OPINION

Justice FLAHERTY, for the Court.

This case came before the Supreme Court on May 10, 2011, pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the issues raised in this appeal should not summarily be decided. After hearing the arguments of counsel and reviewing the memoranda of the parties, we are satisfied that cause has not been shown. Accordingly, we shall decide the appeal at this time without further briefing or argument. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

Facts and Travel

An incident of violence that occurred during the winding down of a couple's romantic relationship is at the root of this appeal. The defendant, James Enos, met a young woman named Mary on the popular dating website, Match.com, in January 2008. The couple hit it off and began to date. During the course of their time together, James and Mary had an intimate relationship. After six months, however, the relationship had run its course, and Mr. Enos broke it off in August 2008. Shortly after the breakup, Mr. Enos contacted Mary to ask her to return some jewelry that he had given to her. Because her attempt to mail him the jewelry was unsuccessful, Mary agreed to meet Mr. Enos at a restaurant in Wakefield to make the exchange. After both arrived at the restaurant, Mr. Enos suggested, and Mary agreed, that the couple go inside for a drink. They conversed pleasantly for more than an hour; however, the conversation then soured and defendant began swearing at Mary.1 The young woman tried to leave the table, but defendant grabbed her from behind in a "bear hug" and began hitting her on the head with drinking glasses. The glasses shattered and Mary fell to the floor. However, Mr. Enos continued to assault her by kicking her until restaurant employees restrained him and pulled Mary to safety.2 The police were called to the scene; the first officer to arrive encountered Mr. Enos outside the restaurant lying on the ground and holding his left hand, which was bleeding profusely. As the officer approached, Mr. Enos "uttered `oh, my God, what have I done? What have I done?'" The police officer subsequently read Mr. Enos his Miranda rights and arrested him.

On December 8, 2008, James Enos was charged by information in the Superior Court for Washington County with one count of assault with a dangerous weapon, namely a drinking glass, in violation of G.L.1956 § 11-5-2 and G.L.1956 § 12-29-5.3 At trial, seven witnesses, including Mary, four of the restaurant's patrons and employees, and both of the responding police officers, testified before a jury. At the conclusion of the trial, defendant was convicted of domestic assault with a dangerous weapon. He was sentenced to twenty years in prison with eighteen months to serve and eighteen and one-half years probation, ordered to have no contact with Mary, to pay restitution to her, and to attend a mental-health program, substance-abuse counseling, and batterers' intervention. Mr. Enos filed an appeal to this Court.4

Before us, defendant presses two arguments: First, he contends that the evidence presented by the state was legally insufficient for a reasonable juror to conclude that Mr. Enos and Mary were in a domestic relationship, and thus that the trial justice erred when she denied Mr. Enos's motion for acquittal under Rule 29 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure. Second, he argues that the trial justice erred when she refused to declare a mistrial after a police officer testified that after defendant was informed of his Miranda rights, he declined to provide information about the incident to the police.

I

The Question of a Domestic Relationship

A

Standard of Review

When this Court reviews motions for judgment of acquittal, it applies the same standard as the trial justice.5 State v. Brown, 9 A.3d 1232, 1237 (R.I.2010); State v. Caba, 887 A.2d 370, 372 (R.I.2005); State v. Forbes, 779 A.2d 637, 641 (R.I. 2001). As such, we "must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, without weighing the evidence or assessing the credibility of the witnesses, and draw therefrom every reasonable inference consistent with guilt." State v. Mercado, 635 A.2d 260, 263 (R.I.1993); accord Forbes, 779 A.2d at 640. "If the totality of the evidence so viewed and the inferences so drawn would justify a reasonable juror in finding a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the motion for the judgment of acquittal must be denied." Forbes, 779 A.2d at 641 (citing State v. Laperche, 617 A.2d 1371, 1373 (R.I.1992)); see Brown, 9 A.3d at 1237; State v. Hornoff, 760 A.2d 927, 932 (R.I.2000).

B

The Parties Were in a Domestic Relationship

The jury found defendant guilty of violating § 11-5-2, namely felony assault. Section 11-5-2(a) provides that "[e]very person who shall make an assault or battery, or both, with a dangerous weapon * * * shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than twenty (20) years." Section 11-5-2(b) also says that "[w]here the provisions of the `Domestic Violence Prevention Act' * * * are applicable, the penalties for violation of this section shall also include penalties as provided in § 12-29-5." Section 12-29-2 provides the definitions that inform § 12-29-5. Specifically, § 12-29-2(a) defines "domestic violence" as "includ[ing], but * * * not limited to, [a felony assault] when committed by one family or household member against another * * *." "Family or household member" is defined as

As soon as the state rested after presenting its evidence, defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal based on Rule 29 concerning the issue of the existence of a "domestic relationship." He argued that the state had failed to present any evidence concerning the frequency of the interactions between the couple and that Mary's testimony that the relationship was an intimate one failed properly to describe the nature of the relationship. In short, defendant argued that the testimony had been too conclusory for a reasonable juror to find that the parties were in a domestic relationship. The trial justice denied defendant's motion.

This Court has not yet had an opportunity to consider what minimum facts serve as a foundation for a conclusion that a couple has been in a "substantive dating * * * relationship" under § 12-29-2. This is, by its very nature, a somewhat flexible concept. Other jurisdictions that have considered this issue also have struggled in determining whether the parties are in a dating relationship, even when statutory factors are delineated for the courts' consideration (as they are here). See, e.g., Hobdy v. State, 919 So.2d 318, 322-25, 325 (Ala.Crim.App.2005) (looking to six factors that might be suggestive of a dating relationship, but concluding that such factors are "not exhaustive" and "must allow for the consideration of additional facts and/or factors that may be relevant"); Oriola v. Thaler, 84 Cal.App.4th 397, 100 Cal.Rptr.2d 822, 827-32, 832 (2000) (noting the difficulty posed by a lack of a statutory definition of "dating relationship" and looking to myriad factors considered by other states, including Rhode Island, to conclude that a dating relationship means a "serious courtship"); People v. Disher, 224 P.3d 254, 256-58 (Colo.2010) (holding that a couple need not have a sexual relationship in order for an "intimate relationship," to exist under a state domestic violence statute); C.O. v. M.M., 442 Mass. 648, 815 N.E.2d 582, 586, 586-88 (2004) (concluding that a state statute that listed four factors to be considered in determining the existence of a substantive dating relationship was written "with purposeful flexibility in its definitions").

We begin our own analysis by noting that the General Assembly has enunciated that the intent of this particular statute "is to recognize the importance of domestic violence as a serious crime against society and to assure victims of domestic violence the maximum protection from abuse which the law and those who enforce the law can provide." Section 12-29-1(a).6 "[A]s final arbitrator on questions of construction, it is this [C]ourt's responsibility in interpreting a legislative enactment to determine and effectuate the Legislature's intent and to attribute to the enactment the meaning most consistent with its policies or obvious purposes." State v. Badessa, 869 A.2d 61, 65 (R.I. 2005) (quoting Brennan v. Kirby, 529 A.2d 633, 637 (R.I.1987)). "That intent is discovered from an examination of the language, nature, and object of the statute." Ryan v. City of Providence, 11 A.3d 68, 71 (R.I.2011) (quoting Berthiaume v. School Committee of Woonsocket, 121 R.I. 243, 247, 397 A.2d 889, 892 (1979)). "When we determine the true import of statutory language, it is entirely proper for us to look to `the sense and meaning fairly deducible from the context.'" Id. (quoting In re Brown, 903 A.2d 147, 150 (R.I.2006)). "[I]t would be `foolish and myopic literalism to focus narrowly on' one statutory section without regard for the broader context." Id. (quoting In re Brown, 903 A.2d at 150).

The statute directs the court to look to three factors (length, nature, and frequency) as indicative of the substance of the relationship as a whole.7 The statute does not require a specific demonstration of each of the factors, nor does it limit the court to only those three factors. After all, the essential and core task of the trial justice is to determine whether the evidence is capable of proving the existence of a substantive dating relationship. It is that determination that is the primary focus; the enumerated factors serve to guide the court's considerations in making that determination. Requiring specific findings about the precise number of times two people saw each other before reaching a conclusion that the parties are in a substantive dating relationship is not required by the statute, nor does it support the legislative intent.

When she ruled on the motion, the trial justice considered the testimony offered by the victim that (1) the couple started dating in January 2008, (2) they met through a dating website, (3) they had an intimate relationship, (4) defendant had terminated the relationship within a couple of weeks preceding the assault,8 (5) they had had communication since the breakup "relative to affairs of the heart," and (6) the parties met that night in August so that the victim could return jewelry defendant had given her during the course of their relationship. Officer Joshua Eidam testified that defendant said at the scene that he had "an argument with his girlfriend."

Although Mary did not offer specific evidence about the number of times each week or month she saw defendant, she did testify that the couple dated for six months. From this, combined with other evidence (e.g., defendant referring to Mary as his girlfriend), a reasonable juror certainly could infer that the couple saw each other on a regular basis over a period of six months. When she was asked if the relationship was "an intimate relationship," Mary testified that "it was." It is clear to us that this statement is evidence of the nature of the interactions between the parties. Therefore, we are satisfied that the trial justice considered the nature of the interactions as well.

We agree with the trial justice's conclusion that the evidence, overall, indicated that Mr. Enos and Mary were in a substantive dating relationship. We are convinced that the trial justice viewed the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, as was her task, and correctly denied defendant's motion for a judgment of acquittal. See Forbes, 779 A.2d at 640-41; Mercado, 635 A.2d at 263.

II

Post-Miranda Silence

A

Standard of Review

"A trial justice's decision to deny a motion for a mistrial is accorded great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is clearly wrong." State v. Higham, 865 A.2d 1040, 1044 (R.I.2004) (quoting State v. Lynch, 854 A.2d 1022, 1033 (R.I.2004)). "The trial justice `has a front-row seat at the trial' and is in the best position to determine whether a defendant has been unfairly prejudiced." State v. Luciano, 739 A.2d 222, 228 (R.I.1999) (quoting State v. Gomes, 690 A.2d 310, 317-18 (R.I.1997)). When considering a motion for a mistrial, "the trial justice must determine whether the evidence would cause the jurors to be so inflamed as to make them unable to decide the case on the basis of the evidence presented." Id. (citing State v. Mastracchio, 672 A.2d 438, 444 (R.I.1996)).

B

Defendant Was Not Prejudiced by Witness's Remark and Jury Instruction Was Proper

In a series of cases, the United States Supreme Court has restricted prosecutors, judges, and witnesses from commenting on, or even mentioning, a defendant's decision to remain silent after that defendant was informed of his or her Miranda rights.9 The Court reasoned in Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 617, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976), that "every post-arrest silence is insolubly ambiguous because of what the State is required to advise the person arrested." The defendant contends that the trial justice should have granted his motion for a mistrial after a witness, Officer Joshua Eidam, offered unprompted testimony that "after [he] advised [defendant] of his Miranda rights [defendant] declined to give [the officer] any information."10 In essence, defendant argues that he was prejudiced by the officer's testimony after he exercised the right to remain silent. The trial justice declined to grant defendant's motion and instead instructed the jury as follows: "After Mr. Enos was administered Miranda rights, if you find that to be the case, you should know he had the right to remain silent if he chose to remain silent. That cannot be used against him."

In Higham, 865 A.2d at 1046-47, this Court considered a similar situation— albeit one not involving Miranda. During the trial of Mr. Higham on charges that he sexually molested his step-granddaughter, the victim's mother responded to a question put to her about whether the victim had spoken to her about the incident; the mother replied, "in counseling." Id. at 1044. The defendant's counsel objected. Id. The trial justice sustained the defendant's objection and struck the witness's comment from the record. Id. Counsel then moved for a mistrial, or in the alternative, an instruction to the jury that it was to disregard the remark. Id. The trial justice denied the motion for mistrial, but did provide the jury with a curative instruction. Id. On appeal, the defendant alleged error in the trial justice's denial of his motion to pass because the reference to counseling constituted impermissible vouching for the complaining witness's credibility and, therefore, was prejudicial to the defendant. Id. This Court observed that "much hinged on the issue of the complaining witness's credibility." Id. at 1045. It went on to note that because determining the credibility of a witness is entirely within the province of the jury, the testimony of another witness that would have "`substantive import'" on assessing the credibility of the complaining witness should not be admitted. Id. The Court concluded, however, that Mr. Higham was not prejudiced by only one brief reference to the complaining witness's counseling session. Id. Moreover, the line of questioning ceased immediately; and, significantly, after denying the motion for a mistrial, "the trial justice immediately proceeded to give the * * * curative instruction to the jury." Id. at 1045-46. The jury instruction "was quite comprehensive and sufficient to offset the mother's remark."11 Id. at 1046.

Here, the witness made an unprompted, unsolicited remark that the defendant remained silent after he had been informed of his Miranda rights. While this remark certainly implicates the defendant's right to remain silent, any prejudice that may have arisen swiftly was foreclosed by the trial justice's immediate and thorough instruction to the jury. Thus, we do not agree with Mr. Enos's assertion that "the prejudice resulting from this inadmissible evidence— i.e., the likelihood that the jurors would infer from his silence a tacit admission of guilt—would not have been dispelled by the trial court's instruction." In our view, the witness's comment was not one that would so "inflame" the jurors to the extent that they could not reach an unimpassioned decision by looking solely at the evidence that was properly before them. The trial justice was not clearly wrong when she denied the defendant's motion for a mistrial and instead opted to instruct the jury to disregard the errant remark.

Conclusion

For the reasons articulated above, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court. The papers in this case shall be returned to that tribunal.

Justice GOLDBERG, concurring and dissenting.

I respectfully dissent from that portion of the majority's opinion holding that there was legally sufficient evidence to conclude that defendant and Mary were in a domestic relationship. I cannot concur with the majority's conclusion that the substantive dating relationship as set forth in G.L.1956 § 12-29-2, which is an essential element of the domestic violence offense, "is, by its very nature, a somewhat flexible concept." Although I agree that, to decide whether a substantive dating relationship exists, an analysis of the factors enumerated in the statute must be undertaken, it is the trial court which must do so as a preliminary matter. I cannot agree that this element of the crime, which must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, is a "somewhat flexible concept" or that the question is committed to the jury in the first instance. It is well established that "the language of a penal statute must be read narrowly, [and] that penal statutes must be strictly construed in favor of the defendant[.]"12 State v. Martini, 860 A.2d 689, 691 (R.I.2004). Because the testimony elicited in this case provided little to no information about (1) the length of the relationship; (2) the type of relationship; or (3) the frequency of the interaction between defendant and Mary, as set forth in § 12-29-2, I am of the opinion the trial justice erred in denying defendant's motion for a judgment of acquittal concerning the domestic violence crime. I also note that the trial justice failed to address these factors in her ruling denying defendant's motion for a judgment of acquittal and concluded that this was a question solely for the jury's determination. This was error in my opinion. I would remand this case with directions to enter a judgment of conviction for the crime of felony assault and for a new sentencing hearing respecting that conviction.

The record discloses that Mary was the first witness to testify at trial. During her direct examination, the state engaged in a short colloquy about the nature of Mary's relationship with defendant:

The state did not elicit any further information about Mary's relationship with defendant from her, or from any other witness. The foregoing testimony was the only evidence relative to this element of the crime. The fact that they dated for six months and were intimate is not enough in my opinion.

This evidence virtually provided no information about two of the three factors the trial justice must consider in determining whether there existed a substantive dating relationship—namely, the type of relationship, and the frequency of the interaction between defendant and Mary. The complainant testified that she and defendant dated for six months, but she did not explain how often they saw each other, or whether it was a mutually exclusive relationship or whether they also were dating other people. Although she testified that they were "intimate," the Random House Unabridged Dictionary 1000 (1993) assigns no less than thirteen different meanings to the word "intimate." Clearly, in the context of this case, it is reasonable to assume the witness was referring to sexual relations. Sexual intimacy, however, may consist of casual sex or sex for convenience. It may or may not indicate a serious relationship; "human experience teaches that sexual intimacy does not necessarily reflect a romantic interest, * * * and a romantic relationship need not involve sexual intimacy." Oriola v. Thaler, 84 Cal.App.4th 397, 100 Cal.Rptr.2d 822, 831 (2000).

The majority concludes that a reasonable juror could infer from Mary's testimony that she and defendant "saw one another on a regular basis over a period of six months." I am not convinced. Additionally, the majority finds that Mary's testimony that she and defendant were "intimate," constitutes sufficient evidence about "the nature of the interactions between the parties." Although I agree that the statute does not require a specific showing on each of the enumerated factors set forth in § 12-29-2, in my opinion, Mary's scant testimony does not reasonably support the dual inferences that she and defendant saw each other on a regular basis and that the relationship was of a serious nature. The drawing of these inferences would stretch the evidence beyond its breaking point. "This Court is not in the business of supplying essential elements of a felony offense by implication." State v. Carter, 827 A.2d 636, 643 (R.I.2003).13

Further, and critically in my opinion, the trial justice did not address the factors set forth in the statute, but concluded that it was a question for the jury. In response to defendant's motion for judgment of acquittal, the state argued that Mary's testimony established a substantive dating relationship; the state's argument consisted of the following:

The trial justice's ruling was as follows:

I am of the opinion that the trial justice's failure to consider the factors enumerated in § 12-29-2 was error. The statute explicitly provides that the factors are for the court's consideration.

Unquestionably, our sister states have struggled to determine the factors that characterize a dating relationship. Notably, our statute requires a substantive dating relationship. The California Court of Appeals has stated that a dating relationship:

The Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, considers a minimum of six factors in determining the existence of a dating relationship, including "the parties' ongoing expectations with respect to the relationship, either individually or jointly[,]" and whether "the parties demonstrate[d] an affirmation of their relationship before others by statement or conduct[.]" Andrews v. Rutherford, 363 N.J.Super. 252, 832 A.2d 379, 383, 384 (Ch.Div.2003). Although these factors may vary slightly from our own, the underlying principle is clear; a "substantive dating relationship" simply does not equate with casual dating or casual sex. To trigger the provisions of the Domestic Violence statute, there must be more. The nature of the relationship must establish mutual affection, shared expectations or a growing expectancy, and a frequency of interaction that reflects substance and meaning. The record before us does not contain sufficient evidence to make any such determination. It is thus my view that the trial justice erred in denying the defendant's motion for a judgment of acquittal.

I concur in the Court's conclusion with respect to the trial justice's decision denying the defendant's motion for a mistrial.

ROBINSON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I concur in the Court's ruling that the trial justice did not abuse her discretion when she opted to deny the defendant's motion for a mistrial, choosing instead to give what the Court accurately describes as an "immediate and thorough instruction to the jury."

I respectfully dissent, however, from the Court's holding that the trial justice did not err when she denied defendant's motion for a judgment of acquittal.14 It is my opinion that the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence that defendant and Mary had "been in a substantive dating * * * relationship within the past one year * * *." G.L.1956 § 12-29-2(b).

The evidence that the prosecution presented with respect to the existence of such a relationship was, in my view, quite meager, and I believe that it was insufficient to establish that there was a substantive dating relationship between Mary and defendant. Mary testified as to when her relationship with defendant began and when it ended; and she responded affirmatively to the prosecutor's leading question about whether the relationship had been "intimate." There was no further testimony or evidence about the relationship between Mary and defendant.

I respectfully submit that the just-referenced evidence was insufficient to support a determination that a substantive dating relationship had existed; too much was left unaddressed. For example, we are not even told how often the two individuals saw each other during the six-month period in question, even though "the frequence of the interaction between the parties" is one of the "factors" that the statute specifically directs be considered. See § 12-29-2(b)(3); see also Devon M. Largio, Refining the Meaning and Application of "Dating Relationship" Language in Domestic Violence Statutes, 60 Vand. L.Rev. 939, 965 (2007).

For these reasons, I believe that there was insufficient meaningful evidence as to the existence of a substantive dating relationship. Accordingly, I believe that the defendant's motion for a judgment of acquittal with respect to that issue should have been granted.