LAWRENCE L. PIERSOL, District Judge.
Eugene H. Mathison, by his counsel of record, has filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 raising concerns as to whether his conviction and sentence for both money laundering and fraud is valid under the holding of United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 128 S.Ct. 2020, 170 L.Ed.2d 912 (2008). Doc. 1. The Respondent filed a Motion to Dismiss arguing that this Court has no jurisdiction over Mathison's habeas petition because it should have been filed in the District of Colorado where Mathison is incarcerated and his custodian is located. Doc. 6. This Court refused to grant Respondent's motion to stay a response on the merits reasoning that even if the Court were to find in favor of the Respondent on the issue of the correct district to bring this action, the Court could still consider it
In 1996, the Government in a 25-page Second Superseding Indictment charged Eugene Mathison and three others, Robert E. Holmes, Perry Gobel, and Dean Chambers, with numerous counts of conspiracy (18 U.S.C. § 371), mail fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1341), wire fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1343), and money laundering (18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1), and 1957(a)). United States v. Mathison, et al, 4:96-cr-40048 (Doc. 144). The Government alleged that Mathison was operating a Ponzi scheme and defrauded family, friends, and acquaintances of over $1 million. Included within this Ponzi scheme were four different investment groups: Northern States Investment Group, GoldStar Investment Group, Universal Investment Group, and Perob Investment Group.
Each of the money laundering counts required the Government to prove that Mathison knew that the money utilized to conduct a financial transaction represented the "proceeds" of some form of unlawful activity. In the definition portion of Instruction No. 31 the Court defined proceeds as follows:
Mathison, who represented himself at trial, did not object to Instruction No. 31. In addition, none of the attorneys representing Mathison's co-defendants objected to this instruction.
A jury trial commenced on May 20, 1997, and on June 9, 1997, a jury convicted Mathison of thirty-eight counts of mail fraud, five counts of wire fraud, fifteen counts of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1), one count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud, wire fraud, and money laundering, and two counts of engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from unspecified unlawful activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957 (Doc.
Mathison appealed from his conviction and sentence to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, but did not raise any issue regarding the definition of proceeds under the money-laundering statutes. See United States v. Mathison, 157 F.3d 541 (8th Cir.1998).
On April 3, 2000, Mathison filed his first Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. CIV. 00-4055. In his initial and initial amended Section 2255 motion, Mathison did not raise any issue regarding the definition of proceeds. District Judge Richard H. Battey denied the Section 2255 motion after finding it was barred by the one-year state of limitations. The Eighth Circuit, on March 21, 2001, denied Mathison's application for a certificate of appealability and dismissed his appeal from the denial of his Section 2255 motion.
United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 128 S.Ct. 2020, 170 L.Ed.2d 912 (2008), was decided on June 2, 2008.
Justice Scalia delivered the plurality opinion in which Justice Souter and Justice Ginsburg joined, and in which Justice Thomas joined as to all but Part IV.
The plurality opinion concluded that "[b]ecause the `profits' definition of `proceeds' is always more defendant-friendly than the `receipts' definition, the rule of lenity dictates that it should be adopted." Santos, 553 U.S. at 514, 128 S.Ct. 2020. The plurality opinion reasoned that if the proceeds were defined as receipts, the statute criminalizing illegal lotteries would merge with the money-laundering statute. The plurality opinion further opined that the merger problem would apply to a host of predicate crimes, "depend[ing] on the manner and timing of payment for the expenses associated with the commission of the crime." Santos, 553 U.S. at 516, 128 S.Ct. 2020. The plurality opinion specifically noted: "And any wealth-acquiring crime with multiple participants would become money laundering when the initial recipient of the wealth gives his confederates their shares." Id. The plurality opinion states that an interpretation of "proceeds" to mean "profits" would eliminate the merger problem.
In his concurring opinion, Justice Stevens opined that "Congress could have provided that the term `proceeds' shall have one meaning when referring to some specified unlawful activities and a different meaning when referring to others." Santos, 553 U.S. at 525, 128 S.Ct. 2020. Justice Stevens observed that the legislative history of § 1956 makes it clear that Congress intended the term "proceeds" to include gross revenues from the sale of contraband and the operation of organized crime syndicates involving the sale of contraband, and opined that the rule of lenity need not apply to those types of activities. Santos, 553 U.S. at 525-526 n. 3, 128 S.Ct. 2020. Justice Stevens in his opinion also expressed concern over the merger problem and stated: "Allowing the Government to treat the mere payment of the expense of operating an illegal gambling business as a separate offense is in practical effect
When a fragmented Supreme Court, such as the Supreme Court in the Santos decision, decides a case and no single rationale explaining the result enjoys the assent of five Justices, the holding of the Supreme Court may be viewed as the position taken by those members who concurred in the judgments on the narrowest grounds. Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193, 97 S.Ct. 990, 51 L.Ed.2d 260 (1977); United States v. Ollie, 442 F.3d 1135, 1142 (8th Cir.2006). In the Santos decision, Justice Stevens' opinion resolved the case on the narrowest grounds and sets forth the Court's holding.
The Eighth Circuit first addressed the Santos decision in United States v. Spencer, 592 F.3d 866 (8th Cir.2010), a case in which one of the defendants was convicted of conspiracy to distribute cocaine, attempted possession with intent to distribute cocaine, and money laundering. In the Spencer case, the Eighth Circuit stated: "Santos holds that, in the context of a gambling organization, the word "proceeds" in the money-laundering statute refers to profit, not gross revenue," 592 F.3d at 879. The Eighth Circuit held in Spencer that Santos does not apply in the drug context. 592 F.3d at 879-880; see also United States v. Davis, 690 F.3d 912, 921 n. 3 (8th Cir.2012), cert. granted, judgment vacated on other grounds, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2852, 186 L.Ed.2d 903 (2013). In United States v. Rubashkin, the Government unsuccessfully argued that under Spencer the Santos holding was limited to illegal gambling cases. 655 F.3d 849, 865 (8th Cir.2011).
Although immediately following the issuance of the decision in United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 128 S.Ct. 2020, 170 L.Ed.2d 912 (2008), numerous district courts concluded that the new definition of
In Reyes-Requena v. United States, 243 F.3d 893 (5th Cir.2001), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals considered what mechanism a federal prisoner should utilize to bring a claim based on Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 116 S.Ct. 501, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995). Bailey holds that a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), which criminalizes the "use" of a firearm during and in relation to drug trafficking offense, requires evidence sufficient to show active employment of a firearm by a defendant. The Fifth Circuit in Reyes-Requena was confronted with orders from two district courts, with each district court concluding that the other properly had jurisdiction over the Bailey post-conviction claim. One district court concluded that the federal prisoner needed to file a successive § 2255 motion and the other district court concluded that the federal prisoner must file claim under § 2241. The Fifth Circuit concluded that the Supreme Court in Bailey conducted a routine statutory analysis, not a new rule of Constitutional law, and that the Bailey claim, therefore, did not fall within the rubric of successive § 2255 motions. Reyes-Requena, 243 F.3d at 900,
The Fifth Circuit in Reyes-Requena then considered whether the Bailey claim could be considered under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 by utilizing the savings clause of 28 U.S.C. § 2255, The savings clause, codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e), provides:
After considering the statutory language, cases interpreting the same, and the fact that the provision under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 allowing for successive habeas review "does not provide any avenue through which a petitioner could rely on an intervening Court decision based on the substantive reach of a federal statute," 243 F.3d at 903, the Fifth Circuit in Reyes-Requena concluded:
Reyes-Requena, 243 F.3d at 904.
The Eighth Circuit has recognized that although a federal inmate generally must challenge a conviction or sentence through a § 2255 motion, the savings clause governing motions to vacate, set aside, or correct a sentence permits a prisoner to bring a habeas petition under § 2241 if the remedy available in a motion to vacate is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of a conviction or a sentence. Lopez-Lopez v. Sanders, 590 F.3d 905, 907 (8th Cir.2010); United States v. Lurie, 207 F.3d 1075, 1077 (8th Cir.2000). The prisoner has the burden of establishing that the remedy under Section 2255 would be inadequate or ineffective. Hill v. Morrison, 349 F.3d 1089, 1091 (8th Cir. 2003).
In Abdullah v. Hedrick, 392 F.3d 957, 960 (8th Cir.2004), a case cited by Respondent, a federal prisoner unsuccessfully attempted to utilize the savings clause of § 2255 and a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 to assert a Bailey challenge to a conviction arising from a plea to the use of a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 2241. The Eighth Circuit looked to the Fourth and Fifth Circuits for guidance as to when § 2255 may be inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of a conviction. Abdullah v. Hedrick, 392 F.3d at 962 (citing In re Jones, 226 F.3d 328 (4th Cir.2000); and Reyes-Requena v. United States, 243 F.3d 893 (5th Cir. 2001)). These cases allow the use of § 2241 through the savings clause of § 2255 when a petitioner asserts a viable claim of actual innocence, but the petitioner had not had an earlier procedural opportunity to raise the claim. As was previously discussed, in Reyes-Requena v. United States, 243 F.3d at 904, the Fifth Circuit held that the savings clause of 28 U.S.C. § 2255 applies to a claim (1) if the claim is based on a retroactively applicable Supreme Court decision which establishes that a petitioner may have been convicted of a nonexistent offense and (2) if the claim was foreclosed by circuit law at the time when the claim should have been raised in the petitioner's trial, appeal, or first § 2255 motion.
In Abdullah v. Hedrick, the prisoner's first § 2255 motion was pending at the time the Supreme Court announced its decision in Bailey, but the prisoner's counsel failed to amend the § 2255 motion, and the Eighth Circuit held on appeal from the denial of the initial § 2255 motion that the prisoner had defaulted the Bailey argument by not properly presenting the argument to the district court in his initial § 2255 motion. Abdullah v. Hedrick, 392 F.3d at 959. The Eighth Circuit concluded that the prisoner in Abdullah v. Hedrick had an unobstructed procedural opportunity to present his claim. 392 F.3d at 963. In addition, the Eighth Circuit noted: "To make an actual innocence showing, Abdullah would have to prove `not only actual innocence of the gun charge but also of the more serious charges the government dismissed in exchange for the guilty plea.'" 392 F.3d at 959 n. 2. Mathison's case does not present such barriers to savings clause relief.
In bringing a claim based on Santos, Mathison has presented a claim based on a retroactively applicable Supreme Court decision which establishes that he may have been convicted of a nonexistent offense. In addition, he has presented a claim that was foreclosed by the circuit law of the Eighth Circuit at the time when his claim should have been raised in his trial,
In United States v. Williams, the Eighth Circuit acknowledged that under its case law prior to the Supreme Court handing down its decision in Santos "proceeds" was defined as "anything that is the gross receipt of illegal activity." 605 F.3d 556, 567 (8th Cir.2010) (citing United States v. Simmons, 154 F.3d 765, 770 (8th Cir.1998) (noting that while other circuits have defined the term "proceeds" as alternatively gross revenue or profit, "[w]e think the better view is the one that defines proceeds as the gross receipts of the illegal activity")). Although Santos is retroactively applicable, Mathison's Santos claim was foreclosed by Eighth Circuit law at the time of petitioner's trial, appeal, and first § 2255 motion. Mathison presents a case in which he was convicted of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 involving funds transferred by wire and paid to his codefendants, coconspirators, and associates, Perry Gobel, Robert Holmes, Robert Holmes' wife, and Dean Chambers.
Santos was announced on June 2, 2008. In September of 2008, Mathison, while incarcerated at the Federal Prison Camp in Florence, Colorado, filed a pro se petition, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, and citing to 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e), challenged the validity of his money laundering conviction under the law as set forth in Santos. See attachment 1. The application was dismissed because the district court, construing the action as a challenge to Mathison's South Dakota conviction, concluded that Mathison had "an adequate and effective remedy pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 in the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota." See Eugene H. Mathison v. Ron Wiley, No. 08-CV-2005, 2008 WL 4569864 (D.Colo. October 1, 2008). In the opposition to Mathison's motion for release pending review, the predecessor to the current respondent represented to the Tenth Circuit: "Mathison commenced this action under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. As the court correctly observed, however, because this action challenges the validity of the original conviction and sentence, it is properly brought pursuant to § 2255 in the district in which the conviction and sentence were imposed." See attachment 2. On March 26, 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed the order denying Mathison's application for under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Mathison v. Wiley, 318 Fed. Appx. 650 (10th Cir.2009). See Attachment 3. In May of 2009, Mathison then filed a Petition for Writ of Audita Querela
Respondent contends this Court has no jurisdiction over Mathison's Section 2241 habeas petition because it should have been filed in the District of Colorado where he is incarcerated and his custodian is located. As the preceding discussion points out, Mathison promptly filed a 2241 habeas petition in the District of Colorado where he is incarcerated and his custodian is located, but that district court denied the petition after determining that Mathison needed to file a petition challenging his conviction in the District of South Dakota. Respondent's predecessor supported that determination and did not set forth facts disputing that determination in his opposition to Mathison's motion for release pending review. Respondent cites to United States v. Chappel, 208 F.3d 1069, 1070 (8th Cir.2000), and Cox v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, 643 F.2d 534, 536 n. 3 (8th Cir. 1981), as authority for his position that the Section 2241 petition must be filed in the district of incarceration. These cases, however, dealt with the execution of a prisoner's sentence, not the validity of his conviction.
Respondent also relies upon Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 444, 124 S.Ct. 2711, 159 L.Ed.2d 513 (2004), for his position that jurisdiction for a habeas petition lies only in the district of confinement. In Rumsfeld v. Padilla, Padilla, a United States citizen, was brought to New York for detention in connection with a grand jury investigation in the Southern District of New York concerning the September 11, 2001 al Qaeda terrorist attacks. After Padilla was designated by the President to be an "enemy combatant" he was moved to a Navy brig in Charleston, South Carolina. Padilla's counsel filed in the Southern District of New York a habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, alleging that Padilla's military detention violated the Constitution, and naming as respondents, the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the brig's commander. The Supreme Court in determining whether the Southern District of New York had jurisdiction addressed two questions: "First, who is the proper respondent to that petition? and second, does the Southern District have jurisdiction over him or her?" 542 U.S. at 434, 124 S.Ct. 2711.
Because 28 U.S.C. § 2242
With regard to the question of whether the district court has jurisdiction over a respondent, the Supreme Court in Rumsfeld v. Padilla examined the language in 28 U.S.C. § 2241(a) stating that writs of habeas corpus may be granted by district courts "within their respective jurisdictions." The Supreme Court in Padilla relied upon its interpretation of this language in an earlier case, Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Kentucky, 410 U.S. 484, 495, 93 S.Ct. 1123, 35 L.Ed.2d 443 (1973), to require "nothing more than that the court issuing the writ have jurisdiction over the custodian." Padilla, 542 U.S. at 442, 124 S.Ct. 2711. The Supreme Court observed that the "traditional rule has always been that the Great Writ is `issuable only in the district of confinement.'" Id. (quoting Carbo v. United States, 364 U.S. 611, 617, 81 S.Ct. 338, 5 L.Ed.2d 329 (1961) (writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum suffers no geographical limitations on its use)). The Supreme Court in Padilla also relied on the language of 28 U.S.C. § 2241 that an application for habeas relief to the Supreme Court or a circuit judge state the reasons for not petitioning "the district court of the district in which the applicant is held." 542 U.S. at 442, 124 S.Ct. 2711.
The Supreme Court in Padilla also noted that Congress has fashioned explicit exceptions to the "district of confinement" rule when exceptions were to exist. Interestingly, the Court specifically noted that "until Congress directed federal criminal prisoners to file certain postconviction petitions in the sentencing courts by adding § 2255 to the habeas statute, federal prisoners could litigate such collateral attacks only in the district of confinement." 542 U.S. at 443, 124 S.Ct. 2711. None of the cases cited by the Padilla decision in support of the "district of confinement" rule involved cases falling under the savings clause in 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e). This Court will assume for purposes of this opinion, however, that the "district of confinement" rule generally applies to savings clause cases brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241.
The majority opinion in Padilla notes: "The word `jurisdiction,' of course, is capable of different interpretations. We use it in the sense that it is used in the habeas statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2241(a), and not in the sense of subject-matter jurisdiction of the District Court." 542 U.S. at 434 n. 7, 124 S.Ct. 2711.
Padilla, 542 U.S. at 453, 124 S.Ct. 2711 (Kennedy, J., concurring).
The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that the failure to file a § 2241 petition in the district where a prisoner is confined or where the BOP has a central or regional office is a defect that does not deprive the district court of subject matter jurisdiction. See Mathena v. United States, 577 F.3d 943, 946 n. 3 (8th Cir. 2009). In the Mathena case the Eighth Circuit held that the government waived any objection to the petitioner not bringing his § 2241 petition in the district of confinement by not raising the issue. Id.
Mathison argues that in its brief the government only challenges this Court's subject matter jurisdiction over this petition, and, in fact, denies that it addresses the issue of venue. As such, Mathison argues, Warden Berkebile and the United States should be deemed to have waived any challenge to venue or personal jurisdiction in this case. Doc. 16, p. 6. Although the government's brief does not articulate the distinction between subject matter jurisdiction and in personam jurisdiction,
The Supreme Court has recognized "the requirement of personal jurisdiction may be intentionally waived, or for various reasons a defendant may be estopped from raising the issue." Insurance Corp. of Ireland, Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 704, 102 S.Ct. 2099, 72 L.Ed.2d 492 (1982). "The doctrine of judicial estoppel prohibits a party from taking inconsistent positions in the same or related litigation." Hossaini v. Western. Mo. Med. Ctr., 140 F.3d 1140, 1142 (8th Cir.1998). Judicial estoppel may in certain instances be applied sua sponte. See, e.g., Intellivision v. Microsoft Corp., 784 F.Supp.2d 356, 363 n. 3 (S.D.N.Y.2011); Grigson v. Creative Artists
Although the contours of judicial estoppel are not sharply defined,
Respondent's position that Mathison must bring this action in a § 2241 action in district court in Colorado is clearly inconsistent with the position taken by his predecessor in the Tenth Circuit that Mathison's Santos claim must be "brought pursuant to § 2255 in the district in which the conviction and sentence were imposed." Attachment 2. Respondent's predecessor was successful in persuading the Tenth Circuit that Mathison's challenge to his federal conviction should be raised in a motion to vacate filed in the sentencing court.
The Court makes a preliminary determination that judicial estoppel applies to the facts of this case, but will allow the respondent to submit a brief addressing this issue. The Court believes that it is particularly appropriate to apply judicial estoppel in this case since Mathison presents a case of factual innocense to some of his money laundering convictions. The Supreme Court has observed that actual innocence may serve as a gateway through which a petitioner may overcome procedural and other bars to federal habeas review. See, e.g., McQuiggin v. Perkins, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 1924, 185 L.Ed.2d 1019 (2013) (plea of actual innocence can overcome habeas statute of limitations); In re Davis, 557 U.S. 952, 130 S.Ct. 1, 174 L.Ed.2d 614 (2009) (Serious constitutional issues arise from barring judicial review of certain actual innocense claims.); Bousley v. United
Further, the application of judicial estoppel in this case would result in considering Mathison's claims in a manner that is consistent with the practical considerations supporting the enactment of Section 2255.
In a number of cases in which habeas actions under the savings clause have been transferred to the district where the sentencing court is located, the courts have recognized that the sentencing court is better equipped to consider the application for habeas relief. See In re Nwanze, 242 F.3d 521, 527 (3rd Cir.2001) ("better for [petitioner] to obtain relief under Bailey from the sentencing court rather than from the court in the district of confinement as we have some doubt as to whether the latter court could resentence on the remaining counts," and "only the sentencing court can know what its intentions would have been if it had been sentencing on the remaining counts."); Short v. Schultz, No. 08186, 2008 WL 305594, at *3 (D.N.J. Jan. 28, 2008) (sentencing court would have "superior familiarity with the underlying conviction and sentence"). Mathison's case falls under the savings clause, and applying the equitable doctrine of judicial estoppel would accommodate the practical considerations set forth in history of the enactment of 28 U.S.C § 2255 and in the cases transferring savings clause cases.
Mathison presents an actual innocence claim that can be brought under § 2241