MEMORANDUM ORDER

CATHY BISSOON, District Judge.

Pending before the Court are two motions: Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification ("Pl. Class Cert. Mt.," Doc. 182) and Defendants' Motion to Strike the Expert Rebuttal Report of Michael L. Hartzmark, Ph.D ("Def. MTS," Doc. 207). For reasons that follow, the Court will grant the Motion for Class Certification and grant in part and deny in part the Motion to Strike.

I. Memorandum

Given the complicated history and nature of this case, the Court will address only the background relevant to the current posture of the case.

On August 16, 2017, this Court issued an order consolidating this case, as well as any other subsequently-filed related actions, appointing Mr. Christakis Vrakas to serve as Lead Plaintiff in the consolidated action and approving Mr. Vrakas's choice of counsel. Order, Doc. 47. In October 2017, Mr. Vrakas, along with Plaintiffs Leann Reed and Robert Myer, filed an Amended Complaint against United States Steel Corporation ("U.S. Steel" or the "Company"), individuals Mario Longhi, David Burritt and Dan Lesnak, and many entities that served as underwriters for U.S. Steel's secondary public offering on August 15, 2016.

On September 29, 2018, the Court dismissed all but one of Plaintiffs' claims against all Defendants. Since then, Mr. Myer has withdrawn from the Action (Doc. 173), and Ms. Reed voluntarily dismissed her claims, with prejudice, against the underwriter defendants. Doc. 176. In January 2019, the parties filed their Rule 26(f) Joint Report of the Parties Pursuant to Appendix LCvR 23.E (Class Action) ("Rule 26(f) Report," Doc. 160) and the Court issued its Case Management Order ("CMO," Doc. 165) shortly thereafter.

In April 2019, Plaintiffs Mr. Vrakas and Ms. Reed ("Plaintiffs") filed a Motion for Class Certification, accompanied by a Memorandum in Support of Motion for Class Certification ("Pl. Class Cert. Mem.," Doc. 183) and Declaration ("Pl. Class Cert. Dec.," Doc. 184) in support of their Motion. Plaintiffs moved, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 23(a), (b)(3) and (g), to: (1) certify this action as a class action;1 (2) appoint Plaintiffs as Class representatives; (3) appoint Levi & Korsinsky, LLP as Class counsel, and (4) grant any other relief the Court deems just and proper. Pl. Class Cert. Mt. at ¶1. Plaintiffs posit that the Court should certify the proposed Class because they contend that it meets the following requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) and 23(b)(3):

Defendants filed an Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification ("Def. Class Cert. Opp.," Doc. 203) along with a Declaration ("Def. Class Cert. Dec.," Doc. 204) in support of their Opposition.2 Specifically, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to meet the following requirements:

Defendants also filed a Motion to Strike the Expert Rebuttal Report of Michael L. Hartzmark, Ph.D accompanied by a Memorandum of Law in support ("Def. MTS Mem.," Doc. 208). Plaintiffs filed a Response in Opposition to Motion to Strike the Hartzmark Rebuttal Report ("Pl. MTS Opp.," Doc. 209) along with a Declaration in support ("Pl. MTS Dec.," Doc. 210). Defendants' Motion for Leave to File Reply in Support of Defendants' Motion to Strike was denied. Doc. 212. The Court will first address the Motion for Class Certification before proceeding to the Motion to Strike.

A. Motion for Class Certification

To obtain class certification under Rule 23(b), Plaintiffs must "satisfy Rule 23(a)'s ... prerequisites of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation ... and must also establish that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy." Amgen Inc., v. Conn. Ret. Plans and Trust Funds, 568 U.S. 455, 460 (2013).

The Court must engage in a "rigorous analysis" and find that "each Rule 23 requirement is met." Ferreras v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 2019 WL 7161214, at *3 (3d Cir. Dec. 24, 2019) (internal quotations and citations omitted). To do so, the Court "must resolve every dispute that is relevant to class certification." Id. Plaintiffs' "[f]actual determinations supporting Rule 23 findings must be made by a preponderance of the evidence." In re Hydrogen Peroxide Antitrust Litig., 552 F.3d 305, 307 (3d Cir. 2008), as amended (Jan. 16, 2009). Defendants oppose class certification on the following grounds: (1) failure to prove numerosity; (2) failure to prove that Ms. Reed is an adequate class representative; and (3) failure to prove predominance of common questions. Def. Class Cert. Opp.

1. Rule 23(a) Requirements

a. Numerosity

Plaintiffs argue that while no minimum number of plaintiffs is required to determine whether a class is sufficiently numerous as to justify proceeding as a class action, there "is a presumption that the numerosity requirement is satisfied when a class action involves a nationally traded security." Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 8, citing In re CIGNA Corp. Sec. Litig., 2006 WL 2433779, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 18, 2006). See also City of Sterling Heights Gen. Employees' Ret. System v. Prudential Fin. Inc., 2015 WL 5097883, at *8 (D.N.J. Aug. 31, 2015) (holding that the "[numerosity] requirement is readily met in securities cases involving an issuer whose stock trades publicly on the NYSE," where the stock in question "trades on the NYSE with significant daily volume"). According to Plaintiffs, U.S. Steel had approximately 146.3 million and 174.7 million shares outstanding as of January 27, 2016 and April 25, 2017, respectively, with an average of 17.3 million shares trading daily on the New York Stock Exchange. Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 8.

Defendants focus on Plaintiffs' citations of several older cases stating that courts "may accept common sense assumptions in order to support a finding numerosity,"3 criticizing this "common sense" approach as no longer being good law. Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 20. Defendants further argue that subsequent Supreme Court and Third Circuit cases also abrogate the presumption that in securities class actions, plaintiffs can show numerosity by showing significant daily trading volume on a nationally traded exchange.4 The Court disagrees. Defendants cite no securities class action that has taken a different approach after their cited Supreme Court and Third Circuit cases. On the other hand, Plaintiffs have cited Roofer's Pension Fund v. Papa, 2019 WL 6015392 (D.N.J. Nov. 14, 2019) as an example of a peer court that has more recently found numerosity under similar circumstances. Pl. Notice of Supp. Auth. at ¶7.

Defendants argue that Roofer's Pension Fund does not apply because the defendants in that case did not challenge numerosity. Def. Response to Supp. Auth. at ¶5. Defendants further argue that the facts here indicate that stockholders could exist who would have "derived substantial benefit" rather than injury. Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 22. However, the Court does not see how this allegation is any less speculative than Plaintiffs'. Thus, the Court finds that the facts alleged by Plaintiffs about the number of shares and trades are sufficient to meet the numerosity requirement of Rule 23(a)(1).5

b. Commonality

Commonality under Rule 23(a)(2) is satisfied where class representatives share "at least one question of fact or law with the grievances of the prospective class." Reyes v. Netdeposit, LLC, 802 F.3d 469, 486 (3d Cir. 2015). The "court's focus must be on whether the defendant's conduct is common as to all of the class members" and the "bar is not a high one." Id. (internal quotations, alterations and citations omitted). Plaintiffs suggest a number of questions of law and fact in common for all Class members, such as whether (1) Defendants' statements and omissions were materially false or misleading; (2) Defendants made their misrepresentations and omissions with scienter; (3) the price of U.S. Steel securities was artificially inflated (or deflated for the put options on U.S. Steel common stock) during the Class Period; (4) Defendants' misrepresentations and omissions caused economic harm to Class members; and (5) Defendants Longhi, Burritt and Lesnak were control persons. Defendants do not contest that these questions are common to the Class, and the Court finds that the examples cited by Plaintiffs meet the standard for commonality.

c. Typicality

The Third Circuit generally considers these three factors when determining typicality under Rule 23(a)(3):

In re Schering Plough Corp. ERISA Litig., 589 F.3d 585, 599 (3d Cir. 2009). According to Plaintiffs, all of these factors have been met. In particular, Mr. Vrakas and Ms. Reed purchased U.S. Steel securities during the Class Period; they suffered damages because of Defendants' alleged Exchange Act Section 10(b) and 20(a) violations; their claims arise from the same legal theories and alleged misrepresentations and omissions as those of all Class members, and they were damaged when the shares of U.S. Steel shares declined after those alleged misrepresentations and omissions were disclosed or became apparent to the market. Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 11. Plaintiffs maintain that they do not have any unique defenses, interests or incentives that differ from those of the proposed Class. Defendants do not contest Plaintiffs' claims in this context, and the Court finds that the typicality requirement is satisfied.

d. Adequacy

Plaintiffs represent that they and their counsel meet the adequacy requirement of Rule 23(a)(4).6 They provide declarations outlining their respective experiences in investing, their understanding of the litigation and their responsibilities as class representatives, as well as some documents they have reviewed thus far in the litigation. Pl. Class Cert. Dec. at Ex. 3-4 (Doc. 184-5 and 184-6). Plaintiffs state that they have suffered the same injury as the proposed Class members, are "willing and able to prosecute this action on behalf of the Class to a successful conclusion" and that no conflicts exist. Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 12-13.

Defendants have not challenged the adequacy of Mr. Vrakas. They contend, however, that Ms. Reed is an inadequate class representative because she allegedly was "not consulted in advance about the dismissal with prejudice of her [Securities Act] claims" and that "she did not expect her opinion to be sought in connection with the mediation, did not plan to attend [or actually attend] the mediation, and did not expect to weigh in on any potential resolution of the case." Def. Class Cert Opp. at 25-26.

Plaintiffs contest this. In their Reply, Plaintiffs state that Ms. Reed is "more than adequately versed about the facts and her responsibilities in this case." Pl. Class Cert. Reply at 10. As shown by Ms. Reed's deposition transcript, she can articulate the claims, identify Defendants and describe her involvement and her responsibilities. Pl. Class Cert. Reply Dec. at Ex. 4, Doc. 206-4. Plaintiffs further contend that Ms. Reed's deposition testimony shows that she learned of the dismissal of the Securities Act claims beforehand, and that she understood why they were dismissed. Id. After reviewing the transcript, as well as Ms. Reed's declaration, the Court cannot agree with Defendants that Ms. Reed lacked knowledge of the dismissal of her Securities Act claims and that she could not serve as an adequate class representative.

First, Defendants claim that "[t]he list of materials Reed says she reviewed in this matter conspicuously omits the stipulation by which her Securities Act claims were dismissed, as well as the order approving the stipulation." Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 25. The Declaration clearly states that she reviewed documents "including" a list of examples—it never represented that the list was exhaustive. Pl. Class. Cert. Dec. at Ex. 4. This omission is not evidence. Second, claiming that Ms. Reed "was merely `informed' that the Securities Act claims had been dismissed, rather than `consulted' beforehand" (Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 25) is more wordsmithing than a substantive distinction.7

Defendants also argue that Ms. Reed's lack of attendance at the mediation and her expectation that she would not provide an opinion on the mediation makes her an inadequate class representative. The Court does not see Ms. Reed's statements in her deposition as a "total abdication" to counsel.8 Rather, the context of the question reflects Ms. Reed's understanding that her opinion would not be sought on legal matters.9 Alone, such a remark is insufficient to show that Ms. Reed cannot act as a class representative. Each of the cases cited by Defendants include proposed class representatives with far less knowledge and involvement than Ms. Reed.10

The Court finds that Plaintiffs' evidence meets the standard required to demonstrate Ms. Reed's adequacy to be a class representative. The Third Circuit has noted that "a minimal degree of knowledge about the litigation is adequate" for a class representative. In re Nat'l Football League Players Concussion Injury Litig., 821 F.3d 410, 430 (3d Cir. 2016), as She also stated in a second Declaration that she was informed about the dismissal of the claims and the reasons and agreed with the decision. Id. at Ex. 5, ¶5. amended (May 2, 2016). When Plaintiffs have "communicated with their lawyers, reviewed filings prior to their submission to the Court, and have aided counsel to discovery requests" and "shown a basic understanding of the facts and claims underlying [the] litigation," the adequacy prong is met. W. Palm Beach Police Pension Fund v. DFC Glob. Corp., 2016 WL 4138613, at *10 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 4, 2016).

Plaintiffs have offered evidence through Mr. Vrakas's and Ms. Reed's declarations that they "have been actively involved throughout this litigation including investigating the claims set forth in the [Amended Complaint], reviewing Court filings, providing fulsome discovery responses, staying in close contact with and overseeing counsel and committing the necessary resources to prosecute this action." Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 12.

The Court finds that Plaintiffs have offered sufficient evidence to meet their burden that both Mr. Vrakas and Ms. Reed are adequate Class representatives. The Court also has reviewed the exhibit (Pl. Class Cert Dec. at Ex. 5, (Doc. 184-7)) and briefing proffered by Plaintiffs in support of its request to appoint Levi & Korsinsky LLP as Class Counsel. Defendants have not objected to appointing Levi & Korsinsky as Class Counsel. The Court is satisfied that counsel is adequately qualified to represent the Class.

2. Rule 23(b) Predominance and Superiority of a Class Action

a. Predominance

Besides meeting the requirements of Rule 23(a), Plaintiffs also must satisfy the two requirements under Rule 23(b)(3) that "(a) questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members; and (b) that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy." The relevant inquiry "tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation." Amchem Prod., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997).

In securities fraud actions, "[w]hether common questions of law or fact predominate...often turns on the element of reliance." Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co., 563 U.S. 804, 810 (2011) ("Halliburton I"). Plaintiffs maintain that they are entitled to a presumption of reliance established under Basic Inc. v. Levinson. 485 U.S. 224 (1988). In such cases, a proposed class representative must make the following showing:

Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 573 U.S. 258, 268 (2014) ("Halliburton II"). As Defendants' statements were made in SEC filings, press releases and earning calls, Plaintiffs state that it is indisputable that they were public. Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 15. Under Amgen, Plaintiffs need not prove materiality at the class certification stage. 568 U.S. at 459-60. Plaintiffs also provided declarations by Plaintiffs that they traded stock during the relevant time. Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 15. Thus, Plaintiffs concentrate their Memorandum on market efficiency.

Plaintiffs first posit that the fact that U.S. Steel's securities listings are on the NYSE and CBOE sufficiently demonstrates market efficiency. Id. at 16. Plaintiffs cite other cases in this Circuit to suggest that "stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (`NYSE')11 [are] consistently recognized by courts—including the Third Circuit and other United States Courts of Appeals—as open and developed and thus well suited for application of the fraud on the market theory." In re Merck & Co., Inc. Sec., Derivative & ERISA Litig., 2013 WL 396117, at *11 (D.N.J. Jan. 30, 2013) (internal quotations omitted).

Additionally, the court in Merck found that in such cases, conducting an analysis under the Cammer factors12 was unnecessary, as such factors would be more "useful to determine efficiency if the market on which a security is traded is less open and well-developed than the NYSE." Id. As Defendants do not contest efficiency or any specific aspect of Plaintiffs' Cammer analysis, this Court agrees with the reasoning in Merck and finds that market efficiency is established without delving into the Cammer factors.13

Lastly, Plaintiffs contend that damages can be determined on a class-wide basis. Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 27. Specifically, they argue that damages in these types of actions are measured as the "out-of-pocket" loss suffered by Class members, and are "measured by the change at the time of purchase and sale by an investor in the daily artificial inflation in the stock price caused by Defendants' misrepresentations and/or omissions and is calculated as the difference between the actual prices paid for U.S. Steel stock or options less the value of the securities absent the alleged misrepresentations and/or omissions had the truth been disclosed." Id., citing In re Royal Dutch/Shell Transport Secs. Litig., 404 F.Supp.2d 605, 610 (D.N.J. 2005).

Plaintiffs state that the damages calculation would be the same for all putative class members, although there are "several commonly used methods to calculate artificial inflation." Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 27. Plaintiffs further argue that such calculations will generally be mechanical and not require much additional information. Id. at 27-28. According to Plaintiffs, all that is required is an event study, along with U.S. Steel Company-specific information, to determine the amount of inflation in the prices of Company stock and options caused by the alleged misstatements and omissions based on the price reaction to the corrective disclosure made on April 25, 2017, which would constitute the "but-for price." Id. at 28. According to Plaintiffs, this but-for price does not depend on an investor's individual investment profile or characteristics, and thus daily inflation levels could be calculated and applied to the Company's stock price on a class-wide basis to determine out-of-pocket damages. Id. These same issues would predominate Plaintiffs' § 20(a) claims. Merck Sec. Deriv., 2013 WL 396117, at *13.

Defendants do not contest the element of reliance. Instead, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to supply a damages model that fits their liability theory, or provide a workable methodology to address damages on a class-wide basis. Def. Class Cert. Opp. As to their first point, Defendants argue that the standards in Comcast Corp. v. Behrend mean that Plaintiffs' damages model must "measure only those damages attributable to that theory. If the model does not even attempt to do that, it cannot possibly establish that damages are susceptible of measurement across the entire class for purposes of Rule 23(b)(3)." 569 U.S. 27, 35 (2013).

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' expert, Dr. Hartzmark's report ("Opening Report," Doc. 184-1) is flawed because his damages methodology "also assess[es] damages based on the theories the Court dismissed." Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 10. Defendants analogize Comcast, which precluded class certification because the plaintiffs' damages model did not adequately differentiate between damages attributable to the dismissed theories of liability versus the remaining theory. The Court does not believe that the same facts in Comcast exist here.

Primarily, the Court agrees with Plaintiffs that although other claims against Defendants were dismissed, they operated under the same theory of liability—that of alleged misrepresentations and omissions—as the one remaining claim. And so, the issue is not about confounding theories, but information. Any proposed damages model would need to disaggregate the other statements that were dismissed, along with other confounding information, if any, which is an issue that Defendants' second critique addresses. In Comcast, on the other hand, there were four separate antitrust allegations based on four different theories of antitrust liabilities.14

Further, the Third Circuit has found that Comcast did not create a broad-based, 23(b) rule that Plaintiffs must show that "damages are susceptible of measurement across the entire class for purposes of Rule 23(b)(3)." Neale v. Volvo Cars of N. Am., LLC, 794 F.3d 353, 374 (3d Cir. 2015) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Instead, the Third Circuit emphasizes that the "Supreme Court specifically noted that it was not breaking any new ground by stating at the beginning of its opinion" and that "[a] close reading of the text above makes it clear that the predominance analysis was specific to the antitrust claim at issue." Id. Finally, the court concluded that, "[e]very question of class certification will depend on the nature of the claims and evidence presented by the plaintiffs. What we know for sure is that whatever Comcast's ramifications for antitrust damages models or proving antitrust impact, a trial court must consider carefully all relevant evidence and make a definitive determination that the requirements of Rule 23 have been met before certifying a class." Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Plaintiffs cite several cases in this Circuit and elsewhere that affirm the appropriateness of the out-of-pocket methodology that Dr. Hartzmark proposes as a sufficient damages model for class certification purposes.15 See Bing Li. v. Aeterna Zentaris, Inc., 2018 WL 1143174, at *2 (D.N.J. Feb. 28, 2018) (holding that at the class certification stage of litigation, Plaintiffs "are not required to produce a detailed damages model" and that this damages model of (1) an event study and (2) inflation ribbon and (3) calculation of per-share damages as the difference between the inflation on the date shares were purchased and the inflation on the date those same shares were subsequently sold was approved in a Central District of California case in 2016).16 See also City of Miami Gen. Empls. Ret. Trust v. RH, Inc., 2018 WL 4931543, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 11, 2018), leave to appeal denied, 2019 WL 2193335 (9th Cir. Jan. 24, 2019) ("[T]he out-of-pocket, or event study, method is the standard measurement of damages in Section 10(b) securities cases.... Courts regularly affirm that the out-of-pocket, or event study, method matches plaintiffs' theory of liability under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act, making it the standard method for calculating damages in virtually every Section 10(b) class action."). Plaintiffs further cite cases in other districts that have considered an out-of-pocket model sufficient even under Comcast, and differentiate Defendants' cited case as one that had additional challenges of an inefficient market and issues of reliance. Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 304.17

Defendants criticize Dr. Hartzmark's report as "vague" and failing to separate the "damages resulting from any one theory...assum[ing] the validity of all four theories." Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 13-14 (internal quotations and citations omitted). As this Court agrees with Plaintiffs that dismissed theories of liability in Comcast are different from the dismissed claims here, the Court does not find that the fact that some of Plaintiffs' claims were dismissed sufficient to preclude Dr. Hartmzark's damages model. However, the Court will address Defendants' criticism of vagueness in conjunction with their second criticism with respect to predominance: that Plaintiffs have not provided a scientifically-rigorous damages methodology, accounting for the circumstances of this case, to prove a class-wide method of addressing damages. Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 9.

Defendants claim that Dr. Hartzmark does not provide a damages model and that there is "grave doubt" that such methodology exists. Def. Class Cert. Opp. at 17. Specifically, they allege that Plaintiffs have not established how they would determine "how much, if any, of the drop in U.S. Steel's securities prices at the end of the class period was attributable to the alleged `fraud,' and how much was due to other disclosures not at issue in this lawsuit." Id. at 18. Defendants further allege that Plaintiffs have not accounted "for variations in alleged price inflation over the course of the proposed class period." Id. Defendants apply those same challenges to a damages methodology for the U.S. Steel options, stating that Plaintiffs have not "addressed confounding disclosures or time-varying inflation" which means that they have "not provided a rigorous damages model for either U.S. Steel stock or options." Id. Finally, Defendants criticize Dr. Hartzmark's Black-Scholes options pricing model, as he "says nothing about whether he would, or how he could, determine the "but-for" volatility of U.S. Steel's stock price." Id. at 19.

Plaintiffs counter by stating that Defendants' criticisms are based on speculation that Plaintiffs' damages calculation may be incorrect. Pl. Class Cert. Reply at 5. Plaintiffs state that the inputs to the model will be the same for all Class members, and that even if information (including the dismissed misstatements) ultimately will need to be disaggregated, that it does not affect class certification because the way that information will be applied and disaggregated is the same for all proposed Class members. Id. Plaintiffs further cite a number of out-of-district cases that hold that disaggregation does "not impede class certification" because "[t]he answer for the class will be the same" for all members. Id., citing Menaldi v. Och-Ziff Cap. Mgmt. Grp., LLC, 328 F.R.D. 86, 98-99 (S.D.N.Y. 2018).

The court in Menaldi held that litigating a case "on a classwide basis does not make [the problem of differentiating between price decline resulting from remaining theory of liability versus one that was dismissed] more or less difficult to solve. The answer for the class will be the same...." Id. at 99. The court elaborated by stating, "Thus to the extent Defendants' argument is that Plaintiffs' model fails to account for factual evidence of varied [sources of price decline], that is an argument that goes to the merits of whether Plaintiffs can accurately demonstrate price impact and goes beyond the Rule 23 inquiry" and whether Plaintiffs' damages were caused by the alleged fraud alone or by other factors is a "question of loss causation" that is nonetheless a "common question[] that need not be adjudicated before a class is certified." Id. Although this case is not binding, the Court finds it persuasive. The information required to solve this question will be the same for all class members.18 Whether or not that information is correct will still need to be proven at trial, but that does not affect the validity of Plaintiffs' proposed damages model for all proposed Class members.

Plaintiffs also provide additional information in their Reply to address Defendants' concern that Plaintiffs have not provided guidance on accounting for "variations in alleged price inflation." Pl. Class Cert. Reply at 7. First, Plaintiffs highlight that the inflation ribbon will be applied the same way for all proposed Class members—and also note that Defendants' expert, Dr. Zurek agrees that inflation would be the same for all class members. Id. They then maintain that this argument is premature for the class certification stage because it has no bearing on whether the damages methodology itself applies to all Class members, citing examples of other courts that have held that this argument more appropriately applies to the "quantification and allocation of damages" rather than whether common issues of law and fact predominate. RH, 2018 WL 4931543, at *4 (noting that "courts consistently find [these criticisms] are not appropriately raised at the class certification stage"). The Court agrees.

The Court finds that Plaintiffs have shown an efficient market and reliance, and sufficiently established that the proposed damages methodology applies to the class as a whole.19 There have been no facts proposed that suggest that individualized issues of facts or law would predominate over those outlined by Plaintiffs. The Court further finds that Defendants' arguments about the appropriateness and detail of Plaintiffs' methodology are premature, and do not affect whether common issues of law or fact predominate at this stage.

b. Superiority of a Class Action

Plaintiffs argue that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of this action. Specifically, they argue that each of the relevant factors under Rule 23(b)(3) warrant class certification:

Pl. Class Cert. Mem. at 29 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Defendants do not contest the superiority of proceeding as a class action. The Court thus finds that Plaintiffs have met this facet of Rule 23(b)(3).

B. Motion to Strike

Defendants move to strike Plaintiffs' Expert Rebuttal Report of Michael L. Hartzmark, Ph.D ("Hartzmark Rebuttal") because the Hartzmark Rebuttal "improperly proffers new evidence concerning [P]laintiffs' purported class[-]wide damages methodology and the numerosity of the proposed class that should have been included in Dr. Hartzmark's initial expert report" in violation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(d) and 37(c)(1). Def. MTS at 1. Defendants also argue that the Hartzmark Rebuttal contains improper legal analysis of Comcast. Def. MTS Mem. at 5. Defendants ask the Court to strike Dr. Hartzmark's report as improper.

In response, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants' Motion to Strike is a "thinly disguised, improper surreply" and should be rejected on that basis alone. Pl. MTS Opp. at 1. In the alternative, Plaintiffs argue that the Hartzmark Rebuttal properly rebuts arguments cited by Defendants' expert and properly elaborates on topics from Dr. Hartzmark's initial Opening Report filed as an exhibit to Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification. The Court will address each of Defendants' objections in turn.

1. Timeliness of Filing

The Court first directs Defendants' attention to the Case Management Order. The CMO specifically states that "[a]ll expert discovery, including all depositions, concerning class certification shall be completed by July 18, 2019" (CMO ¶7) and that "Plaintiffs' reply memoranda supporting class certification, if any, shall be filed on or before July 18, 2019." Id. at ¶13. The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that these portions of the CMO contemplate an expert's rebuttal report, as otherwise all expert discovery would have concluded when Defendants' expert disclosures were due on June 18, 2019. CMO ¶6, Pl. MTS Opp. at 5. As a result, the Court does not find any violation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(d) and 37(c)(1), as Plaintiffs operated according to the CMO, and will not strike the Hartzmark Rebuttal based on timeliness.20

2. Discussion of Damages Methodology

Defendants argue that the Hartzmark Rebuttal contains "all new material, representing an attempt to provide details that should have been incorporated into Dr. Hartzmark's initial report." Def. MTS Mem. at 5. Specifically, they object to Dr. Hartzmark's inclusion of "details missing from his initial report" by providing "a laundry list of techniques that could be used to estimate the portion of the price reaction due to the revelation of the truth" such as "the analysis of intraday pricing...analysis of market and media commentary...and examination of the elements that cause changes in actual or estimated earnings-per share or EBITDA...among others." Id. at 4-5. This is not improper new material. This is a clear and direct rebuttal to Defendants' expert report. As Defendants correctly point out, Dr. Zurek criticized Dr. Hartzmark's damages methodology (in Defendants' words—"comprehensively exposed the shortcomings"). Id. at 4. It is proper for Dr. Hartzmark to respond to this criticism in a rebuttal report.21

Courts in this district have held that expert rebuttal reports should not be stricken if they contain "an elaboration of" the initial report, and when the rebuttal is "consistent with an opinion/issue previously addressed" in the initial report. Prichard v. Dow Agro Scis., 263 F.R.D. 277, 284-85 (W.D. Pa. 2009). Here, the list of techniques to which Defendants object are a prime example of the type of elaboration permitted in an expert's rebuttal. Dr. Hartzmark is responding directly to Dr. Zurek's criticisms by stating that they are "irrelevant" because even if "disaggregation were appropriate or necessary...there are a multitude of techniques that could be used...." Hartzmark Rebuttal at ¶11.

Indeed, this entire section of the Hartzmark Rebuttal is framed by quoting Dr. Zurek's critique, and responding directly to that criticism. See, e.g., Hartzmark Rebuttal at ¶8 ("Dr. Zurek critiques my damages methodology opinion on the grounds that I do not say ... For the two primary reasons explained below, I find Dr. Zurek's critique of my damages methodology to lack merit."). As described in FTC v. Innovative Designs, "it is proper for [plaintiff's expert] to utilize new calculations or methods in an effort to rebut and/or contradict the theories posited by [defendant's] experts" and that "rebuttal evidence is properly admissible when it will explain, repel, counteract or disprove the evidence of the adverse party." 2018 WL 3611510, at *3 (W.D. Pa. July 27, 2018). Defendants do not adequately respond as to why this constitutes improper rebuttal material. The Court finds that merely calling material "new" and describing it as "an attempt to provide details that should have been incorporated into Dr. Hartmark's initial report" (Def. MTS. Mem. at 5) is insufficient to strike the rebuttal report as a matter of law.22

3. Discussion of the Applicability of Comcast

Dr. Hartzmark engages in an extensive discussion of the applicability of Comcast to the facts of this matter. Hartzmark Rebuttal at ¶¶24-30. Defendants posit that this is improper legal analysis and must be stricken. Plaintiffs argue that the Hartzmark Rebuttal "provides opinions solely as an economist and only analyzes the economic differences between the individual characteristics of the classes and alleged harm in Comcast as compared to U.S. Steel." Pl. MTS Opp. at 12.

Contrary to Plaintiffs' claims, the Court cannot agree that Dr. Hartzmark's analysis of Comcast is purely economic. Plaintiffs do not address the merits of Defendants' contentions, choosing instead to point fingers at Dr. Zurek and state that he engaged in improper analysis as well. Pl. MTS Opp. at 12-13. Whether or not Dr. Zurek did so does not affect Dr. Hartzmark's analysis.

The Court finds the case cited by Defendants, Smith v. Allstate Ins. Co., persuasive in this regard. The court in Smith noted that the expert report in question improperly "relie[d] on [the expert's] interpretation and application of a statute" and the expert's report "interprets the applicable...policy and applies his construction of the policy to the facts of this case." Smith v. Allstate Ins. Co., 912 F.Supp.2d 242, 252-254 (W.D. Pa. 2012). Similarly, Dr. Hartzmark's six paragraphs of analysis on Comcast is based on his interpretation and application of the law in that case and applies his construction of the law in Comcast to the facts of this case.

For instance, Dr. Hartzmark dedicates an entire paragraph in Footnote 50 of his Hartzmark Rebuttal opining on the "substantial differences in the class certification process in antitrust matters...[versus] Section 10(b) securities litigation..." Id. at 17 n.50. The Court finds that is an opinion wholly outside an economist's purview. In fact, "whether the application of the common damages methodology class-wide will have very important individualized challenges" was the very crux of Comcast and a matter of law that this Court discussed supra. Id.

The rest of this section does not fare any better. Analyzing why the Supreme Court held what it did in Comcast and citing another court's decision does not help determine the appropriate damages methodology for a class. Hartzmark Rebuttal at ¶¶25-30. It is not Dr. Hartzmark's role to determine whether any legal standards under Comcast apply to this case. Because the Court considers this discussion to be improper, the Court will grant Defendants' motion to strike this portion of the report, Paragraphs 4, 22-30.23

4. Discussion of Numerosity

Toward the end of the Hartzmark Rebuttal, Dr. Hartzmark opines on the number of institutional investors that he believes would have potentially recoverable damages. ¶¶5, 34-37. Defendants argue that since Dr. Zurek's report did not address numerosity, this opinion cannot constitute a rebuttal. Plaintiffs respond that the Hartzmark Rebuttal "properly rebuts arguments made in Defendants' Opposition" because "the very purpose of reply briefs is to analyze responsive briefs and submit argument and evidence in further support of the underlying motion." Pl. MTS Opp. at 14 (emphasis omitted). The Court agrees with Defendants.

The Hartzmark Rebuttal and Plaintiffs' Reply briefing are not synonymous, but complementary. Plaintiffs were of course free to respond to Dr. Zurek's criticisms with respect to numerosity in their Reply, but they conflate the parties' briefing with the expert reports. As Defendants note, Dr. Hartzmark openly states that his opinion on numerosity does not respond to anything Dr. Zurek discussed. Hartzmark Rebuttal at ¶34 ("Although Dr. Zurek does not opine about the number of investors who might have been damaged and thus would be part of the class, I have been asked by Plaintiffs' Counsel to use the information and certain analyses in my Opening Report that is in the record before the Court..."). To view expert rebuttal reports as opportunities to respond to the content of an opposing parties' briefing, would permit parties to circumvent the discovery process and raise wholly unanticipated theories.

The Court also does not believe that this constitutes a permissible elaboration of points made in the Opening Report, i.e., rebuttal. The only discussion of institutional investors in the Opening Report was in a discussion of the efficiency of the market under the Cammer factors, not about numerosity under Rule 23(a). See Opening Report at ¶41. The Court does not find that Dr. Hartzmark's discussion on the number of institutional investors is a rebuttal to Dr. Zurek's report, and will grant Defendants' motion to strike the relevant portions, Paragraphs 5, 34-37, of the Hartzmark Rebuttal.24

Finally, the Court will not adopt Plaintiffs' view that Defendants' Motion to Strike was improperly filed as a sur-reply to get the last word, as the Court finds some merit in the Motion to Strike. For the reasons outlined above, the Court will strike ¶¶4-5, 24-30 and 34-37 of the Hartzmark Rebuttal.

II. Order

Consistent with the foregoing, Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification (Doc. 182) is GRANTED. Plaintiffs Christakas Vrakas and Leann Reed are appointed as Class Representatives. Levi & Korsinsky, LLP, is appointed as class counsel. Defendants' Motion to Strike (Doc. 207) is GRANTED with respect to Dr. Hartzmark's arguments about numerosity and Comcast and DENIED with respect to the remainder of the Hartzmark Rebuttal.

IT IS SO ORDERED.