CURETON, A.J.
This appeal arises from Michael Hilton's indictment for one count of felony driving under the influence resulting in a death and one count of felony driving under the influence resulting in great bodily injury. Prior to trial, the circuit court suppressed the results of a breathalyzer test. On appeal, the State argues the circuit court erred by (1) retroactively applying a statutory change to the implied consent statute and
On May 10, 2008, Hilton's vehicle collided with a motorcycle on Highway 17 in Myrtle Beach. The driver of the motorcycle was killed as a result of the collision, and a passenger on the motorcycle was seriously injured. Trooper Peter Schmidt arrested Hilton and transported him to the Myrtle Beach Police Department, where Hilton provided a breath sample for testing by a DataMaster machine. The exact time of Hilton's arrest is disputed, but it occurred between 10:15 p.m. and 10:47 p.m. Trooper Schmidt provided Hilton a Breath Alcohol Analysis Test Report (BA report), which indicated Hilton was arrested at 10:15 p.m., was breath-tested at 12:32 a.m., and had a blood alcohol level of .15%. Subsequently, Hilton was charged with felony driving under the influence involving death and felony driving under the influence involving serious bodily injury.
On September 23, 2011, Hilton filed a motion to suppress the results of the breath test, claiming the breath test was not administered within two hours of his arrest. The parties agreed that at the time of Hilton's arrest, section 56-5-2950 of the South Carolina Code (2006) did not require a breath test to be completed within two hours of a person's arrest. However, Hilton argued the 2008 amendment to section 56-5-2950 requiring a person's breath test to be completed within two hours of arrest was retroactive because it involved procedures for administering breath tests. Accordingly, Hilton asserted the amendment was an exception to the general rule that statutes are applied prospectively. At the end of the suppression hearing, the circuit court gave each party fourteen days to submit written memoranda. In its memorandum, the State argued the amendment to the statute was prospective and the savings clause precluded retroactive application of the amendment.
The circuit court found as a matter of law that the amendment to section 56-5-2950 was retroactive because it was
"In criminal cases, an appellate court sits to review only errors of law, and it is bound by the [circuit] court's factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous." State v. Black, 400 S.C. 10, 16, 732 S.E.2d 880, 884 (2012). "Questions of statutory interpretation are questions of law, which are subject to de novo review and which [appellate courts] are free to decide without any deference to the court below." State v. Whitner, 399 S.C. 547, 552, 732 S.E.2d 861, 863 (2012).
Initially, Hilton argues the State failed to preserve for appellate review its argument concerning the savings clause, because the circuit court did not rule on that argument. We disagree.
At oral argument on appeal, Hilton cited to City of Rock Hill v. Suchenski, 374 S.C. 12, 646 S.E.2d 879 (2007). In Suchenski, our supreme court found unpreserved the City's argument that subsection (B) of the applicable statute excused noncompliance, because the circuit court's ruling applied subsection (A) but was silent as to subsection (B). Id. at 15, 646 S.E.2d at 880. Suchenski is distinguishable from the instant case. Following the hearing on Hilton's motion to exclude evidence, the circuit court permitted the parties to submit memoranda. In its memorandum, the State argued the savings clause prevented retroactive application of the amendment. Although the circuit court did not specifically refer to the savings clause in its order, it acknowledged considering
On the merits, the State contends the circuit court erred by retroactively applying a statutory amendment to section 56-5-2950 that requires all breath test samples to be collected within two hours of arrest. We agree.
"Where the statute's language is plain and unambiguous, and conveys a clear and definite meaning, the rules of statutory interpretation are not needed and the court has no right to impose another meaning." State v. Jacobs, 393 S.C. 584, 587, 713 S.E.2d 621, 622 (2011). "All rules of statutory construction are subservient to the one that the legislative intent must prevail if it can be reasonably discovered in the language used, and that language must be construed in light of the intended purpose of the statute." State v. Sweat, 386 S.C. 339, 350, 688 S.E.2d 569, 575 (2010).
"[L]egislative intent is paramount in determining whether a statute will have prospective or retroactive application." State v. Bolin, 381 S.C. 557, 561, 673 S.E.2d 885, 887 (Ct.App.2009). When the legislative intent is not clear, courts "adhere to the presumption that statutory enactments are to be given prospective rather than retroactive application." Id. at 561, 673 S.E.2d at 886-87. "[A]bsent a specific provision or clear legislative intent to the contrary, statutes are to be construed prospectively rather than retroactively, unless the statute is remedial or procedural in nature." Edwards v. State Law Enforcement Div., 395 S.C. 571, 579, 720 S.E.2d 462, 466 (2011). "A statute is remedial where it creates new remedies for existing rights or enlarges the rights of persons under disability. When a statute creates a new obligation or imposes a new duty, courts generally consider the statute prospective only." Id. "[A] `procedural' law sets out a mode of procedure for a court to follow, or `prescribes a method of enforcing rights.'" Id. at 580, 720 S.E.2d at 466 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1083 (1979)).
Our supreme court recently discussed the retroactive application of statutes and the inclusion of savings clauses:
State v. Brown, 402 S.C. 119, 127, 740 S.E.2d 493, 496-97 (2013) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). In Brown, our supreme court addressed whether an amendment to section 16-13-30 of the South Carolina Code through the enactment of the Omnibus Crime Reduction and Sentencing Reform Act of 2010 was retroactive. 402 S.C. at 125-26, 740 S.E.2d at 495-96. In finding the amendment was not retroactive, the court relied on the savings clause as clear intent for the amendment to be prospective:
Id. at 127-28, 740 S.E.2d at 497 (footnote omitted).
We find the General Assembly clearly evinced its intent that the application of amended subsection 56-5-2950(A) be prospective. The cases discussed above outline our analysis. Generally, statutes are applied prospectively. Brown, 402 S.C. at 127, 740 S.E.2d at 496; Edwards, 395 S.C. at 579, 720 S.E.2d at 466; Bolin, 381 S.C. at 561, 673 S.E.2d at 886-87. However, they may be applied retroactively if (1) a specific provision or clear legislative intent requires retroactive application or (2) no clear expression of legislative intent
When Hilton was arrested in May 2008, the only time limit affecting the administration of a breath test was the requirement in subsection 56-5-2953(A)(2)(a) that the videotaping of the breath test be completed within three hours of the person's arrest. On February 10, 2009, nine months after Hilton's arrest, an amendment to subsection 56-5-2950(A) became effective. Act No. 201, 2008 S.C. Acts 1644, 1693 (the Act). The Act included the following clause:
Id. at 1693. In substance, the amendment eliminated the three-hour videotaping requirement of subsection 56-5-2953(A)(2)(a) and inserted into subsection 56-5-2950(A) a requirement that "[a] breath sample taken for testing must be collected within two hours of the arrest." Id. at 1673-74, 1683-84. Consequently, the Act repealed or amended the existing law by eliminating an existing requirement for law enforcement officials in establishing an arrestee's blood-alcohol content and, in its place, instituting a new and different requirement.
We find the statement that "[t]he repeal or amendment by this act of any law ... does not affect pending actions ... or extinguish any ... liability incurred under the repealed or amended law ..." clearly expresses the General Assembly's
Inasmuch as we have decided the amendment to the breathalyzer statute is not retroactive and Hilton does not claim the videotaping was improper, we need not address the remaining issue raised by the State. See Earthscapes Unltd., Inc. v. Ulbrich, 390 S.C. 609, 617, 703 S.E.2d 221, 225 (2010) (recognizing when the disposition of a prior issue is dispositive of an appeal, analysis of the remaining issues is unnecessary).
We find the General Assembly's 2008 amendment to subsection 56-5-2950(A), deleting the three-hour videotaping requirement
FEW, C.J., and KONDUROS, J., concur.