPSI and Sprint. The underlying state action is neither criminal in nature nor a civil enforcement proceeding. The question, therefore, is whether the state action is a "`civil proceeding[] involving certain orders ... uniquely in furtherance of the state court['s] ability to perform [its] judicial functions.'" Sprint, 134 S. Ct. at 591 (quoting NOPSI, 491 U.S. at 368). The court concludes that it is.
Federal courts routinely abstained under Younger when litigants asked a federal court to order a state court judge to recuse. See Shafizadeh v. Bowles, 476 F. App'x 71, 73 (6th Cir. 2012) (affirming, on Younger abstention grounds, district court's dismissal of complaint seeking an injunction directing state-court judge to recuse himself); Chalupowski v. Berry, 151 F. App'x 1, 1 (1st Cir. 2005) ("Appellants asked the federal court to order the defendant, a state court appellate judge before whom a motion for contempt was then the only pending matter, to recuse herself `from further hearing in this matter.' This the court could not do." (citing Juidice, 430 U.S. at 335)); H.C. ex rel. Gordon v. Koppel, 203 F.3d 610, 613 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that Younger abstention applied where plaintiffs sought "wholesale federal intervention into an ongoing state domestic dispute" similar in nature to the custody dispute in this case); see also Anthony v. Council, 316 F.3d 412 (3d Cir. 2003) (affirming decision to abstain under Younger in a case challenging New Jersey Superior Court Judges' administration of child support cases); Mann v. Conlin, 22 F.3d 100, 105-06 (6th Cir. 1994) (affirming district court's dismissal of claims for injunctive and declaratory relief against state-court judge arising out of pending domestic relations cases). All these cases were decided before Sprint, and they all relied heavily on the "Middlesex conditions."
The court was unable to find case law discussing whether this kind of case—a plaintiff seeking an order commanding a state court judge to recuse himself or transfer venue—falls into the third exceptional category identified in NOPSI and Sprint. The court must therefore reason by analogy to the two Supreme Court cases that discuss the "unique breed of Younger abstention" involved in the third category, Juidice and Pennzoil. ACRA Turf Club, 2014 WL 1272859, at *7 n.8.
Juidice involved a constitutional challenge to civil contempt orders issued by a state court. The state court entered a default judgment against the defendant in the underlying state litigation, Harry Vail ("Vail"). Juidice, 430 U.S at 327. Vail subsequently failed to attend a deposition regarding satisfaction of the judgment. Id. The court found him in contempt after he did not appear at a contempt hearing, and after he failed to pay his fine, Vail was jailed for a day. Id. at 329-29. Vail, on behalf of a class of individuals subject to contempt proceedings in state court, sued the state-court judges in federal district court, seeking to enjoin the use of civil contempt procedures authorized by state law. Id. at 330. The Supreme Court held that the district court should have abstained under Younger:
Id. at 335 (citations omitted). Because of this important interest, and because the federal plaintiffs had an opportunity to raise their federal claims in state court, abstention was appropriate. Id. at 337.
The underlying proceeding in Pennzoil was a tortious interference case between Pennzoil and Texaco in the state courts of Texas. A jury awarded Pennzoil more than $10 billion in damages. Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 4. Texaco planned to appeal, but in order to prevent Pennzoil from executing on the judgment during the pendency of the appeal, Texaco needed to post a bond of more than $13 billion—a financial impossibility for the company. Id. at 5. Texaco filed a federal lawsuit (in the Southern District of New York) challenging both the judgment and the appeal of bond requirements of Texas law. Id. at 6 & n.6. The district court enjoined Pennzoil from attempting to obtain a judgment lien and the court of appeals affirmed. Id. at 8-9.
The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the issuance of the injunction was an "unprecedented intrusion into the Texas judicial system." Id. at 10. Younger abstention is required "not only when the pending state proceedings are criminal, but also when certain civil proceedings are pending, if the State's interests in the proceeding are so important that exercise of the federal judicial power would disregard the comity between the States and the National Government." Id. at 11. Texaco's challenge to the Texas bond and lien requirements was sufficiently important to justify abstention because, like Juidice, it involved a "process[] by which the State compels compliance with the judgments of its courts." Id. at 13.
States' judicial process and judicial authority are the touchstones of Pennzoil and Juidice. See id. at 14 & n.12 ("Our opinion does not hold that Younger abstention is always appropriate whenever a civil proceeding is pending in a state court. Rather, as in Juidice, we rely on the State's interest in protecting `the authority of the judicial system, so that its orders and judgments are not rendered nugatory.'" (citing Juidice, 430 U.S. at 336 n.12)). The Court subsequently framed these cases as "civil proceedings involving certain orders that are uniquely in furtherance of the state courts' ability to perform their judicial functions." NOPSI, 491 U.S. at 368; Sprint, 134 S. Ct. at 588.
In asking this court to order the recusal of Judge Piccione, plaintiff indirectly challenges Pennsylvania courts' process for judicial recusals. In Pennsylvania, a party seeking to disqualify a judge must assert "`the bias, prejudice or unfairness necessitating recusal'" in a "`plea of prejudice.'" Reilly by Reilly v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., 489 A.2d 1291, 1299 (Pa. 1985) (quoting In re Crawford's Estate, 160 A. 585, 587 (Pa. 1931)). That party should address the plea of prejudice to the judge before whom the proceedings are pending. Id. Once the judge makes a decision, "it is final and the case must proceed." Id. at 1300. This process allows the judge to state the reasons for granting or denying the motion and "to develop a record on the matter." Commonwealth v. Whitmore, 912 A.2d 827, 833 (Pa. 2006). The process is also essential "`for the security of the bench and successful administration of justice.'" Reilly, 489 A.2d at 1299 (quoting In re Crawford's Estate, 160 A. at 587). If trial judges' recusal decisions were not final,
Id. (quoting In re Crawford's Estate, 160 A. at 587). The trial court's decision on recusal is preserved "as any other assignment of error" and reviewed for abuse of discretion. Id. at 1300.
Pennsylvania has an important interest in protecting the authority and judicial functions of its court, including the recusal process. For this court to interpose itself in Pennsylvania's recusal process would be as inappropriate as federal intervention in a state's civil contempt process, Juidice, 430 U.S. at 336, or a state's process for enforcing judgments, Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 14. For this reason, this case involves the authority of the state court to conduct its judicial function—the third exceptional category recognized by NOPSI and Sprint.
The "additional factors" found in Middlesex also support abstention. The state proceeding is ongoing, implicates important state interests, and affords plaintiff an adequate opportunity to raise his constitutional claims. As the court wrote in the opinion of October 9, 2013,
(ECF No. 58, at 7-8.) Plaintiff's proper avenue for redress is to appeal the recusal decision of the state trial judge within the state judicial system and, ultimately, to the Supreme Court.
Sprint refocuses the scope of abstention under Younger and directs the court to analyze the three exceptional categories it identified. This case involves one of those categories and abstention is appropriate. Federal courts have repeatedly abstained when asked to order the recusal of a state court judge. The court does not understand Sprint to require district courts to hear these kinds of cases and issue these kinds of mandatory injunctions. Nothing could be further from the principle of comity that underpins the Younger doctrine. Sprint, 134 S. Ct. at 591; Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 11.
Plaintiff cites Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868 (2009), for the proposition that federal courts have the authority to decide whether a state court judge's refusal to recuse violates the Due Process Clause. (ECF No. 62, at 8-9.) In Caperton, however, the Supreme Court exercised its appellate authority over a final judgment of the Supreme Court of West Virginia. Caperton did not involve an ongoing state proceeding, which is the issue before the court. The decisions cited in Caperton in which the Supreme Court recognized a due process basis for requiring the recusal of a judge also came before the Court on appeal from or certiorari to the highest state court. See Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Lavoie, 475 U.S. 813 (1986) (Supreme Court of Alabama); Mayberry v. Pennsylvania, 400 U.S. 455 (1971) (Supreme Court of Pennsylvania); Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575 (1964) (Court of Appeals of New York); In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133 (1955) (Supreme Court of Michigan); Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510 (1926) (Supreme Court of Ohio). None of those cases involved parallel state and federal proceedings. Plaintiff may pursue review of Judge Piccione's recusal decision by following the state appellate process and seeking review by the Supreme Court.
Plaintiff also cited Fieger v. Ferry, 471 F.3d 637 (6th Cir. 2008), but it is similarly inapposite because it involved challenges to recusal decisions and the state recusal rule raised after the state court proceeding had ended, and therefore the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit analyzed the Rooker-Feldman doctrine rather than Younger.
After reconsideration in light of Sprint, the court modifies its opinion (ECF No. 58) as set forth above. As abstention is still warranted, the court's order (ECF No. 59) dismissing the claims against Judge Piccione, abstaining and dismissing the equitable relief claims, and staying the remainder of the case remains in effect. Plaintiff's motion for reconsideration is therefore denied. An appropriate order will follow.
(ECF No. 62, at 8.)
