OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS

ROBERTO A. LANGE, District Judge.

On April 9, 2010, Plaintiff Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad Corporation ("DM & E") filed a Complaint (Doc. 1) seeking injunctive relief to prevent Defendant Kevin Schieffer ("Schieffer") from pursuing a Demand for Arbitration before the American Arbitration Association ("AAA"). On April 15, 2010, the Court held a hearing on DM & E's Motion for Temporary Restraining Order, which the Court denied (Doc. 8) because the parties could be heard on DM & E's request for a preliminary injunction prior to any immediate and irreparable harm occurring. On May 13, 2010, the Court held a hearing in this case on DM & E's request for a preliminary injunction and Schieffer's Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 20) and Motion to Consolidate Preliminary Injunction Hearing with Final Injunction Hearing (Doc. 19). For the reasons explained below, the Court now grants Defendant's Motion to Dismiss.

I. FACTS

On September 13, 1994, the parties entered into an Agreement for Consulting ("Consulting Agreement"), under which Schieffer agreed to be available to DM & E for "consulting and other specialist services" for 60 months in exchange for a total of $1,530,000 plus hourly fees for time expended over an annual hourly threshold. (Doc. 7-1). Under the Consulting Agreement, DM & E held the option of paying the retainer in full or in monthly installments, and Schieffer would forfeit all compensation if the Agreement were terminated for "Cause" or if he failed to honor the agreement "without Reason." Retainer payments would be suspended if Schieffer suffered from "disability, incapacity or other circumstance" (terms not defined in the Agreement) that would render "provision of such services reasonably beyond Schieffer's control," and payments were to resume after such disability or circumstance ceased. (Id.).

In 1996, DM & E named Schieffer as its President and CEO. Schieffer contends that the Consulting Agreement was suspended when he became President and CEO and that his subsequent discharge rendered the unpaid portion of the retainer due. DM & E asserts that its Board of Directors terminated the Consulting Agreement in December 1999, granting Schieffer bonus stock and cash in return. The minutes from the Board of Directors' meeting from December of 1999 state: "After discussion the Board approved the immediate termination of the consulting arrangement between the Corporation and Mr. Schieffer, granted an additional 10,000 bonus shares to Mr. Schieffer and awarded a cash bonus to Mr. Schieffer in the amount set forth in Exhibit B to these resolutions." (Doc. 7-2).

On December 9, 2004, the parties entered into an "Employment Agreement." (Doc. 7-1). "[A]nticipat[ing] a Change of Control," DM & E's stated purpose for the Employment Agreement was "to encourage the retention and ongoing employment of the Executive and to enter into an agreement embodying the terms of such employment." (Doc. 7-1, at 14). This agreement afforded Schieffer lucrative severance benefits upon a termination without "Cause" or upon resignation for "Good Reason."

The Employment Agreement included sections addressing Schieffer's position, duties, and responsibilities; compensation (divided into subsections outlining Schieffer's base salary, annual incentive award, and employee benefits); bonus share and equity; termination of employment; resolution of disputes; assign ability, notices and other communications; as well as a "Miscellaneous" section. The "Employee Benefits" subsection stated that:

(Doc. 7-1, ¶ 3(c), at 18).

In 2007, the parties entered into a "Gross-Up Agreement" (Doc. 7-3) designed to offset Schieffer's excise tax liability, specifically liability under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. The Gross-Up Agreement called for all severance payments to be "grossed-up" by an additional payment so that the net amount received by Schieffer after excise taxes would equal the sum he would have received if excise taxes had never been levied. Under the Gross-Up Agreement, payments due within six months of Schieffer's "Separation from Service" (as defined by the Internal Revenue Code) were to be "delayed until the earlier of the end of such six month period and [Schieffer's] death." (Id.).

DM & E terminated Schieffer, purportedly for insubordination, on October 7, 2008, effective October 22, 2008.1 Schieffer argues that the reasons for his termination did not constitute "Cause" as defined in the Employment Agreement. As required by the Gross-Up Agreement, DM & E retained Deloitte Tax LLP ("Deloitte") to evaluate the tax ramifications of benefits payments to Schieffer. Deloitte opined that Schieffer's severance payout was not subject to a Section 409A penalty and thus could be paid immediately.

Ultimately, DM & E paid Schieffer a lump sum of $1,391,866.07 on January 20, 2009, the first bank business day after Deloitte issued its tax opinion. This amount was net of applicable withholdings and excise taxes, as the gross severance payout was $2,966,295.00. Schieffer was dissatisfied with the calculations behind that amount and believed that DM & E owed him more.

On March 25, 2010, Schieffer submitted to the AAA his Demand for Arbitration (Doc. 7-1) disputing DM & E's interpretation of the Employment Agreement and the Consulting Agreement. Schieffer asserted claims under South Dakota contract and state wage laws, seeking the following relief: $247,166.50 for salary continuation; approximately $650,000 for 2008, 2009, and 2010 bonuses; more than $600,000 in allegedly miscalculated benefits, or continued employee benefits plan coverage; double damages for wrongfully withheld wages under SDCL 60-11-7; attorneys' fees; $892,500 as the remaining balance allegedly owed under the Consulting Agreement; and 10 percent interest on unpaid demands under SDCL 21-1-13.1.

In its Complaint, DM & E asserted that Schieffer's Employment Agreement is covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA") and, consequently, Schieffer's state law causes of action are preempted by ERISA and not subject to arbitration. The Employment Agreement contained an arbitration provision, which provided:

(Doc. 7-1, ¶ 6, at 20).

The Consulting Agreement had no arbitration clause. Schieffer, in his Demand for Arbitration, contends that under the broad terms of the arbitration provision, his claim regarding the Consulting Agreement is a "claim arising out of, or relating to" his employment with the Company (or termination thereof)," thereby rendering it subject to resolution by arbitration. (Id.).

II. DISCUSSION

A. Injunctive Relief

Whether to grant preliminary injunctive relief turns on the following four factors established in Dataphase Sys. Inc. v. C.L. Sys. Inc.: (1) the threat of irreparable harm to the movant; (2) the likelihood of success on the merits; (3) the balance of harms; and (4) the public interest. 640 F.2d 109, 114 (8th Cir.1981). However, this Court must first have subject matter jurisdiction before it can grant a preliminary injunction in a case of this nature.

B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

DM & E's principal place of business is in South Dakota. Schieffer is a South Dakota resident. Therefore, diversity jurisdiction does not exist in this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. As a result, this Court's subject matter jurisdiction hinges on whether there is a federal question under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.

The Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") does not confer an independent basis of federal jurisdiction. Hall Street Assocs., L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 128 S.Ct. 1396, 170 L.Ed.2d 254 (2008) (FAA "bestow[s] no federal jurisdiction but rather requir[es] an independent jurisdictional basis" for controversies involving arbitration); Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 26, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983) (FAA "does not create any independent federal-question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 or otherwise."); Express Scripts, Inc. v. Aegon Direct Mktg. Servs., 516 F.3d 695, 699 (8th Cir.2008) ("arbitration disputes will be considered in federal court only when there is diversity of citizenship or an independent basis for federal jurisdiction.").

In assessing whether this Court has subject matter jurisdiction, it must determine whether the Employment Agreement is or creates an ERISA plan. See Emmenegger v. Bull Moose Tube Co., 197 F.3d 929, 931 (8th Cir.1999) (noting that if plans were "not ERISA plans, there is no federal jurisdiction"). Subject matter jurisdiction would exist if a dispute arises out of an employee benefit plan under ERISA.2

DM & E concedes that "no ERISA claims have been pled" by Schieffer in the arbitral forum. (Doc. 23, at 13). However, DM & E contends that (1) the Employment Agreement nevertheless creates or is an ERISA plan, and (2) that the state law claims in Schieffer's Demand for Arbitration thus are preempted by ERISA and should be enjoined from proceeding. ERISA preempts "any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan. . ." 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a); Shea v. Esensten, 107 F.3d 625, 627 (8th Cir.1997) ("the language of ERISA's preemption clause sweeps broadly, embracing common law causes of action if they have a connection with or a reference to an ERISA plan.").

Where federal subject matter jurisdiction is dependent on ERISA, but the evidence fails to establish the existence of an ERISA plan, the claim must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Kulinski v. Medtronic Bio-Medicus, Inc., 21 F.3d 254, 256 (8th Cir.1994); see also Harris v. Arkansas Book Co., 794 F.2d 358, 360 (8th Cir.1986) ("The existence of a plan is a prerequisite to jurisdiction under ERISA."); Jader v. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 925 F.2d 1075, 1076-77 (8th Cir. 1991) (remanding for determination of whether jurisdiction was lacking because there was no ERISA plan).; accord UIU Severance Pay Trust Fund v. Local 18-U, 998 F.2d 509, 510 n. 2 (7th Cir.1993) ("the existence of an `ERISA-governed plan' is an essential precursor to federal jurisdiction"); Mem'l Hosp. Sys. v. Northbrook Life Ins. Co., 904 F.2d 236, 240 (5th Cir. 1990) (stating that the question of whether an ERISA plan existed was "a jurisdictional one"). "The existence of an ERISA plan is a mixed question of fact and law." Kulinski, 21 F.3d at 256 (citing Harris, 794 F.2d at 360). Because the question of the existence or non-existence of an ERISA plan is jurisdictional, if the Court does not find jurisdiction, then it "may not consider the merits" of Plaintiff's claim. Id. (citing Jader, 925 F.2d at 1077).

Both parties acknowledge that this Court's jurisdiction turns on whether the Employment Agreement constitutes an ERISA plan.3 State common law causes of action under an employee benefit plan regulated by ERISA are preempted. Metro. Life. Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 60, 107 S.Ct. 1542, 95 L.Ed.2d 55 (1987) (citing Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 107 S.Ct. 1549, 95 L.Ed.2d 39 (1987)).

DM & E asserts that the Employment Agreement is an ERISA plan and creates an ongoing administrative program subject to ERISA, which Schieffer disputes by arguing that a single employment contract cannot constitute an ERISA plan and that the Employment Agreement does not require an ongoing administrative program requiring DM & E to exercise discretionary decision-making authority sufficient to give rise to an ERISA plan.

ERISA defines an employee benefit plan as "an employee welfare benefit plan or an employee pension benefit plan or a plan which is both an employee welfare benefit plan and an employee pension benefit plan," 29 U.S.C. § 1002(3), and "any plan, fund, or program . . . established or maintained. . . for the purpose of providing for its participants or its beneficiaries, through the purchase of insurance or otherwise," the following specified benefits:

Id. at § 1002(1). Such benefits include severance benefits. Wallace v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 882 F.2d 1327, 1329 (8th Cir.1989).

"An employer's decision to extend benefits does not constitute, in and of itself, the establishment of an ERISA Plan." Id. Rather, the issue of whether the Employment Agreement constitutes an ERISA plan turns on the touchstone of "[w]hether the employer requires `an ongoing administrative program' to meet [its] obligation." Fort Halifax Packing Co., Inc. v. Coyne, 482 U.S. 1, 12, 107 S.Ct. 2211, 96 L.Ed.2d 1 (1987). Such a scheme exists when "`to determine the employees' eligibility for and level of benefits, the employer must analyze each employee's particular circumstances in light of the appropriate criteria." Eide v. Grey Fox Tech. Servs. Corp., 329 F.3d 600, 605 (8th Cir.2003) (citation omitted) (quoting Kulinski v. Medtronic Bio-Medicus, Inc., 21 F.3d 254, 256 (8th Cir.1994)). "Simple or mechanical determinations do not necessarily require the establishment of such an administrative scheme; rather, an employer's need to create an administrative system may arise where the employer, to determine the employees' eligibility for and level of benefits, must analyze each employee's particular circumstances in light of the appropriate criteria." Kulinski, 21 F.3d at 257.

Additionally, "[I]n the determination of whether an ERISA plan exists, arrangements that involve a single employee quite understandably have been met with a particularly careful scrutiny . . . it is often more difficult to discern the sort of ongoing administrative management that Congress intended to subject to the regulation of ERISA" for such arrangements. Cvelbar v. CBI Illinois, Inc., 106 F.3d 1368, 1375 (7th Cir.1997). An employment agreement requiring a one-time, lump-sum payment or single set of payments triggered by a single event is not an ERISA plan, as it "requires no administrative scheme whatsoever to meet the employer's obligation." Fort Halifax, 482 U.S. at 12, 107 S.Ct. 2211. An ongoing administrative program typically exists when there are "ongoing benefits to be paid," id. at 14-15 n. 9, 107 S.Ct. 2211, or if there is a "regularity of payment." Id. at 18 n. 12, 107 S.Ct. 2211. "Simple or mechanical determinations do not necessarily require the establishment of such an administrative scheme." Kulinski, 21 F.3d at 257. Accordingly, the First, Ninth, and D.C. Circuits have all held that a plan does not require an ongoing administrative scheme under ERISA even if the employer must exercise a small amount of discretion. See Rodowicz v. Mass. Mut. Life, 192 F.3d 162, 172 (1st Cir.1999); Velarde v. PACE Membership Warehouse, Inc., 105 F.3d 1313, 1316-17 (9th Cir.1997) (holding that requirement that employees must perform duties in "satisfactory manner" to receive benefits did not constitute an ERISA plan); Delaye v. Agripac, Inc., 39 F.3d 235, 237 (9th Cir.1994) (holding that severance of employment contract did not require ongoing administrative scheme, even though employer had to determine if employee was terminated for cause to calculate severance pay).

In Fort Halifax, the Supreme Court of the United States held a Maine statute at issue neither established nor required an employer to maintain an employee benefits plan within the provisions of ERISA and, therefore, did not implicate ERISA's preemptive scope. The Maine statute required a one-time, lump-sum payment triggered by a single event (the closing of a plant within the state or relocation more than 100 miles away), the statute did not require employers to pay benefits on a regular basis, the statute made no periodic demands on employer's assets that created a need for financial coordination and control, and the benefits payment obligation was predicated on occurrence of a single contingency. 482 U.S. at 12, 107 S.Ct. 2211. Hence, the obligation imposed by the Maine statute "differs radically in impact from a requirement that an employer pay ongoing benefits on a continuous basis." Id. at 14, 107 S.Ct. 2211.

In an attempt to differentiate this case from Fort Halifax and to satisfy the test in Petersen and Crews for whether there is an ongoing administrative scheme, DM & E argues that it is required to make various discretionary determinations under Sections 3(c), 5, and 9(f) of the Employment Agreement. (Doc. 23, at 12).

Section 3(c) of the Employment Agreement states as follows:

Section 5 of the Employment Agreement states as follows:

5. Termination of Employment

Section 9(f) of the Employment Agreement states as follows:

These provisions require mechanical application of mathematical calculations rather than an ongoing administrative scheme. The extension in Section 3(c) of Schieffer's eligibility to participate in DM&E's employee benefits programs or plans does not thereby render the Employment Agreement to constitute or create such a plan. See Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85, 100 n. 21, 103 S.Ct. 2890, 77 L.Ed.2d 490 (1983) (noting that some state actions "may effect employee benefit plans in too tenuous, remote, or peripheral a manner to warrant a finding that the law `relates to' the plan."). Rather, section 3(c) refers to separate "plans and programs" apart from the Employment Agreement itself. Section 3(c) gives DM & E an option to either allow Schieffer to continue to participate in ERISA-governed plans established by plan documents separate from the Employment Agreement or to pay cash to Schieffer, in an amount specified, in lieu of participation. Section 3(c) does not transform the Employment Agreement into an ERISA plan.

Section 5 concerns the calculation of severance payments to Defendant upon termination of his employment prior to a Change of Control. If termination occurs before a Change of Control, the Employment Agreement grants a contractually defined "Severance Payment" to Defendant, unless one of two events occurs: (a) "termination by the Company for Cause" or (b) "Voluntary Termination by the Executive." "Cause" consists of conduct in one's official capacity that "constitutes willful gross neglect or willful gross misconduct, resulting ... in material harm to the Company or any of its affiliates," and "Voluntary Termination" means "a termination of employment by the Executive at his initiative, other than for Good Reason." "Good Reason" consists of Defendant resigning following occurrence of one of four prescribed events occurring without his consent and without cure by the Company within 15 days of receiving written notice by Defendant. The prescribed events are: (i) a reduction in salary; (ii) a demotion in title; (iii) a diminution of Defendant's authority or duties; and (iv) relocation of Defendant. Termination also obligates DM & E to pay Schieffer Employee Benefits for at least three years from the date the Severance Payment is fully paid, unless DM & E opts to satisfy the Severance Payment in installments, plus interest, in which case the Employee Benefits continue for three years from the date of the first payment. In sum, Section 5 also provides a formula for calculation of Schieffer's compensation if DM & E fails to timely make a Severance Payment. Section 5, while involving some calculations, does not give rise to an administrative scheme sufficient to transform the Employment Agreement into an ERISA plan.

Section 9(f) establishes an expiration date for the Employment Agreement-three years following notice to Schieffer and actual occurrence of the first Change of Control following the date of the Employment Agreement. The Employment Agreement defines "Change of Control" as: (i) any person acquiring the right to elect a majority of the members of the Board of Directors; (ii) a majority of the Board of Directors at the time of consummation of an IPO subsequently ceasing to constitute a voting majority of the Board; (iii) occurrence of a merger or consolidation involving DM & E, unless holders of the voting securities prior to such merger or consolidation retain substantially the same proportion of voting securities after the merger or consolidation; or (iv) DM & E combining with another entity and becoming the surviving corporation, unless holders of the voting securities prior to such combination retain substantially the same proportion of voting securities after the combination. The definition of "Change of Control" does not involve any significant nuances, create any ambiguity, or vest DM & E with discretion in determining whether a Change of Control has occurred. Rather, the Employment Agreement creates a bright-line test for determining Change of Control. In short, none of the three provisions of the Employment Agreement that DM & E urges give rise to an ERISA plan creates the sort of administrative scheme contemplated by Fort Halifax for an ERISA plan.

The Eighth Circuit has established the following factors to evaluate whether a plan is part of an ongoing administrative scheme and thus ERISA-governed: (1) whether the payments are one-time lump sum payments or continuous payments; (2) whether the employer undertook any long-term obligation with respect to the payments; (3) whether the severance payments come due upon the occurrence of a single, unique event or any time that the employer terminates employees; and (4) whether the severance arrangement under review requires the employer to engage in a case-by-case review of employees. Petersen v. E.F. Johnson Co., 366 F.3d 676, 679 (8th Cir.2004); Crews v. Gen'l Am. Life Ins. Co., 274 F.3d 502, 505 (8th Cir.2001).5

Applying the Petersen and Crews analysis, under the totality of the circumstances Schieffer's Employment Agreement is not an ERISA plan. As stated above, because the Employment Agreement involved a single employee, Schieffer, the Court applies particularly careful scrutiny to evaluating if an ERISA plan exists.

The payments to Schieffer, at DM & E's option, could have been made in a one-time lump-sum payment under the Employment Agreement. DM & E apparently sought to discharge, and believes that it has discharged, that responsibility to Schieffer. Simply because language allows DM & E an opportunity to continue providing employee benefits to Schieffer in lieu of a lump-sum payment under Section 3(c) does not change that the first and second factors under the Petersen and Crews analysis militate against concluding that the Employment Agreement is not an ERISA plan.

The payments to Schieffer came due upon a single unique event—his termination of employment. The Employment Agreement only applies to Schieffer, so the payments do not come due, under the third prong of the Petersen and Crews test, "any time the employer terminates employees." Although it is true that a determination of why Schieffer was terminated affects the amount owed under the Employment Agreement, the Employment Agreement does not require DM & E "to engage in a case-by-case review of employees," as it related solely to Schieffer. Petersen, 366 F.3d at 679.

The Employment Agreement reads more like an Employment Agreement than an ERISA plan. No provision referenced ERISA or created an ongoing administrative plan. Certainly, a primary purpose of the Employment Agreement was to establish the severance benefits to which Schieffer was entitled upon termination without cause or upon resignation for good reason. A subsequently executed Gross-Up Agreement designed to offset Schieffer's excise tax liability as a result of DM & E's payment of the severance benefits required mechanical application of mathematical equations as opposed to discretionary determinations. Schieffer also claims various continuing benefits and bonuses under the agreements. However, the mere calculation and payment of these benefits for a certain, finite period is not sufficiently discretionary to rise to the level of an ongoing administrative scheme. Because the Employment Agreement does not establish an ERISA plan, none of Schieffer's state law claims are preempted by ERISA. Because the Employment Agreement is not and does not create and ERISA plan, this Court lacks jurisdiction in this case.6

III. CONCLUSION

Because ERISA does not govern the Employment Agreement, this Court lacks federal subject matter jurisdiction over this case. Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED that Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 20) is granted.