Supreme Court of United States.
*286 Mr. David L. Withington, with whom Mr. William R. Castle was on the brief, for appellants.
Mr. F.M. Hatch, with whom Mr. William O. Smith, Mr. A. Lewis, Junior, and Mr. L.J. Warren were on the brief, for appellee Smith.
*289 MR. JUSTICE BREWER, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The question presented is whether a court of equity may, prior to any order of confirmation, set aside a foreclosure sale of mortgaged property upon the single ground of inadequacy in price; and further, whether, if it has that power, the inadequacy here shown is so gross as to justify such action. It does not appear that there was any fraudulent conduct on the part of the purchaser or any combination to restrict bidding. The sale was duly advertised. It was, so far as disclosed, open and public, and the bid reported was the highest. Nothing in time or place or lack of attendance of buyers is shown. Many of the considerations, therefore, which have influenced courts of equity to set aside judicial sales are not to be found in the present case. Indeed, the only substantial objection is that the amount of the bid is largely below the value of the property. Something may be said on each side of the question; on the one, that a court of equity owes a duty to the creditors seeking its assistance in subjecting property to the payment of debts, to see that the property brings something like its true value in order that to the extent of that value the debts secured upon the property may be paid; that it owes to them something more than to merely take care that the forms of law are complied with, and that the purchaser is guilty of no fraudulent act; on the other, that it is the right of one bidding in good faith, at an open and public sale, to have the property for which he bids struck off to him if he be the highest and best bidder; that if he be free from wrong he should not be deprived of the benefit of his bid simply because others do not bid or because parties interested have done nothing to secure the attendance of those who would likely give for the property something nearer its value; that if the *290 creditors make no effort and are willing to take the chances of a general attendance, they have no right to complain on the ground that the property did not bring what it should have brought.
In England the old rule was that in chancery sales, until confirmation of the master's report, the bidding would be opened upon a mere offer to advance the price ten per cent; but this rule has been rejected, and now both in England and this country a sale will not be set aside for mere inadequacy of price, unless that inadequacy be so gross as to shock the conscience, or unless there be additional circumstances against its fairness. But if there be great inadequacy, slight circumstances of unfairness in the conduct of the party benefited by the sale will be sufficient to justify setting it aside. Graffam v. Burgess, 117 U.S. 180, 191, 192. It is difficult to formulate any rule more definite than this, and each case must stand upon its own peculiar facts.
It was said by Mr. Chief Justice Waite, in Mayhew v. West Virginia Oil & Oil Land Company, 24 Fed. Rep. 205, 215, "that in chancery a bidder at a sale by a master, under a decree of court, is not considered a purchaser until the report of sale is confirmed." See also Magann v. Segal, 92 Fed. Rep. 252, 255; Jennings v. Dunphy, 174 Illinois, 86; Vanbussum v. Maloney, 2 Met. (Ky.) 550, 552; Sumner v. Sessoms, 94 N. Car. 371; Branch v. Griffin, 99 N. Car. 173. The power of a court of equity in reference to a resale was affirmed by this court in Pewabic Mining Company v. Mason, 145 U.S. 349, in which case we said (p. 356):
"The question in this case is whether the master's sale shall stand. It may be stated generally that there is a measure of discretion in a court of equity, both as to the manner and the conditions of such a sale, as well as to ordering or refusing a resale. The chancellor will always make such provisions for notice and other conditions as will in his judgment best protect the rights of all interested, and make the sale most profitable to all; and after a sale has once been made he will, *291 certainly before confirmation, see that no wrong has been accomplished in and by the manner in which it was conducted."
See also Schroeder v. Young, 161 U.S. 334.
Now, in the case before us, the commissioner who made the sale reported against its confirmation. It was not confirmed but set aside by the trial court, which found that the evidence was overwhelming that the actual value of the property was at least seven times the amount of the bid. While the testimony is not preserved, it is stated by the Supreme Court of the Territory that it was claimed that only four years before the sale the property cost $78,000, exclusive of the right of way. It was, in fact, bonded less than three years before for $50,000. Speaking in general terms, it consisted of an electric railway two and a half miles in length, two freight cars, two passenger cars, and other appliances for running the railway. All this was sold for $1,100. The action of the trial court in setting aside the sale was approved by the Supreme Court of the Territory.
Under the circumstances we think the order of the Supreme Court should be sustained. While we are disinclined to any action which will impair confidence in the stability of judicial sales, yet with the concurrence of judicial opinion adverse to this sale, considering the amount of property sold, the meager sum bid by the purchaser, the express finding that the overwhelming testimony was to the effect that the property was worth at least seven times more than the sum bid, and also recognizing that the courts which have passed upon this question are much more familiar with the condition of things in Hawaii, and therefore more competent to appreciate the significance of the transactions attending the sale, we have come to the conclusion that it would not be right to reverse the ruling below and confirm the sale.
The judgment of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Hawaii is
Affirmed.
