1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*69
In the year 1944, the estate of petitioner's deceased husband received from cooperatives proceeds from the liquidation of certain of their "wine pools", in which decedent had held interests, and payment of certain sums of money due and owing the decedent on the date of his death. The administration of the estate was terminated in 1944. In the same year these amounts were distributed to the petitioner as sole legatee under the decedent's will, and in the year 1945 the cooperatives paid to the petitioner other proceeds from the 1945 liquidation of certain of the wine pools. The total proceeds received in 1944 and 1945 on liquidation of some of the wine pools exceeded the appraised value for Federal estate tax purposes of decedent's interests therein.
17 T.C. 584">*584 Respondent determined deficiencies for the taxable years 1944 and 1945 against the petitioner in the amounts of $ 274 and $ 379.97, respectively, computed as follows: 17 T.C. 584">*585
| 1944 | 1945 | |
| Tax as reported due on return and paid by the | $ 10,761.47 | |
| petitioner | ||
| Adjustment in the amount of tax due made by the | $ 12,024.00 | 28,391.44 |
| respondent (increase) | ||
| 12,024.00 | 17,629.97 | |
| Amount of tax assessed by respondent October 1947, | ||
| and paid by petitioner | 11,750.00 | 17,250.00 |
| Balance due -- amount of deficiency | 274.00 | 379.97 |
1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*72 Petitioner claims as overpayments the additional assessments which she paid in the amounts of $ 11,750, for the taxable year 1944, and $ 17,250 for the taxable year 1945. She also claims an additional overpayment of tax for the year 1945 in the amount of $ 4,336.40.
The following questions are presented:
(1) Are the proceeds from the liquidation of wine pools and other amounts, which were owing petitioner's deceased husband when he died, received in 1944 by the decedent's estate and, upon termination of the administration of the estate in December 1944, distributed to petitioner as sole legatee, taxable to petitioner in 1944 under
(2) Do the proceeds received by the petitioner in 1945 in liquidation of her deceased husband's interests in certain wine pools, which she had acquired by bequest, constitute items of gross income in respect of the decedent taxable to petitioner, the recipient thereof, pursuant to the provisions of
(3) If the answer to either (1) or (2),
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Part of the facts were stipulated and they are so found.
The petitioner, Rose J. Linde, formerly Mrs. Rose J. Lange, resides at Lodi, San Joaquin County, California. She duly filed her income tax returns for the years 1944 and 1945 with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of California.
Petitioner was the sole beneficiary and executrix of the estate of her deceased husband, Herman C. Lange (sometimes hereinafter referred to as the decedent), who died December 10, 1943.
17 T.C. 584">*586 The petitioner filed an income tax return on behalf of the decedent for the period January 1 to December 10, 1943, on the cash receipts basis, the same method as was regularly employed by the decedent. As executrix of the decedent's estate, she filed a fiduciary 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*74 income tax return for the period December 10, 1943, to November 30, 1944. Both such returns were filed with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of California. The administration of the decedent's estate was terminated December 19, 1944, and in that month all the property of the estate was distributed to petitioner as sole beneficiary under the decedent's last will and testament.
Decedent, during his lifetime, was a farmer. He owned and operated vineyards located in the vicinity of Lodi, San Joaquin County, California. In order better to market wine grapes grown in his vineyards, he acquired membership interests in the East-Side Winery and the Cherokee Vineyard Association, cooperative marketing associations organized under the provisions of chapter 4 of the Agricultural Code of the State of California as nonprofit cooperative marketing associations. Their principal purpose was the processing of their members' grapes into wine and other grape products and the marketing of these products on behalf of its members. Decedent also held memberships in other marketing associations, including the Lodi Winery.
Both the East-Side Winery (hereinafter sometimes called1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*75 the East-Side) and the Cherokee Vineyard Association (hereinafter sometimes called the Cherokee) operated in a similar manner. In order to market his grapes through these associations, a grower was required to become a member and membership was limited to growers. The rights and duties of the members, as well as those of the associations, were defined in the articles of incorporation and the by-laws of each association, the marketing agreements between the members and the associations and, in the case of Cherokee Vineyard Association, a membership agreement. The relationship between the associations and their members in the actual marketing operations was governed largely by the terms of the marketing agreements. The forms of the marketing agreements of each association read in part as follows:
1.
This [marketing] agreement between the East-Side Winery, hereinafter called the "Association" and the undersigned, hereinafter called the "Grower," Witnesseth:
(1) That the Association shall buy and the Grower shall sell to the Association each and every year after the date of this agreement, such number of tons of grapes as may be agreed upon from time to time1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*76 between the Association and the Grower, it being understood and agreed that the Grower shall have the privilege of selling and delivering to the Association from time to time such proportion of all the grapes which the Association shall from time to time, decide to 17 T.C. 584">*587 accept and receive, as the number of shares of stock held by the Grower shall bear to the total issued and outstanding stock.
* * * *
(3) The Association agrees to manufacture such grapes, together with the grapes delivered by other growers, into wine, brandy or such other products as the Association may determine and to sell such wine, brandy or other products and pay over ratably the net amount received therefrom as payment in full to the Grower after making such deductions to cover cost of manufacturing, advances, the cost of receiving, pooling, handling, grading, processing, financing, advertising, storing, insuring, selling, marketing and building assessments, debts and other charges, as determined by the Board of Directors from time to time; and for organization, operating and maintenance expenses, stock in a central agency and reserves, but such reserves shall not exceed five per cent of the gross sales1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*77 price, which reserves may be used by the Association for any proper purpose.
* * *
(6) The Grower further agrees that the Association shall have the power to borrow money for any purpose of the Association on the pools of wine, brandy or any other product held in storage by the Association; and shall exercise all other rights of ownership without limitation and may sell or pledge for its own account or as security for its own debts or otherwise all or any part of any such pools or warehouse receipts, account sales or other documents covering said pools of wine, brandies or other products or received on account thereof.
(7) It is agreed that the charter, the by-laws now or hereafter in effect and this contract constitute the entire agreement between the Association and the Grower.
* * *
(10) The Association shall have the right to make pools of each kind of wine and of the wine made from each kind of grapes or to blend the same as in the opinion of the Board of Directors may seem best and settlements with the Grower shall be made at such time or times as the Board of Directors may elect and settlement shall be made upon the basis of the amount of moneys received from sale or sales1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*78 of the product from each pool or pools respectively, rather than upon the basis of the tonnage of grapes delivered.
2.
This [marketing] agreement between the Cherokee Vineyard Association, hereinafter called the "Association" and the undersigned, hereinafter called the "Grower." Witnesseth:
Section 1. In consideration of covenants herein contained, the Association buys and the Grower sells to the Association, annually from the date of the signing of the Membership Agreement of which this is a part, the number of tons of grapes stated in the Membership Agreement, divided between the varieties therein specified.
And the Grower agrees to deliver such grapes to the plant of the Association or to any such other place as the Association may direct, but if deliveries required to be made distances greater than to the plant the Association will pay the difference between the reasonable cost of delivery to the plant and the reasonable cost of delivery to the place designated.
Section 2. The Association agrees that on the delivery of grapes hereunder that it may make such advances to the Grower on such grapes as in the discretion of the Directors may be justified1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*79 by marketing conditions.
17 T.C. 584">*588 Section 3. The Association agrees to receive, sell or process, manufacture and convert such grapes together with the grapes delivered by other growers into wine, brandy or such other products as the Association may determine and to sell such wine, brandy or other products and pay ratably the net amount received therefrom as payment in full to the Grower after making deductions to cover cost of manufacturing, advances, interest upon advances, the cost of receiving, pooling, handling, grading, processing, financing, advertising, storing, insuring, selling, marketing and building assessments, as determined by the Board of Directors; and for organization, operating and maintenance expenses, stock in a central agency, Revolving Fund retains and reserves, but such reserves shall not exceed five (5) per cent of the gross sales price, which reserves may be used by the Association for any proper purpose.
* * *
Section 6. The Grower further agrees that the Association shall have the power to borrow money for any purpose of the Association on the pools of wine, brandy, or any other product held in storage by the Association; and shall exercise all other 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*80 rights of ownership without limitation and may sell or pledge for its own account or as security for its own debts or otherwise all or any part of any such pools or warehouse receipts, account sales or other documents covering said pools of wine, brandies or other products or receivables on account thereof.
* * *
Section 8. It is agreed that the Articles of Incorporation, the By-Laws now or hereafter in effect and this agreement, constitute the entire agreement between the Association and the Grower.
Pursuant to such agreements, members delivered to the associations' wineries a certain quantity of grapes. The grapes were then commingled with those of other members and became part of what was termed a "wine pool" of that particular year. Each member was assigned a percentage of interest in the pool in proportion to the quantity of grapes he had delivered after certain adjustments were made for the variety of his grapes and, in some instances, sugar content. The associations crushed the grapes, processed them into wine, brandy, and other grape products and then marketed these products. In their processing and marketing operations, the associations incurred various processing, selling, 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*81 and administrative expenses. They sometimes borrowed money to meet these current expenses. Ultimately, however, all their expenses and loans were paid out of the returns from the sales of products and the net proceeds were currently returned to the members of the pools in proportion to their previously determined percentages of interest therein.
The procedure whereby the wine products were sold, the expenses set off against the sales proceeds, and the amounts payable to the members computed and distributed to them is called "liquidation" of the pools. The period of time which elapsed between the delivery of the grapes to the wineries and the complete liquidation of the pools varied, depending upon the type of wine product which was being processed and the time consumed in marketing the wine products.
17 T.C. 584">*589 Because of the peculiar nature of East-Side's 1938 pool, its liquidation consumed a period of years; however, in keeping with its normal procedure, East-Side completely liquidated its 1942 and 1943 pools within a period of about 18 months after the grapes were delivered to its winery. Cherokee aged some of its wine products and also marketed them through a central association, 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*82 so that a period of six to seven years elapsed before its pools were completely liquidated. The associations did not wait until all of the products of the wine pools were sold to make payments to members, however, and as sales were made, expenses set off against these sales, and the net proceeds computed, such net proceeds were currently distributed to the members.
For the vintage years 1937 to 1943, decedent was a party to marketing agreements with the Cherokee Vineyard Association and the East-Side Winery, and on his death held interests in several of their pools. When liquidation proceeds became payable, the associations paid the decedent's share of the proceeds to his estate in 1944 and to the petitioner in 1945.
Following is a summary of the wine pools in which the decedent held an interest, the payments made, and any excess proceeds received over and above the appraised value for Federal estate tax purposes:
| Fair market | |||
| value when | Proceeds | ||
| Year of | acquired by | received by | |
| Name of association | pool | petitioner | decedent's |
| valuation for | estate in | ||
| estate tax | 1944 | ||
| purposes | |||
| East-Side Winery | 1938 | $ 1,256.40 | $ 1,256.40 |
| East-Side Winery | 1942 | 14,000.00 | 14,047.19 |
| East-Side Winery | 1943 | 62,470.00 | 42,568.65 |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 1937 | (1) | 106.09 |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 1938 | 896.00 | 1,028.13 |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 1939 | 106.09 | 82.95 |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 1940 | 855.05 | 561.48 |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 1941 | 3,294.78 | 2,548.64 |
| Lodi Winery | 1938 | ( |
| Excess of | |||
| Excess of | proceeds | ||
| proceeds | Proceeds | received in | |
| Name of Association | received in 1944 | received by | 1945 (when |
| over Federal | petitioner | added to any | |
| estate tax | in 1945 | 1944 proceeds) | |
| valuation | over Federal | ||
| estate tax | |||
| valuation | |||
| East-Side Winery | |||
| East-Side Winery | $ 47.19 | ||
| East-Side Winery | $ 36,184.34 | $ 16,282.99 | |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | |||
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 132.13 | 346.21 | 346.21 |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 299.74 | 276.60 | |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 467.89 | 174.32 | |
| Cherokee Vineyard Assn | 1,183.30 | 437.16 | |
| Lodi Winery | 2.64 |
An audit was made of the operations of East-Side during the calendar year 1943, when the 1942 pool was processed and marketed. The audit contained an analysis of 1942 pool liquidation payments received by members during 1943. This analysis shows that as of December 1943, the month in which decedent died, substantially all the wine in the 1942 pool had been sold. A value was assigned to the small quantity of unsold wine, added to the sales price of the wine sold, and from this total1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*84 the various expenses were deducted, the remainder representing the total liquidation proceeds payable to the members. The unpaid balance of decedent's percentage of interest 17 T.C. 584">*590 on December 31, 1943, was computed to be $ 14,047.19, the amount paid to the decedent's estate in 1944. East-Side's 1942 pool was completely liquidated during 1943 with the exception of actual distribution of some of the net proceeds due and owing members.
In the year 1944, Cherokee paid to the decedent's estate the amount of $ 126.13, a return of capital which decedent had invested in its revolving fund.
The following amounts due and owing decedent on the date of his death were received by his estate in 1944 and distributed to petitioner in that year:
| (1) State of California refund of gasoline tax on fuel used for | |
| farming | $ 49.21 |
| (2) U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation payments under | |
| the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act | 263.38 |
| (3) Payment by Northern California Fruit Company for overcharge on | |
| fruit picking boxes | 544.82 |
| (4) Northern California Fruit Company payment of the balance of the | |
| sales price of grapes sold by the decedent in his lifetime | 446.79 |
1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*85 The following income was included in the 1944 fiduciary income tax return of decedent's estate:
| (a) Interest on a savings account of the San Joaquin Building & Loan | |
| Association | $ 48.67 |
| (b) Interest on a note of W. J. and Emily Sellis | 58.74 |
Both of these items of interest had been accrued at the date of decedent's death and were included in the estate tax return as assets of the estate.
In the fiduciary income tax return for the year 1944 filed on behalf of decedent's estate, the amounts by which the proceeds received in liquidation of the wine pools exceeded their appraised value for Federal estate tax purposes were reported as capital gains. The estate included what it computed to be the taxable portion of these gains in the petitioner's distributive income.
On her income tax return for the year 1945, petitioner reported as long term capital gains the amount which she computed to be the excess of certain of the wine pool payments received by her over and above the value of her interests in these pools when she acquired them.
In determining the income tax liability of the petitioner for the year 1944, respondent computed the amount of petitioner's fiduciary income1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*86 to be $ 47,945.81, an increase of $ 46,495.51 over that reported by her. The adjustments resulting in such increased income, with the exception of an increase of $ 21.87 with respect to certain dividends, interest, and rents, are the result of respondent's determination that the following items received by the estate in 1944 are items of gross income with respect to decedent and, as they were currently distributed to the petitioner, they are taxable to her in 1944 under
| 1. Total of the wine pool payments as set out above | $ 62,199.53 |
| 2. Return of contributions made by decedent to the revolving fund of | |
| the Cherokee Vineyard Association | 126.13 |
| 3. State of California refund of gasoline tax on fuel used for | |
| farming | 49.21 |
| 4. U. S. Department of Argiculture Soil Conservation payments under | |
| the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act | 263.38 |
| 5. Payment by Northern California Fruit Company for overcharge on | |
| fruit picking boxes | 544.82 |
| 6. Northern California Fruit Company payment of the balance of the | |
| sales price of grapes sold by the decedent in his lifetime | 446.79 |
All the adjustments made by the 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*87 respondent in computing the tax liability of the petitioner for the year 1945 are the result of his determination that the total wine pool payments received by her in 1945 in the amount of $ 38,484.12 constitute items of gross income in respect of a decedent taxable to the petitioner under
OPINION.
The first issue presents the question whether "items of gross income in respect of a decedent" taxable under
(a) Inclusion in Gross Income. -- (1) General rule. -- The amount of all items of gross income in respect of a decedent which are not properly includible in respect of the taxable period in which falls the date of his death or a prior period shall be included in the gross income, for the taxable year when received, of: (A) the estate of the decedent, 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*88 if the right to receive the amount is acquired by the decedent's estate from the decedent; (B) the person who, by reason of the death of the decedent, acquires the right to receive the amount, if the right to receive the amount is not acquired by the decedent's estate from the decedent; or (C) the person who acquires from the decedent the right to receive the amount by bequest, devise, or inheritance, if the amount is received after a distribution by the decedent's estate of such right.
* * * *
Under
Nowhere in the above-quoted sections of the Code and Regulations is provision made for taxing
Respondent apparently relied on the provisions of section 162 (c) as authority to tax
1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*91 The second issue concerns the question whether the total proceeds received by the petitioner in 1945 in liquidation of the wine pools in which she held bequeathed interests constitute "income in respect of a decedent" taxable to her under
Since the administration of decedent's estate was terminated in 1944, petitioner as sole legatee acquired from the estate the right to receive any
Respondent contends
Nowhere in the marketing agreements or elsewhere is there mentioned a sales price or a method to compute a sales price. There never existed any understanding that the associations were in any way bound to return to the members a price measured by the reasonable value of the grapes delivered. On the contrary, it was the clear understanding of the parties, in keeping with the very purpose for which the associations were organized, that the members were entitled only to any net proceeds realized on the sale of the wine products of the pools after the associations had deducted any processing, marketing and other expenses. The only logical explanation for the use of the terminology that the "member sells and the association buys" grapes is that these were terms conveying legal title to the associations while members at all times retained an equitable property interest in the grapes or the wine in the pools in proportion to the quantity1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*93 of grapes they had delivered. Passage of legal title in this manner facilitated both the subsequent hypothecation of the pools and the marketing of the wine products.
In other cases where members delivered their commodities to cooperative marketing associations organized under chapter 4 of the 17 T.C. 584">*594 Agricultural Code of the State of California, and this same question arose as to the resulting relationship between the parties, the courts have held the relationship is one of trust.
1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*94 We fail to perceive any other basis for determining that the 1945 wine pool payments constituted
Our decision that the wine pool payments are not taxable in full to the petitioner either in 1944 or 1945 necessitates a consideration of a third issue. Some of the wine pool payments received by the decedents' estate in 1944 and currently distributed to petitioner in that year and some of the wine pool payments received by the petitioner in 1945 exceeded the value of the petitioner's interests in the pools when she acquired them. This issue concerns the question whether any such excess amounts are taxable to the petitioner in 1944 and 1945 and, if so, are they taxable to her as ordinary income or as capital gains.
All of the wine pool interests bequeathed to the petitioner were interests in wholly or partially unliquidated wine pools with the exception of one, the 1942 pool of the East-Side Winery. The wine in this pool was sold and the net distributable1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*96 proceeds computed in 1943. At the close of that year nothing remained to be done in the liquidation procedure except distribution of the unpaid portion of the net proceeds to the members. Such distribution took place in 1944. We conclude that the liquidation of this pool took place in 1943 during the lifetime of the decedent. Payment of proceeds from this pool made to the decedent's estate in 1944 was in the nature of payment of a claim held by the decedent against East-Side Winery and no part thereof was income of the estate in 1944. Accordingly, we hold that no part of this payment was distributive income of petitioner in 1944.
What the petitioner acquired under decedent's will were equitable property interests in the grapes, wine, brandy or whatever products went to make up the unliquidated pools and a right to the decedent's share of the net proceeds of any sales of these products. Since the petitioner acquired these interests by bequest, the proper basis of the determination of any subsequent gain or loss to her on the sale of the products of the pools was the fair market value of the interests when she acquired them. 3
1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*97 17 T.C. 584">*596 Our findings of fact show that petitioner realized gains with respect to some of the pools. Taxability of such gains as ordinary income or as capital gains depends upon determination of whether the petitioner's interests in the pools were capital assets. "Capital assets" are defined in the Code as follows:
SEC. 117. CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES.
(a) Definitions. -- As used in this chapter -- (1) Capital assets. -- The term "capital assets" means property held by the taxpayer (whether or not connected with his trade or business), but does not include stock in trade of the taxpayer or other property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year, or property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business, or property, used in the trade or business, of a character which is subject to the allowance for depreciation provided in section 23 (l), or an obligation of the United States or any of its possessions, or of a State or Territory, or any political subdivision thereof, or of the District of Columbia, issued on or after March 1, 1941, on a discount1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*98 basis and payable without interest at a fixed maturity date not exceeding one year from the date of issue, or real property used in the trade or business of the taxpayer;
Taxability of the petitioner's gains on the sales of her capital assets as long term or short term capital gain depends on the length of the holding period. 4 Clearly, where liquidation of the pools took place in 1945, no question arises as to the holding period, and the 1945 gains are taxable as long term capital gains. Petitioner has failed, however, to introduce evidence as to when in 1944 the liquidation of the 1938 pools of the Cherokee Vineyard Association (the1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*99 only liquidation in 1944 involving a gain) took place. For failure of proof to the contrary, we hold that 100 per cent of this gain, which we have found to be $ 132.13, is taxable to the petitioner in 1944 as a short term capital gain.
In its fiduciary return for the year 1944 decedent's estate reported the receipt of items of interest which were due the decedent on the date of his death. Since these items of interest had accrued on the date of 17 T.C. 584">*597 decedent's death, they were reported on the estate tax return as assets of the estate. 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 69">*100 In the petition it was alleged that the estate was entitled to a deduction for estate tax paid on such items of interest. The decedent's estate is not before the Court. Accordingly, we hold that the issue is not properly raised in this proceeding.
*. Only evidence introduced with respect to decedent's interest in the Lodi Winery pool.↩
1. No valuation.↩
1. SEC. 162. NET INCOME.
The net income of the estate or trust shall be computed in the same manner and on the same basis as in the case of an individual, except that --
(a) There shall be allowed as a deduction (in lieu of the deduction for charitable, etc., contributions authorized by section 23 (o)) any part of the gross income, without limitation, which pursuant to the terms of the will or deed creating the trust, is during the taxable year paid or permanently set aside for the purposes and in the manner specified in section 23 (o), or is to be used exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, or for the establishment, acquisition, maintenance or operation of a public cemetery not operated for profit;
(b) There shall be allowed as an additional deduction in computing the net income of the estate or trust the amount of the income of the estate or trust for its taxable year which is to be be distributed currently by the fiduciary to the legatees, heirs, or beneficiaries, but the amount so allowed as a deduction shall be included in computing the net income of the legatees, heirs, or beneficiaries whether distributed to them or not. As used in this subsection "income which is to be distributed currently" includes income for the taxable year of the estate or trust which, within the taxable year, becomes payable to the legatee, heir, or beneficiary. Any amount allowed as a deduction under this paragraph shall not be allowed as a deduction under subsection (c) of this section in the same or any succeeding taxable year:
(c) In the case of income received by estates of deceased persons during the period of administration or settlement of the estate, and in the case of income which, in the discretion of the fiduciary, may be either distributed to the beneficiary or accumulated, there shall be allowed as an additional deduction in computing the net income of the estate or trust the amount of the income of the estate or trust for its taxable year, which is properly paid or credited during such year to any legatee, heir, or beneficiary, but the amount so allowed as a deduction shall be included in computing the net income of the legatee, heir, or beneficiary.↩
2. In It thus appears that under the California law the relationship created by the contract in the "passage of title, and the terms of purchase and sale," -- that is from the very beginning -- is that of a trust, with the members as settlors creating a trust estate for themselves as beneficiaries. It is respondent's contention, with which we agree, that at all times the relationship between the grower member and the local association, and between the local association, and the central association, was that of principal and agent, or beneficiary and trustee; that a fiduciary relationship existed which required at all times that these associations account to the grower member for all proceeds received from the sale of walnuts, and required the grower member to bear his proportionate share of all losses sustained in the marketing and sale of walnut products. [Cases cited] Both of these cases [cited] involve actions between a member of a non-profit cooperative marketing association and said association for an accounting, and for the determination of rights involving proceeds received from sales of marketed products. In each of these two cases marketing contracts had been entered into between the purchaser and association, which contracts provided for the immediate passage of title and were otherwise couched in terms of outright purchase and sale. In each of the cases cited the court held that the provisions for passage of title, and the terms of purchase and sale, were merely for convenience in marketing operations, and that the real relationship between the parties was one of trust, or of a fiduciary character. * * *↩
3. SEC. 113. ADJUSTED BASIS FOR DETERMINING GAIN OR LOSS.
(a) Basis (unadjusted) of property. -- The basis of property shall be the cost of such property; except that -- * * * * (5) Property transmitted at death. -- If the property was acquired by bequest, devise, or inheritance, or by the decedent's estate from the decedent, the basis shall be the fair market value of such property at the time of such acquisition. * * * In the case of an election made by the executor under section 811 (j), the time of acquisition of the property shall, for the purpose of this paragraph, be the applicable valuation date of the property prescribed by such section in determining the value of the gross estate. * * *↩
4. Section 117 (b) reads as follows:
(b) Percentage Taken into Account. -- In the case of a taxpayer, other than a corporation, only the following percentages of the gain or loss recognized upon the sale or exchange of a capital asset shall be taken into account in computing net capital gain, net capital loss, and net income: 100 per centum if the capital asset has been held for not more than 6 months; 50 per centum if the capital asset has been held for more than 6 months.↩
