This was an action at law, brought by Julius Berbecker, John J. Henderson, and Thomas Morris against William A. Robertson, collector of customs for the port of New York, to recover duties paid under protest. A verdict was directed for defendant, and, to review the judgment entered thereon, the plaintiffs sued out this writ of error.

This was an action to recover duties paid under protest upon importations of nails, described in the bill of particulars as 'upholstering nails,' between September 21, 1883, and January 22, 1884.

Schedule C of the act of March 3, 1883, contained the following provisions, (22 Stat. 498, 501:)

'Horse-shoe nails, hob nails, and wire nails, and all other wrought iron or steel nails, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, four cents per pound.'

'Britannia ware, and plated and gilt articles and wares of all kinds, thirty-five per centum ad valorem.'

'Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, copper, lead, nickel, pewter, tin, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, or any other metal, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad valorem.'

These paragraphs are numbered in the tariff index as 168, 210, and 216.

The collector applied the last paragraph to these nails, and the plaintiffs protested that one or the other of the preceding clauses gave the applicable rate. At the trial a verdict was found, under the direction of the court, for a portion of the duties collected, and plaintiffs consequently recovered a judgment, but a judgment for less than the amount they claimed. The only witness was one of the plaintiffs, and the bill of exceptions, containing his testimony and the subsequent rulings, is as follows:

"I am interested in manufacturing. I have been in manufactories abroad, and have seen these goods made, and know how it is done. The heads of the nails are tumbled in barrels of water and chemicals to give them a nice gold color. Before they go into the barrels they are the natural color of brass. These samples are known in trade and commerce as gilt nails, and are bought and sold as such.'

'Being cross-examined by counsel for defendant:

"I cannot describe the exact color of brass, except I went into a brass mill, and showed you a piece of brass. [Referring to a nail in a board:] If I saw it at a distance, I should probably say it was brass, but still it does not look like the nails before they go into the barrel. Before they go into the barrel, there is no luster on them, or very little. I do not see anything here that looks like the sheet brass of which the nails are made. With regard to the contents of the barrel referred to by me in my direct examination as 'water and chemicals,' I do not care to state what the chemicals are, because it is a trade secret, but I am willing to state it to the judge alone, so that nobody else hears it. It is a liquid substance of the color of water. It looks like water, and nothing else. The process through which these exhibits are put is called, by some, 'polishing;' not polishing by means of rubbing, but it is done by friction, by the shaking of them up, by the rolling of the nails in the barrel. The length of time they are rolled depends upon what color you want to get on them; sometimes an hour, sometimes two hours, and sometimes it takes longer. I roll them until I get the color I want. Increased rolling tends to darken the color sometimes, and sometimes to lighten it.

"These nails are bought and sold in this country under the name of 'gilt nails.' That is the proper name for these. They may be sometimes sold under another name, but meaning a gilt nail of first and second quality. We do not sell them as upholstery nails. I cannot tell what other parties do. I cannot swear to that. I know only how they are labeled, and, if, by accident, they should be billed as upholstery nails, I should consider it a mistake. I cannot swear that they are not bought and sold in trade and commerce of this country as upholstery nails, because I do not know what other parties do. I can only speak for myself, and at the same time as to what is the general usage in the trade. The general usage has been, I know, as long as I have been in the business, whenever a person asked me what was the price of nails, of gilt nails, or they might have asked for upholstery nails, I knew that they meant gilt nails. They are bought and sold in this country under the name of 'gilt nails.' They may possibly have been ordered from a large dealer by a dealer in this country under the name of 'upholstery nails.' They are sometimes bought and sold in trade and commerce of this country as 'French nails,' 'chair nails,' and as 'furniture nails."

'Defendant's counsel then moved to strike out the testimony as to the fact that they were called 'gilt nails.' The court granted the motion, and plaintiffs' counsel duly excepted, and the exception was duly allowed.

'Plaintiffs thereupon rested, and counsel for the defendant moved the court for the direction of a verdict for the defendant upon so much as was sought to be recovered upon the nails which did not appear to be actually gilt or not to have gold upon them, which motion the court then and there granted, and directed the jury to find a verdict for the defendant; to which ruling and direction the counsel for the plaintiffs then and there duly excepted, and the exception was allowed, and the jury thereupon found a verdict for the defendant.'

Judgment having been entered on the verdict, a writ of error was duly taken out.

Edwin B. Smith, for plaintiffs in error.

Asst. Atty. Gen. Whitney, for defendant in error.

Mr. Chief Justice FULLER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the ocurt.