35 T.C. 490">*490 Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner's income tax for the year 1949 in the amount of $ 10,280,673.27. The deficiency results from respondent's determination that petitioner was not an exempt organization in 1949 and that an accumulation of patent royalties and infringement claims, totaling $ 15,366,841.12, which had been paid into the registry of various courts by orders of those courts in various patent litigations and which were released to petitioner in 1949 was taxable in its entirety as ordinary income to petitioner in 1949.

The issues were, first, whether 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*3 petitioner was exempt from Federal income tax for the calendar year 1949 under the provisions of section 35 T.C. 490">*491 101(6), I.R.C. 1939, ¹ and, if not exempt, second, whether respondent correctly determined the amount of tax due. Because of the fact that a decision of the first issue in favor of petitioner would make unnecessary a decision of the second issue, which it was anticipated would require voluminous evidence, the issues were severed and evidence was first presented on the exemption issue alone. After considering the evidence presented and the briefs of the parties on the first issue, it was concluded tentatively that petitioner did not qualify as an exempt organization under section 101(6), and on October 21, 1959, an order was entered restoring the proceeding to the trial docket for presentation of any additional evidence desired to be presented by either party on all issues in the case. No written opinion was filed at that time.

It then appeared that the issues remaining for decision were the basis, if any, of petitioner in the patents and claims upon which the royalties had been paid, and whether petitioner was engaged 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*4 in business in the years 1947 through 1950 so as to be entitled to net operating loss carryovers from 1947 and 1948 and a net operating loss carryback from 1950 in computing its net operating loss deduction for 1949.

On June 8, 1960, petitioner filed a third supplemental petition raising for the first time the issue whether it is entitled to a deduction under section 162(a) for amounts not actually paid over to charities in 1949. (Respondent had allowed a deduction for amounts actually paid to charities in 1949.)

On July 6, 1960, the parties filed a second supplemental stipulation of facts in which they agreed upon petitioner's basis in all assets received by petitioner on liquidation of Cold Metal Process Company in December 1945; the proportion of the funds received in 1949 which was attributable to basis; that all receipts in 1949 in excess of the amounts attributable to basis were taxable as ordinary income in the event petitioner was not tax exempt or the amounts received were not deductible under section 162(a); and the amounts of petitioner's operating losses for the years 1947, 1948, and 1950, in the event petitioner was found to be engaged in business in those years and in 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*5 1949.

As a result of the supplemental stipulation of facts there remain for decision the following issues: (1) Whether petitioner was exempt from Federal income tax for the calendar year 1949 under the provisions of section 101(6); and, if not exempt, (2) whether petitioner is entitled to a deduction under section 162(a) for amounts received but not paid over to charities in 1949; and (3) whether petitioner was engaged in a trade or business.

Respondent has on two previous occasions attempted to tax the larger part of the funds received by petitioner in 1949. In Cold Metal Process Co., 17 T.C. 916">17 T.C. 916, respondent attempted to tax $ 10,600,000 of 35 T.C. 490">*492 the funds here involved to the Cold Metal Process Company as royalty income for the year 1945 and joined petitioner as transferee. This Court held that inasmuch as the $ 10,600,000 was paid pursuant to patents the Government was seeking to cancel in a suit against the taxpayer then pending on appeal in the Sixth Circuit, the income was not accruable or taxable in the year 1945.

Later in Cold Metal Process Co., 25 T.C. 1333">25 T.C. 1333, respondent sought to tax the entire amounts received by the trustee in 1949, and which are here involved, totaling over $ 15 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*6 million, to the Cold Metal Process Company as income for the year 1949, and also joined petitioner herein as transferee. In that case this Court held that the Cold Metal Process Company, despite its dissolution on December 29, 1945, was still in existence for tax purposes and that that portion of the funds received in 1949 which represented royalties and amounts paid for infringement of patents on production prior to December 29, 1945, was income earned but not accruable in 1945 and was taxable to the corporation in 1949 when paid, but that that portion of the funds received in 1949 representing royalties and infringement claims based on production after December 29, 1945, and interest earned after that date were not taxable to the corporation and, consequently, were not taxable to the trustee as transferee. The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the Tax Court in part and held that the corporation was not taxable on any of the income both because it was no longer in existence in 1949 and because the royalties and infringement payments on production prior to dissolution of the corporation could not be considered earned at that time so as to come within the rule that anticipatory 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*7 assignment of earned income to be paid in the future will be taxable to the assignor.

Respondent in this proceeding is attempting to tax the funds released to the trustee in 1949 to the trust in its own right.

FINDINGS OF FACT.

On December 28, 1940, Leon A. Beeghly of Youngstown, Ohio, entered into a trust agreement, hereafter referred to as the trust agreement, with the Union National Bank of Youngstown, Ohio. The trust created thereby will hereafter be referred to as the trust, the Beeghly Fund, or petitioner. Simultaneously with the execution of the agreement, Leon A. Beeghly transferred by gift to the Union National Bank of Youngstown, Ohio, as trustee under the trust agreement, hereafter referred to as trustee, 150 shares of common stock of the Cold Metal Process Company, hereafter referred to as Cold Metal, and on December 30, 1940, a certificate for 150 shares was issued in the name of "Union National Bank, Youngstown, Ohio, Trustee under agreement with Leon A. Beeghly, dated December 28, 1940." Thereafter, on 35 T.C. 490">*493 December 30, 1944, Beeghly transferred 1 additional share of common stock of Cold Metal to the Beeghly Fund as a gift, and on December 30, 1944, a certificate for 1 share 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*8 was issued in the name of "Union National Bank, Youngstown, Ohio, U/A with Leon A. Beeghly dated 12/28/40."

The trust agreement was irrevocable; however, the donor reserved the power to extend the date for the final termination of the trust. In accordance with this reserved power, the term of the trust was extended by agreement between the donor and trustee dated June 22, 1953, to the 25th anniversary of the date of the death of the donor.

The trust agreement provided:

That, Whereas, the Donor has determined irrevocably to set aside a part of his estate as an irrevocable trust and desires the proceeds therefrom to be used solely and exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary or educational purposes; * * *

* * * *

Now, Therefore, the Donor * * * does hereby assign, transfer and deliver to said Trustee, the securities * * * described in the schedule attached hereto, * * * and does hereby create an irrevocable trust for the use and benefit of corporations or associations, trust or community chest, funds or foundations, created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States to [or] any State or Territory or any possession of the United States, organized 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*9 and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, literary or educational purposes or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual and no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation.

The trustee was empowered, among other things, "To invest and reinvest the trust fund or any part thereof in such securities as said Trustee in its discretion shall deem to be for the best interest of the trust estate and the purposes hereof" providing the trustee was not permitted to purchase securities or property from itself; "To sell, transfer, exchange, and deliver, free and clear of all trusts, any part of the trust estate from time to time, at such prices and for such terms and conditions as to it shall seem proper"; and "To participate in the liquidation, reorganization, * * * or other financial readjustment of any corporation or business in which the trust estate is or shall be financially interested."

For the purpose of directing the disbursement by the trustee of the net income from and principal of the trust estate, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*10 the trust agreement provided for an appointing committee to designate such disbursement of income or principal. The appointing committee consisted of the donor, his wife, Mabel L. Beeghly, and Charles N. Beeghly, son of the donor. In the event of the death, resignation, or failure to act of any of the members of the committee, the trust agreement provided that the remainder of the committee should promptly name any child of 35 T.C. 490">*494 the donor as a member of the committee. The trust agreement also provided:

The Appointing Committee shall, from time to time, in writing, in form satisfactory to the Trustee, direct the payment of the net income from the trust estate and the disbursement of the principal thereof at the times hereinafter provided among corporations, associations, trusts, community chests, funds or foundations created or organized in the United States or in any possession thereof or under the laws of the United States or any State or Territory or of any possession of the United States, organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*11 which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual and no substantial part of the activities of which is carried [sic] on propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation. Throughout the life of this trust the Appointing Committee shall direct the disbursement of the net income therefrom to one or more of the above named purposes and, in the manner above provided, either in the year in which the income becomes a part of the trust estate or in the following year.

Upon the termination of the trust the trust agreement provides that the trustee shall immediately thereafter transfer any part of the trust estate then remaining to the Youngstown Foundation to be held, administered, and disbursed by the foundation in its discretion for one or more of the purposes above, subject, however, to the provision that of the funds coming to the foundation under this provision, at least 10 per cent shall be distributed for such uses of the Methodist Church in Mahoning County, Ohio, as the then district superintendent may direct in writing, and at least a further 15 per cent shall be distributed for such uses of the Methodist Church as the then bishop of the Youngstown, Ohio, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*12 area may direct in writing. The trust agreement also provided:

Out of the gross income of the trust estate the Trustee shall pay, as it deems advisable, all property, income tax, general and special assessments which may be legally payable by reason of this trust or the trust property; and all costs, charges, attorneys' fees, expenses and liabilities of every kind expended or incurred in the collection, care, holding, administration, protection or distribution of the income of the trust estate, for the payment of which the trust estate or the Trustee may become chargeable, including the protection of this trust and its defense against legal attack, and also including a compensation for the corporate Trustee's services hereunder * * *

Both the Youngstown Foundation and the Methodist Church are organizations listed by the United States Treasury Department, Bureau of Internal Revenue, in its "Cumulative List of Organizations, Contributions to Which are Deductible under Section 23(o) and Section 23(q) of the Internal Revenue Code and the Corresponding Sections of Prior Revenue Acts" as in effect since the creation of the trust to and including the year 1949.

On August 12, 1941, the Commissioner 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*13 of Internal Revenue issued 35 T.C. 490">*495 a ruling that petitioner herein was exempt from Federal income tax under the provisions of section 101(6). On or about June 23, 1948, the Commissioner sent a letter to "The Leon A. Beeghly Fund" modifying his original determination of August 12, 1941, and holding that beginning December 28, 1945, the Beeghly Fund was no longer exempt under section 101(6). In the letter of modification, the Commissioner made no change in his earlier ruling that the Beeghly Fund was organized exclusively for the charitable purposes stated in section 101(6), nor was there any suggestion that the trust had not been operated exclusively for charitable purposes during the period December 28, 1940, through December 27, 1945.

Petitioner from the time of its creation has kept its books and filed its information returns on a cash basis. It filed information returns (Form 990) for the years 1941 through 1949, with the collector of internal revenue for the eighteenth district of Ohio.

Cold Metal, an Ohio corporation, was incorporated in 1926 with an authorized capital stock of 2,000 shares. It was organized for the purpose of owning, developing, and commercializing certain inventions 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*14 relating to the hot and cold rolling of metals and employing these inventions in the manufacture and rolling of metals.

For the period 1940 through 1945, Cold Metal was a personal holding company. It filed Forms 1120 PH, "Return of Personal Holding Company," for those years with the collector of internal revenue for the eighteenth district of Ohio.

In 1927, Abram P. Steckel, one of the original shareholders, assigned to Cold Metal all of his interest in certain inventions then covered by a patent application. Pursuant to this application, United States Patent No. 1,744,016, hereafter referred to as patent '016, was granted to Cold Metal on January 14, 1930, and United States Patent No. 1,779,195, hereafter referred to as patent '195 was issued to Cold Metal on a divisional application on October 21, 1930.

The processes covered by patents '016 and '195 gained wide usage in the metal industry, and beginning in 1928 Cold Metal granted non-exclusive licenses to certain manufacturers to employ its inventions covered by these patents in the hot and cold rolling of steel and of other metals. Numerous other manufacturers, not licensed by Cold Metal, installed rolling mills which Cold Metal1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*15 claimed embodied its inventions and infringed its patents, as a result of which Cold Metal brought numerous suits for infringement against large steel-producing companies.

One of the first of these infringement suits was brought in 1934 in the District Court of New Jersey against United States Steel Corporation and one of its subsidiaries. After extended litigation the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held both patents '016 and '195 to be 35 T.C. 490">*496 valid and infringed. The Supreme Court denied a petition for certiorari and a petition for rehearing to review this decision. Thereafter the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit granted a petition for rehearing but before the rehearing could be had Cold Metal and Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation entered into a settlement agreement on August 30, 1940, under which Carnegie agreed to pay $ 3,850,000 for past infringement and Cold Metal granted to Carnegie, and all other subsidiaries of United States Steel Corporation, on a royalty basis, an unlimited, nonexclusive license under patents '016 and '195 and two other patents owned by Cold Metal. Carnegie paid $ 3,850,000 to Cold Metal in 1940 and 1941.

Both before and after the conclusion 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*16 of the suits against United States Steel Corporation, Cold Metal made efforts to negotiate license agreements and agreements for settlement of infringement claims with various other steel companies which were claimed to be infringing Cold Metal's patents. Several such agreements were made with different steel companies, but when certain claimed infringers refused to take licenses under Cold Metal's patents, suits were brought during 1942 and 1943 against the American Rolling Mill Company, Bethlehem Steel Company, Crown Cork & Seal Company, Inc., Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, Republic Steel Corporation, Wheeling Steel Corporation, and the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, among others.

In 1941, the Cold Metal Products Company, hereafter referred to as Products Company, was formed to take over the manufacturing activities formerly carried on by Cold Metal, and all assets relating to these operations were transferred by Cold Metal to Products Company as of September 1, 1941, in return for its entire capital stock, consisting of 2,000 common shares without par value. Thereafter Cold Metal's principal assets, in addition to the stock of Products Company, were patents, patent applications, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*17 license agreements, and infringement claims. Its principal activities were the exploitation of the inventions and the prosecution and defense of legal actions relating to them. Its principal income was from dividends and royalties. From the time of its organization and continuing through the year 1945, Products Company engaged in the business of rolling strip steel and the building of steel rolling mills. Both the operations of rolling strip steel and the building of mills by Products Company were carried on under the protection of patents '016 and '195 owned by Cold Metal.

On July 27, 1943, the United States filed a bill of complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, against Cold Metal. This case is hereafter referred to as United Statesv.Cold Metal or the cancellation case. In the above suit the United States asserted that patents '016 and '195 had been 35 T.C. 490">*497 secured from the Patent Office either through fraudulent representations or as a result of mutual mistake of fact and that each of the patents should be canceled in its entirety ab initio. These charges were denied by Cold Metal.

On October 10, 1944, the District Court, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*18 upon the motion of the United States in United Statesv.Cold Metal, which motion was vigorously opposed by Cold Metal, entered an interlocutory order granting temporary injunction and impounding funds. This order enjoined Cold Metal, its officers, directors, agents, attorneys, and representatives, among other things, (a) from receiving any further moneys by way of royalties, payments in settlement of claims, satisfactions of judgments for damages, or otherwise, on account of patents '016 and '195; (b) from taking any steps for the collection of payments under these patents or under contracts entered into or judgments obtained by virtue of these patents other than the reduction of claims to judgment, or effecting settlements of claims or the authorization, direction, or enforcement of directions to persons owing or believed to owe said moneys, to deposit said moneys with the clerk of the District Court to await further order of that court; and (c) from transferring in any manner whatsoever patents '016 and '195. No funds were paid into the registry of the District Court in this case until December 29, 1945.

After trial a decision in the case of United Statesv.Cold Metal was entered 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*19 for Cold Metal. The bill was dismissed in its entirety on September 20, 1945. The United States appealed this decision and on its motion, vigorously opposed by Cold Metal, the interlocutory order of October 10, 1944, was restored on October 8, 1945, and ordered to remain in full force and effect pending the determination of the action by the Court of Appeals. By virtue of the order restoring temporary injunction and order impounding funds, the interlocutory order previously granted by the District Court was continued in force until after the final disposition of the above case by affirmance of the District Court decision on December 12, 1947, by the Court of Appeals, and denial of the petition for writ of certiorari and the petition for rehearing by the Supreme Court on May 3 and June 1, 1948, respectively. The interlocutory order entered October 10, 1944, as restored by the order of October 8, 1945, is hereafter referred to as the interlocutory order.

Beginning in June 1942, and in connection with efforts to settle the infringement claims, negotiations were carried on through representatives of Cold Metal's shareholders with a group of steel companies looking toward the purchase 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*20 by the steel companies of all the stock of Cold Metal. These negotiations continued with more or less regularity until December 1945.

35 T.C. 490">*498 In connection with these negotiations by the shareholders of Cold Metal for a sale of all their stock to the steel companies, various applications to the Treasury Department were prepared seeking a closing agreement as to the tax consequences of such a sale to the stockholders and the purchaser of the shares.

The plan was for the shareholders of Cold Metal to sell their shares and thus dispose of their investment on the basis of a capital gains tax.

The matter of the disposition of Products Company in the event of a sale of Cold Metal stock to the steel companies had long been a matter of discussion among the shareholders and directors of Cold Metal. During the negotiations between Cold Metal and the steel companies commencing in June 1942, the steel companies had said they were not interested in acquiring Products Company or its assets as part of the settlement proposals. Leon A. Beeghly and certain other Cold Metal shareholders, hereafter referred to as the Beeghly group, expressed a willingness to purchase the stock of Products Company but Steckel, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*21 who had long opposed Cold Metal's participation in the mill building and strip rolling operations which were transferred to Products Company in 1941, and other shareholders, hereafter referred to as the Steckel group, did not wish to participate in the ownership of Products Company in the event the Cold Metal stock was sold to the steel companies. A figure of $ 1 million as the purchase price of the Products Company stock was used in the negotiations with the steel companies.

In the negotiations for the sale of all shares of Cold Metal to the steel companies, or somebody representing them, during the latter part of 1945, the steel companies insisted that any settlement be made before expiration of the excess profits tax on December 31, 1945; however, they refused to purchase the Cold Metal stock while the cancellation case was still pending. These negotiations finally failed in December 1945, because of the refusal of the United States to dismiss the appeal in United Statesv.Cold Metal.

Prior to the final failure of the negotiations to sell all shares of Cold Metal to the steel companies, and as early as September 1945, an alternative plan was suggested by the Beeghly group of shareholders 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*22 and submitted to the steel companies whereby the shareholders would sell all of their stock in Cold Metal to the trustee of the Beeghly Fund, Cold Metal would dissolve and convey all of its assets to the trustee as sole shareholder, the trustee would sell the shares of Products Company to the Beeghly group for $ 1,250,000, and then the trustee would negotiate settlement agreements with the steel companies.

The proposed plan to sell the other outstanding shares of Cold Metal to the trustee was considered from the beginning as merely an alternative plan for the sale of stock by the shareholders of Cold Metal in the 35 T.C. 490">*499 event that negotiations to sell Cold Metal's shares to the steel companies or some party representing them were not successful.

In August and September 1943, notices were issued by various departments of the United States Government under the Royalty Adjustment Act (35 U.S.C. secs. 89 -96) to Cold Metal and various licensees of Cold Metal stating that the royalties being paid directly or indirectly by the United States to Cold Metal were believed to be unreasonable; and licensees were directed to withhold payment of such royalties until the issuance of an order under the act. 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*23 On December 29, 1944, the Royalty Adjustment Board determined that the fair rate of royalty on patents '016 and '195 was zero and issued an order to that effect. The order also directed the licensees to pay all royalties not theretofore paid to licensor to the Treasurer of the United States. As Cold Metal's principal income was from royalties, the effect of these notices, the royalty adjustment order, and the interlocutory order was to cut off substantially all income of Cold Metal and to deprive Cold Metal's shareholders of all income by way of dividends.

As a result of the cessation of income to Cold Metal and the discontinuance of dividends, the shareholders became increasingly interested in 1943, 1944, and 1945 in selling their shares.

Owing to internal friction among the stockholders and directors of Cold Metal, all contracts of settlement, licenses and other similar matters were required to be authorized by the board of directors, and no officers or attorneys of Cold Metal were authorized to conclude settlements without such action.

Four of the six members of Cold Metal's board of directors, who owned or acted for about 1,750 of the 2,000 outstanding shares, were unwilling to 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*24 make a direct settlement between Cold Metal and the steel companies and insisted throughout the negotiations in 1945 that any settlement must take the form of a sale of shares to the steel companies or someone else.

No one of the four directors was willing to authorize a direct settlement between Cold Metal and the steel companies on the terms later effected in the settlement between the steel companies and the trustee.

After the negotiations to sell the stock of Cold Metal to the steel companies had finally broken down in late 1945, the alternative plan to sell to the trustee was agreed upon. On December 28, 1945, each shareholder of Cold Metal other than the trustee entered into a written contract for the sale of his shares to the trustee. Each contract was identical except as to the name of the shareholder, the number of shares to be sold, and the selling price, which varied from $ 4,250 to $ 7,500 per share. These contracts provided for the payment of $ 200 in cash and additional payments --

subject to the payment to the Trustee, as Trustee, by the Clerk of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, of 35 T.C. 490">*500 the funds in the registry of said 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*25 Court as hereinbefore mentioned, and the payment to the Trustee, as Trustee, by sundry licensees of royalties under patents formerly owned by The Cold Metal Process Company following appropriate modification or rescission of the certain order of the "Royalty Adjustment Board for The Cold Metal Process Company" heretofore created under Public Law #768 of the laws of the United States, and after the Trustee has paid, or has on hand sufficient funds to pay, all taxes and other liabilities of said Corporation necessarily incident to the dissolution thereof, * * *

A total of 1,849 shares was covered by such agreements. The trustee already owned the remaining 151 shares.

The difference in the price agreed to be paid to the several shareholders in the contracts arose from the following facts: During the negotiations with the steel companies, the Steckel group of stockholders were more pessimistic as to the outlook of the company and the pending litigation than were the Beeghly group of stockholders. As a result of this the Steckel group asked a much smaller price for their stock from the steel companies than the Beeghly group, although both were fully familiar with the prices being asked 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*26 by other shareholders. When it came to agreeing upon the price at which the shareholders would sell to the trustee, the pessimism of the Steckel group and the optimism of the Beeghly group resulted in the Steckel group being allowed a very substantial preference as to the time of payment and the Beeghly group, who took a junior position as to the time of payment, being allowed a larger price per share. As a result of this arrangement, the Steckel group received the final payment for their shares during the year 1953 and the Beeghly group had received only $ 1,000 of the purchase price of their stock down to the time of trial.

At the time of making these agreements the trustee had $ 19.58 in cash and its only other assets at that time were 151 shares of Cold Metal stock and dividend notes previously received on stock of Cold Metal in the amount of $ 2,250. At this time the principal assets of Cold Metal were 2,000 shares of Products Company stock; 25 United States patents, the principal ones being patents '016 and '195; a large number of claims against patent infringers, many of which were in suit; claims for royalties under license agreements; and $ 60,445.20 in cash.

The total price 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*27 which the trustee agreed to pay for the 1,849 shares of Cold Metal stock was $ 11,131,000, consisting of 482 shares at $ 4,250 per share, 468 shares at $ 5,000 per share, and 899 shares at $ 7,500 per share. This was below the minimum price which the same shareholders had placed on their stock in negotiations with the steel companies. Two members of the Steckel group had asked $ 5,000 per share for their stock when its sale to the steel companies was being considered. They reduced their price to $ 4,250 in selling to the trust. The Beeghly group had asked $ 12,500 per share from the steel companies 35 T.C. 490">*501 for their stock and sold to the trust at $ 7,500 per share. The purchase by the trust of 1,849 shares of Cold Metal stock on December 29, 1945, was coupled with the settlement of infringement claims and suits against six steel companies under which the steel companies agreed to and did pay $ 9 million into the registry of the District Court in the cancellation case. The agreements under which the payments were made into the registry of the District Court were unconditional and provided that the steel companies would make no claim to the funds irrespective of the outcome of the cancellation 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*28 case or the royalty adjustment proceedings.

In addition to the stock purchase agreement, the trustee assumed a liability of Cold Metal to Products Company in the sum of $ 578,182.44 and current liabilities of Cold Metal in the sum of $ 301,105.54. Thus the trustee's obligation totaled $ 12,010,287.98. Further, it was apparent that if the trustee was to realize anything for itself it would have to continue the cancellation, royalty adjustment, and probably the infringement litigation with respect to the Steckel patents, which had been and would probably continue to be expensive.

As of December 31, 1945, the trustee had claims for amounts then due totaling $ 16,079,276.06, made up of the following:

As of December 28, 1945, none of these assets were available for the payment of the obligations assumed by the trustee. Because 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*29 of the impounding orders issued in the cancellation and royalty adjustment cases, the only assets available for those purposes were the cash on hand of Cold Metal and the amounts which could be obtained by the sale of the Products Company stock. Accordingly, it was understood and agreed that the trustee after transfer to it of Cold Metal's assets would acquire the necessary cash to make the initial payment to Cold Metal shareholders by sale of the stock of Cold Metal's subsidiary, Products Company.

Throughout the negotiations with the steel companies the Steckel group had stated that they did not wish to participate in the purchase of Products Company. In view of this situation, the Beeghly group undertook to purchase the Products Company stock from the trustee for $ 1,250,000 as a part of the transaction in which the trustee was purchasing the Cold Metal shares, paying $ 375,000 in cash, thus 35 T.C. 490">*502 enabling the trustee to make the downpayment of $ 200 for each of the 1,849 Cold Metal shares aggregating $ 369,800.

There was never any negotiation or discussion as to the trust selling the Products Company stock to the Beeghly group or to anyone else as a separate transaction; the only proposal 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*30 ever considered or discussed was that the trustee would buy 1,849 shares of Cold Metal stock from the other shareholders and that as part of the same transaction W. H. Kilcawley, as agent of the Beeghly group, would purchase the 2,000 shares of Products Company stock for $ 1,250,000 to be held for those Cold Metal shareholders other than petitioner who wished to participate in such purchase, and the transaction was consummated on that basis.

Pursuant to the contracts of sale, certificates for the entire 1,849 shares were delivered to the trustee duly endorsed on December 29, 1945, and checks for $ 200 per share were delivered to the shareholders. The endorsed certificates delivered by the shareholders to the trustee were surrendered by the trustee to Cold Metal, were marked "cancelled," and three new certificates aggregating 1,849 shares dated December 29, 1945, were on that day issued and delivered to the trustee.

After the sale of the 1,849 shares to the trustee, a shareholders meeting of Cold Metal was duly held at 10:30 a.m., December 29, 1945, at which meeting resolutions were duly adopted (a) to dissolve the corporation and directing the officers to file a certificate of dissolution, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*31 and (b) authorizing an assignment and distribution in kind of all assets of Cold Metal to the trustee as sole shareholder, subject only to the restrictions imposed by the interlocutory order.

Immediately following the shareholders meeting on December 29, 1945, the officers of Cold Metal executed and delivered to the trustee an instrument entitled "Assignment and Distribution in Kind" conveying all assets of Cold Metal to the trustee, subject to all the outstanding liabilities of Cold Metal, which the trustee expressly assumed, and subject to the restrictions of the interlocutory order. In addition, the trustee agreed to become a party to the cancellation suit.

Following the shareholders meeting and on December 29, 1945, a certificate of dissolution of Cold Metal was duly filed with the secretary of state of Ohio.

Cold Metal was dissolved on December 29, 1945, and liquidated by the transfer of all of its assets to the trustee, its sole shareholder, subject only to the formal record transfer of certain patents.

Also on December 29, 1945, W. H. Kilcawley, L. A. Beeghly, and the Standard Slag Company borrowed $ 375,000 from the Union National Bank of Youngstown and signed a note for that 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*32 amount. The proceeds of said loan were immediately paid by Kilcawley to the 35 T.C. 490">*503 trustee as the downpayment on a certain contract between Kilcawley as principal and as agent for other undisclosed parties to purchase all 2,000 shares of the common stock of Products Company for a total consideration of $ 1,250,000 of which $ 375,000 was payable in cash.

The consideration or approval by the board of directors of petitioner's trustee, the Union National Bank of Youngstown, Ohio, of the petitioner's participation in the transactions of December 1945 is not recorded in the minutes of any regularly scheduled meetings of the board except as shown by the minutes of the executive committee of the board of December 28, 1945, and the minutes of the directors of January 9, 1946. The only reference in these minutes is to the approval of the loan of $ 375,000 to the Standard Slag Company and L. A. Beeghly.

The minutes of the trust committee of petitioner's trustee of June 28, 1946, contain the following references to the transactions of December 1945:

The matter of the purchase of the stock of the Cold Metal Process Company, the dissolution of the company and the sale of Cold Metal Products Company stock 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*33 in the L. A. Beeghly Trust was explained by Mr. Ogram and other officers who stated that the transaction had been brought to the attention of the Executive Committee at its meeting December 28, 1945, when a $ 375,000.00 loan to W. H. Kilcawley, et al, had been approved to purchase Cold Metal Products Company stock from the L. A. Beeghly Trust. The initial payment of $ 375,000.00 was used by the Beeghly Trust to make the initial payment of $ 200.00 per share on 1849 shares of Cold Metal Process Company stock which was purchased by the Trustee.

Motion was made and duly seconded that these matters, including the acts of the officers in connection with the Beeghly fund, be approved * * *

During the period January 8, 1941, to the present time, Leon A. Beeghly has been a director of the Union National Bank of Youngstown, but was never a member of the trust committee of this bank.

Vern Wilson and J. M. Ogram, who were president and trust officer, respectively, of the Union National Bank of Youngstown during the year 1945, are both deceased.

Although W. H. Kilcawley as agent for the Beeghly group agreed to pay petitioner the $ 1,250,000 purchase price of the Products Company stock on or before 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*34 December 31, 1946, the purchase price was not finally paid until May 2, 1955, but interest was regularly paid to petitioner on the unpaid balance of the purchase price.

In Pittsburgh, on December 28, 1945, six steel companies, hereafter enumerated, each signed in triplicate a separate document entitled "Agreement." These six agreements were printed and were in substantially identical form. Under the terms of these agreements each of the steel companies was to secure a license, on a royalty basis, under patents '016 and '195 and other patents then owned by Cold Metal and was to pay certain amounts into the registry of the District Court35 T.C. 490">*504 in United Statesv. Cold Metal for past infringement of these patents as follows:

In Youngstown on December 29, 1945, after the holding of the shareholders meeting and the delivery of the "Assignment and Distribution in Kind" to the trustee, a special meeting of the directors of Cold Metal was held at which meeting 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*35 the directors authorized the officers of Cold Metal to join with the trustee (a) in executing the six settlement agreements which had been executed by the steel companies on December 28, 1945, and (b) in executing agreements with Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Corporation, herein referred to as Allegheny, and Wallingford Steel Company, herein referred to as Wallingford, calling for a payment of $ 700,000 and $ 300,000, respectively, in settlement of past infringement claims.

In Cleveland on December 29, 1945, there were delivered to the clerk of the District Court six certified checks of the six steel companies payable to the clerk in the total sum of $ 9 million, with instructions to hold these sums in the registry of the court subject to the interlocutory order in United Statesv. Cold Metal. Pursuant to the interlocutory order the $ 9 million was continuously retained in the registry of the court until July 26, 1948.

On December 31, 1945, the trustee and Cold Metal entered into a settlement agreement with Inland Steel Company, under the terms of which agreement Inland Steel Company secured a license under patents '016 and '195 and other patents and agreed to pay $ 600,000 into the registry 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*36 of the District Court for past infringement of these patents. Pursuant to the interlocutory order, the $ 600,000 was paid on December 31, 1945, into the registry of the District Court and was continuously retained therein until July 26, 1948.

On March 19, 1946, the trustee and Cold Metal entered into a settlement agreement with Signode Steel Strapping Company, under the terms of which agreement Signode secured a license under patents '016 and '195 and other patents and agreed to pay $ 39,000 into the registry of the District Court for past infringement of these patents. Pursuant to the interlocutory order the $ 39,000 was paid into the registry of the District Court and was continuously retained there until July 26, 1948.

35 T.C. 490">*505 On or about January 15, 1946, petitioner sent 11 letters to attorneys who had represented Cold Metal. The letters informed the attorneys that petitioner had succeeded to the assets of Cold Metal and authorized the attorneys to carry on all litigation in behalf of the trustee.

On May 31, 1946, the District Court in United Statesv. Cold Metal entered an order on defendants' motion to modify the interlocutory order granting temporary injunction and impounding funds, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*37 under the terms of which the interlocutory order was so modified as to permit Cold Metal to make a formal transfer of record to the trustee of patents '016 and '195, together with all rights thereunder, including all causes of action arising out of these patents. This modification was granted upon the express condition that the trustee would enter its general appearance in the case of United Statesv. Cold Metal and subject itself to the orders of the District Court and the Court of Appeals in this case.

Thereafter on June 1, 1946, petitioner entered its general appearance and subjected itself to the orders of the courts in United Statesv. Cold Metal. On June 3, 1946, Cold Metal duly transferred to petitioner by formal recorded "Assignment" all its right, title, and interest in and to patents '016 and '195 and all claims and demands growing out of these patents.

On September 30, 1946, the trustee entered into a settlement agreement with Crucible Steel Company of America, under the terms of which Crucible secured a license under patents '016 and '195 and other patents and agreed to pay $ 110,000 into the registry of the District Court for past infringement of said patents. Pursuant 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*38 to the interlocutory order, $ 110,000 was paid into the registry of the District Court on October 11, 1946, and was continuously retained there until July 26, 1948.

On December 12, 1947, the decision of the District Court in United Statesv. Cold Metal was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.

On January 8, 1948, the United States filed its motion to stay mandate in the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals granted the stay on February 11, 1948, thus retaining the impounded funds, $ 9,749,000, in the custody of the District Court.

The Supreme Court of the United States in United Statesv. Cold Metal denied a petition for certiorari on May 3, 1948, and denied a petition for rehearing on June 1, 1948.

The interlocutory order having provided that the funds impounded with the clerk of the District Court should "await further order of this Court," Cold Metal and the trustee, on June 2, 1948 (the day after the petition for rehearing was denied by the Supreme Court), filed a motion in the District Court in United Statesv. Cold Metal to permit 35 T.C. 490">*506 the withdrawal of these funds, which motion was resisted by the United States. Thereafter on June 16, 1948, the District Court entered 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*39 an order requiring the clerk of the court to pay over the impounded funds, $ 9,749,000, to the trustee but not earlier than June 25, 1948. This ended the cancellation case.

On June 23, 1948 (2 days before the date on which the clerk was required to pay the impounded funds over to the trustee), the United States filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, based upon the Royalty Adjustment Act, claiming that all of the funds impounded in United Statesv. Cold Metal were subject to the provisions of the Royalty Adjustment Act and certain royalty adjustment orders previously made thereunder, and that the United States and not Cold Metal or the trustee was entitled to the impounded funds. Each of the nine steel companies who had paid sums into the registry of the District Court as above set forth and the trustee and Cold Metal were made parties defendant. This case is hereafter referred to as United Statesv. Youngstown.

On the basis of the complaint and the motion for a temporary restraining order filed simultaneously therewith, the District Court in United Statesv. Youngstown on June 23, 1948, issued a temporary restraining 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*40 order restraining the clerk from disbursing any part of the funds impounded in United Statesv. Cold Metal, $ 9,749,000, for a period of 10 days. This temporary restraining order was thereafter continued in full force and effect until the entry of an order by the Court of Appeals on July 21, 1948.

On July 6, 1948, the District Court in United Statesv. Youngstown held that the Royalty Adjustment Act had no application to the funds impounded with the clerk in United Statesv. Cold Metal and denied the motion of the United States for a preliminary injunction.

Upon the refusal of the District Court to grant a stay pending appeal, the United States made a similar application to the Honorable Florence E. Allen, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. On July 21, 1948, Judge Allen, acting for the appellate court, entered an order conditionally denying the application and allowing the trustee to withdraw the impounded funds in United Statesv. Cold Metal but only on condition that the funds be deposited with the Federal Reserve Bank for safekeeping and investment and reinvestment in United States Treasury bills until final disposition of plaintiff's appeal in United 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*41 States v. Youngstown and until further order of the appellate court.

In compliance with this order, the clerk of the District Court paid over to the trustee on July 26, 1948, the sum of $ 9,749,000 here involved which up to that time had been held in the registry of the 35 T.C. 490">*507 court in the case of United Statesv. Cold Metal. The trustee thereupon deposited the amount in the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland which retained these funds and invested them and the proceeds thereof in Treasury bills in accordance with the directions of the trustee until January 28, 1949.

On December 6, 1948, in United Statesv. Youngstown, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit decided that none of the funds impounded with the clerk in United Statesv. Cold Metal were subject to the Royalty Adjustment Act or the royalty adjustment orders made thereunder and affirmed the decision of the District Court denying the motion of the United States for preliminary injunction impounding funds.

On January 7, 1949, it appearing that the United States did not contemplate a review of the decision of the Court of Appeals, the Court of Appeals in United Statesv. Youngstown entered an order permitting the trustee to withdraw 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*42 from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland the entire amount of $ 9,749,000, and which is here involved, previously impounded with the clerk of the District Court in United Statesv. Cold Metal, free and clear of any restrictions.

On January 6, 1949 (the day before the release of the funds by the Court of Appeals), the collector of internal revenue for the eighteenth district of Ohio served on the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland a notice of levy asserting that internal revenue taxes and interest were due and owing from Cold Metal for the calendar year 1945. With the notice of levy were served two warrants of distraint and one notice of tax lien. On the same day the collector of internal revenue for the eighteenth district of Ohio served on the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland similar notice of levy, warrants of distraint, and notice of tax lien asserting that internal revenue taxes for the calendar year 1945 and interest were due and owing from the trustee as transferee of Cold Metal. By reason of the service of the notices of levy, warrants of distraint, and notices of tax lien, the trustee could not withdraw any part of the funds then on deposit in the Federal Reserve Bank.

On 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*43 January 14, 1949, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue issued a statutory notice of deficiency to Cold Metal as to the year 1945. On the same date the Commissioner issued a statutory notice of deficiency to the trustee as transferee of the assets of Cold Metal. The notice of deficiency determined as a deficiency against the trustee as transferee of the assets of Cold Metal the same taxes as those determined against Cold Metal in the notice of deficiency addressed to it.

On January 28, 1949, the trustee paid to the collector of internal revenue $ 8,449,973.33 in full payment of tax and interest claimed by the collector to be due from the trustee as transferee of Cold Metal, 35 T.C. 490">*508 and simultaneously with such payment the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland turned over to the trustee the entire $ 9,749,000 it had received on July 26, 1948. The payment of the $ 8,449,973.33 was made possible only by the use of a part of the proceeds of the $ 9,749,000. Of the $ 8,449,973.33 paid to the collector of internal revenue as aforesaid, $ 1,237,176.68 represented interest to January 28, 1949, on the alleged deficiency for the year 1945 determined by the Commissioner. On March 5, 1949, petitioner 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*44 as transferee of Cold Metal paid to the collector of internal revenue the sum of $ 69,216.33 as tax and $ 10,396.04 as interest on a deficiency in income tax assessed against Cold Metal for the year 1943.

On December 29, 1945, after the dissolution of Cold Metal and the transfer of its assets to the trustee, the trustee and Cold Metal executed two settlement agreements with Allegheny and Wallingford. These agreements were substantially identical in terms and granted to Allegheny and Wallingford licenses under patents '016 and '195 and other patents previously owned by Cold Metal, and further provided for the payment of $ 700,000 by Allegheny and $ 300,000 by Wallingford for past infringement of these patents.

Each of the agreements with Allegheny and Wallingford provided that the sum so to be paid would be paid to the trustee, but that in view of the interlocutory order in United Statesv. Cold Metal, this sum might be paid to the clerk of the District Court at the option of the payor, and further provided:

In the event that the payment is not made to said Clerk, it shall be made to the Trustee or its successors or assigns immediately upon any modification or revocation of said order 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*45 permitting such payment be made.

Allegheny and Wallingford paid these sums into the registry of the District Court in United Statesv. Thomas Steel, hereinafter noted, on July 9, 1947.

On March 3, 1947, the United States brought suit in the District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, to enforce the provisions of the order made under the Royalty Adjustment Act on December 29, 1944, fixing the reasonable rate of royalty under patents '016 and '195 at zero and joining as defendants the trustee, Cold Metal, and 25 corporations who were licensees or alleged to be licensees of Cold Metal or the trustee under patents '016 and '195. This case will hereafter be referred to as United States v. Thomas Steel.

On January 12, 1949, after it had been determined in United Statesv. Youngstown that the Royalty Adjustment Act and the orders made thereunder were not applicable to moneys resulting from the settlement of claims for patent infringement, an order was entered in United Statesv. Thomas Steel permitting the withdrawal of the sums 35 T.C. 490">*509 of $ 700,000 and $ 300,000 deposited on July 9, 1947, by Allegheny and Wallingford, respectively; and on January 12, 1949, the sums of $ 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*46 700,000 and $ 300,000 were paid to the trustee by the clerk of the District Court. These sums had been retained in the registry of the District Court continuously from the time of their deposit on July 9, 1947, until January 12, 1949, when they were paid to the trustee.

After the filing of the complaint in United Statesv. Thomas Steel on March 3, 1947, various licensees who were parties defendant paid into the registry of the District Court during the years 1947, 1948, and 1949 sums aggregating $ 6,964,695.92 as the amount of royalties which they admitted to be due under license agreements. These sums were in addition to the aggregate payment by Allegheny and Wallingford of $ 1 million.

On August 23, 1949, a pretrial consent order was entered by the District Court in United Statesv. Thomas Steel which provided that 15 per cent of the royalties on production up to and including August 31, 1945, and 90 per cent of the royalties on production thereafter under license agreements there involved (except those of McLouth Steel Corporation and United Engineering & Foundry Company) were to be considered wholly outside of the operation of the Royalty Adjustment Act and any orders issued thereunder. 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*47 In pursuance of the pretrial order, the clerk of the District Court on August 23, 1949, paid to the trustee the sum of $ 3,424,278.58 out of the registry. Of the amount so paid, $ 2,907,915.72 represented royalties on production for the period commencing September 1, 1945, and ending January 14, 1947, and was 90 per cent of the amount of royalties voluntarily paid into court for this period. The remainder of the amount so paid, to wit, $ 516,362.82, represented royalties on production for the period ending August 31, 1945, and was 15 per cent of the royalties voluntarily paid into court with respect to such production. The pretrial consent order and the percentages agreed to therein were not the result of any accounting or mathematical determination but merely a recognition by the parties of the practical impossibility of determining to what extent the production of the various licensees represented Government end use.

As a result of litigation commenced by Cold Metal against McLouth Steel Corporation, hereafter referred to as McLouth, in 1940, and continued by the trustee subsequent to December 29, 1945, and a decision of the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in that case on 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*48 October 4, 1948, there was paid to the trustee on April 5, 1949, from the registry of the District Court in Michigan $ 207,909.27, all of which represented royalties due from McLouth for the period ending March 31, 1942, and interest thereon to approximately the time of payment. As of December 29, 1945, McLouth was resisting Cold Metal's acts, and disputed its liability.

35 T.C. 490">*510 Pursuant to the decision of the Court of Appeals in the litigation between the trustee and McLouth, an agreement of settlement was made in 1949 between McLouth and the trustee covering the royalties on McLouth's cold mills subsequent to March 31, 1942. As a result of this settlement agreement $ 128,306.91 was paid to the trustee by McLouth on August 4, 1949, and $ 87,515.43 was paid to the trustee out of the registry of the court in the Thomas Steel case on October 4, 1949, making a total payment of $ 215,822.34. The amount of $ 153,045.63 represented royalties and interest thereon on production subsequent to December 29, 1945, and the balance of $ 62,776.71 represented royalties and interest thereon on production up to and including December 29, 1945. An additional $ 194,048.82 was paid by McLouth into the registry 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*49 of the District Court in the Thomas Steel case in 1949 and was held there until the dismissal of the Government's complaint on December 28, 1955.

During the year 1949, five of the nine steel companies which had entered into settlement and license agreements with Cold Metal and the trustee on December 29, 1945, or in 1946, paid into the registry of the District Court in United Statesv. Youngstown, as royalties on production subsequent to December 31, 1945, the aggregate sum of $ 843,888.78. As a result of the pretrial consent order which was entered by the District Court in United Statesv. Youngstown, heretofore mentioned, the clerk of the District Court on various dates from August 23 to October 26, 1949, paid 90 per cent of the amount deposited by each of the companies to the trustee, making an aggregate payment of $ 759,499.90.

During the year 1949 the following additional amounts were paid to the trustee by the persons and for the purpose indicated:

From 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*50 the time petitioner was created on December 28, 1940, until December 31, 1944, petitioner's sole activities consisted of: (a) Receiving 151 shares of Cold Metal stock as contributions from Leon A. Beeghly; (b) receiving dividends on these Cold Metal shares owned by it; (c) disbursing from its income for the charitable purposes described in the trust agreement, the sum of $ 281,111.44; and (d) carrying on incidental activities such as filing returns on Form 990 and paying trustee's fees.

35 T.C. 490">*511 In addition to the above activities, petitioner's activities during the year 1945 consisted of purchasing the remaining 1,849 shares of Cold Metal, dissolving Cold Metal and acquiring its assets in liquidation; selling the stock of the Products Company, paying $ 200 per share to the selling shareholders of Cold Metal out of the proceeds of Products Company stock and making payments on the obligations of Cold Metal which it had assumed under the purchase agreement; and executing settlement agreements with various steel companies as hereinbefore related.

During the period January 1, 1946, to December 31, 1948, in addition to activities similar to those conducted prior to 1945 as set out above, petitioner's 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*51 activities consisted of collecting funds due from the Products Company stock; collecting royalties not affected by the cancellation case, the Thomas Steel case, the McLouth case, or the royalty adjustment notices or orders; paying such of the obligations of Cold Metal which it had assumed for which it had funds available; defending, carrying on, settling, instituting, and prosecuting actions involving or relating to the assets received upon the liquidation of Cold Metal; selling some small holdings of miscellaneous securities received on liquidation of Cold Metal; and receiving $ 9,749,000 from the registry of the court in the cancellation case and paying same to Federal Reserve Bank for safekeeping pursuant to an order of the Court of Appeals in the Youngstown case and directing the investment of the same.

During the year 1949, petitioner's activities consisted of: (a) Collecting funds due it from the sale of Products Company stock; (b) collecting accounts receivable acquired on the liquidation of Cold Metal; (c) collecting royalty and infringement payments released from impound in the Youngstown, Thomas Steel, and McLouth cases, and receiving from the Federal Reserve Bank the proceeds 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*52 from the funds originally impounded in the cancellation case; (d) receiving dividends on Products Company stock; (e) paying taxes asserted to be due from it as transferee of Cold Metal for which warrants of distraint and notices of levy had been issued against it; (f) causing petitions to be filed in the Tax Court contesting the deficiency determined against Cold Metal and against petitioner as transferee of Cold Metal for the year 1945; (g) making final payment of liabilities of Cold Metal assumed upon liquidation of that corporation; (h) making payments of $ 2,429,200 under the contracts for the purchase of Cold Metal stock; (i) defending, carrying on, settling, instituting, and prosecuting actions involving or relating to the assets received from Cold Metal on the liquidation of that corporation; (j) disbursing 35 T.C. 490">*512 $ 66,300 for the charitable purposes described in the trust agreement; and (k) carrying on incidental activities such as filing information returns on Form 990, paying trustee's, accountants', and attorneys' fees, paying other deficiencies in taxes determined against Cold Metal, and investing and reinvesting funds in Government securities.

From the time it was created through 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*53 the year 1949, the trust never engaged in business activities except as mentioned above. During the period January 1, 1945, through December 31, 1949, the trust distributed a total of $ 90,250 for the charitable purposes described in the trust agreement.

As a result of protracted litigation begun by Cold Metal in 1934 and continued by the trustee after December 29, 1945, the trust recovered royalties from United Engineering & Foundry Company in the amount of $ 387,650 plus interest of $ 55,718.01, making a total recovery of $ 443,368.01.

Since December 29, 1945, the trustee has made settlements with and received payments from various other infringers as follows: Ford Motor Company, $ 300,000; Acme Steel Company, $ 225,000; Thompson Wire Company, $ 95,000; Universal-Cyclops Steel Company, $ 20,000. ²

The royalties and interest thereon collected by the trustee after December 29, 1945, through the Thomas Steel and Youngstown1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*54 cases are as follows:

Of this amount $ 4,229,276.06 was due and payable on December 31, 1945.

35 T.C. 490">*513 In addition to the royalties voluntarily paid by the licensees into the registry of the court in the Thomas Steel and Youngstown cases and the amounts recovered from McLouth and United Engineering & Foundry Company, the trustee has recovered by agreement from several licensees since December 28, 1955, additional amounts for royalties or interest or both as follows:

At the time of trial there were still pending in the Thomas Steel and Youngstown cases claims against eight different licensees for 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*55 additional royalties and interest thereon, and there were still pending in various Federal courts suits against infringers of the Steckel patents in which substantial amounts are claimed. The following amounts consist of estimates of possible recoveries made by petitioner's patent counsel, assuming that petitioner will be successful in each of these suits:

As to the infringers:

On or about April 3, 1953, after entry of a final order by this Court in the 1945 tax case ( Cold Metal Process Co., 17 T.C. 916">17 T.C. 916), the Treasurer 35 T.C. 490">*514 of the United States paid to petitioner the sum of $ 8,449,973.33, plus interest totaling more than $ 2 million, representing 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*56 the amount paid by petitioner to the collector in 1949 on the asserted tax liability for 1945.

On or about January 11, 1951, the Commissioner issued to Cold Metal a statutory notice of deficiency determining a deficiency of $ 5,550,140.33 for income taxes for the year 1949. On the same day a statutory notice of deficiency was issued to petitioner, as transferee, determining the same deficiency. On or about April 6, 1951, Cold Metal and petitioner filed petitions in the Tax Court of the United States. After the decisions of the Tax Court in the above-mentioned cases (25 T.C. 1333">25 T.C. 1333) and a decision of the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversing in part the decisions of the Tax Court (247 F.2d 864) and remanding these cases to this Court, final decision was entered in each of the cases by this Court on December 4, 1957, determining that none of the payments received in 1949 were taxable to Cold Metal, it having been dissolved, and that there was no deficiency in income tax due from Cold Metal for the year 1949 and no liability of petitioner as transferee of Cold Metal, and that petitioner as transferee had overpaid tax and assessed interest for that year in the total amount 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*57 of $ 6,578,740.99. On or about February 17, 1958, the director of internal revenue at Cleveland, Ohio, applied the overpayment of taxes and interest by crediting the overpayment of $ 6,578,740.99 plus interest accrued thereon in the sum of $ 1,907,834.89, or a total amount of $ 8,486,575.88, upon the deficiency determined against petitioner in the notice of deficiency which gives rise to this proceeding issued under date of July 22, 1954. This amount was apportioned between income tax and interest thereon from March 15, 1950, to February 17, 1958, as follows:

No part of the $ 8,486,575.88 has been refunded.

On January 25, 1956, petitioner paid to the director of internal revenue, Cleveland, Ohio, the sum of $ 2,959,359.48 to apply upon the deficiency here involved plus the sum of $ 1,040,640.52 as interest on said tax from March 15, 1950, to January 25, 1956, making a total payment on this date of $ 4 million. No part of the sums totaling $ 4 million has been refunded.

Each of the contributions made by petitioner during the years 1941 to 1949, inclusive, was for a charitable purpose within the meaning of 35 T.C. 490">*515 the original 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*58 trust instrument and no part of the activities, principal, or income of the petitioner has been devoted in any way to carrying on propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation and petitioner has not intervened in any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office.

The assets received by petitioner upon the dissolution and liquidation of Cold Metal on December 29, 1945, including patents, rights of action, license agreements, accrued royalties, and accrued interest, had on that date a total adjusted basis in the hands of petitioner in the amount of $ 12 million. A list of those assets and the adjusted basis of each of said assets in the hands of petitioner immediately after its receipt by petitioner from Cold Metal is as follows:

A list of the amount of cash receipts realized by petitioner in the year 1949, the sources of those receipts, and the adjusted basis of the claims upon which the cash was received, is as follows: 35 T.C. 490">*516

During the year 1949 petitioner dismissed with prejudice its suit against Superior Steel Corporation for an infringement of patents. By reason of the dismissal of this action with prejudice the claim against Superior Steel Corporation became worthless in 1949.

During the period of December 29, 1945, to November 5, 1953, petitioner made the following disbursements:

35 T.C. 490">*517 Before application of the provisions of section 162(a) and without considering any net operating loss deduction to which petitioner might be entitled, petitioner's gross income and net income in 1949 were as follows:

The stipulated facts are found as stipulated and are incorporated herein by this reference.

OPINION.

Issue 1.

Section 101(6), I.R.C. 1939, provides as follows:

The following organizations shall be exempt from taxation under this chapter --

* * * *

Pierce, J., dissenting: I am impelled to express my dissent from the Court's opinion on issue 2 herein, under which it has allowed the petitioner (a trust which it held under issue 1 was not exempt from income tax and was being operated principally for the benefit of the settlor and other private individuals) a deduction for charitable contributions and gifts, of an unspecified and indefinite amount stated to be "at least equal to its [entire] net income" of approximately 5 1/2 million dollars.

The Court approved the deduction for such amount notwithstanding that, concededly, the trust actually paid only $ 66,300 in gifts to charitable organizations during the taxable year involved (all of which the respondent allowed for deduction); that, concededly, no other or greater amount for charitable gifts was "permanently set aside" during the taxable year, either by the trustee or on the trust accounts; and that, except for those charitable organizations which actually received said $ 66,300, there was no particular charitable organization named, selected, or designated as a donee, either in the trust agreement or elsewhere, to which or for whose benefit any gift 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*91 of any amount was either to be paid or to be "permanently set aside" during the taxable year.

Such action of the Court is, in my view, not warranted or authorized by the controlling statute, section 162(a) of the 1939 Code ^{11960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*92 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*93} and the other Code section therein mentioned, for the following reasons:

35 T.C. 490">*530 1. Petitioner made no charitable contributions or gifts during the taxable year here involved, except the $ 66,300 of such gifts above mentioned, which were all allowed for deduction by the respondent.

The terms "contributions" and "gifts" are synonymous except that the term "contribution" connotes a gift made for a common purpose, and usually in common with others -- irrespective of whether such others may be individuals, estates, trusts, or corporations. An essential characteristic of both a contribution and a gift is that there be a donee to whom or for whose benefit a transfer of money or property is made without legal consideration. There can be no gift, as such, merely to a desired purpose or an altruistic idea -- for this would effect no transfer, either with or without legal consideration.

The above principle is recognized in section 162(a), by the provision that the gift must be made not only for the purpose but also in the manner specified in section 23(o). The manner provided 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*94 by this latter section, embraces the following requirements: (a) The contribution or gift must be made to or for the use of a particular governmental unit, or particular charitable organization of the type therein specified. This requirement is reenforced by the wording of section 23(o) which indicates that the donor's several separate gifts are then combined, in order to determine that portion of the aggregate which will be allowed as a deduction. (b) As further specified in section 23(o), such contributions or gifts will be allowed as deductions "only if verified under rules and regulations" prescribed by the Commissioner. And Regulations 111 (applicable to the taxable year here involved) provide specifically in section 29.23(o)-1 thereof:

In connection with claims for deductions under section 23(o), there shall be stated in returns of income the name and address of each organization to which a contribution or gift was made * * *. Claims for deductions under section 23(o) must be substantiated, when required by the Commissioner, by a statement from the organization to which the contribution or gift was made, showing whether the organization is a domestic organization * * * and 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*95 by such other information as the Commissioner may deem necessary.

The obvious purpose of such requirement is to enable the administrative authorities to verify not only that the particular donee is a qualified charity, but also that there are no terms or conditions attached 35 T.C. 490">*531 to the gift which might prevent the amount of the gift from actually vesting in such donee for exclusively charitable purposes.

In the instant case, the only particular donees which were designated or identified were those which received the above-mentioned $ 66,300. And as to any other donees in respect of whom the Court has allowed a deduction of approximately $ 5 million, there is no identification on the trustee's fiduciary income tax return, or in its books and records, or otherwise, which is susceptible of verification.

2. Also, except for the above-mentioned gifts totaling $ 66,300, no gifts were "paid or permanently set aside" either by the trustee, or on the trust's books and records, or either by or pursuant to the terms of the trust agreement.

As heretofore stated, it is conceded that no gifts for charitable purposes, other than those included in said $ 66,300, actually were paid during the taxable year; 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*96 and it also is conceded that no other such gifts were "permanently set aside" or otherwise provided for, either by the trustee or in the trust accounts. The Court relied, however, on a theory that such other gifts were made by operation of the terms of the trust agreement. But an examination of said trust agreement reveals that such theory is unsound.

The trust agreement, in its preamble, expressed the "desire" of the settlor-donor, that the income of the trust should be used exclusively for charitable purposes; but it also stated that --

the Donor realizes the impossibility of anticipating at this time how * * * such proceeds should be divided among such purposes and further believes, as do others, that funds so to be devoted can be made to accomplish broader and more useful purposes if the terms of the devotion of such funds to such purposes shall permit of change from time to time in the particular objects or enterprises to be assisted, and in the channels through which such funds are applied; * * * [Emphasis supplied.]

Accordingly, the settlor-donor did not name or designate in the trust agreement any particular organization as a donee; but rather, he caused to be incorporated 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*97 in the terms and conditions of the trust, which the trustee agreed to observe, a provision for the creation of an "Appointing Committee" which was charged with the duty of selecting, annually, the particular charitable organizations to or for whose benefit all the net income for each year was to be disbursed.

For a period of approximately 4 years prior to 1945, the trust operated as a passive trust, and actually did pay out all its net income to particular charitable organizations, in the manner and in accordance with the methods prescribed in the trust agreement. But during the taxable year 1949 which is here involved, the trust was (as found by the Court under issue 1) being used as a "vehicle" for the primary benefit of the settlor and other private individuals, with 35 T.C. 490">*532 "charities running a poor second"; and during said year, none of the above-mentioned procedures for designating charitable donees and gifts, were observed except as to the above-mentioned $ 66,300.

The case of Bowers v. Slocum, 20 F.2d 350 (C.A. 2), upon which the Court relied, is distinguishable on its facts. There, a decedent had by will given her residuary estate to 35 specifically named and identified charitable 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*98 organizations. The executors had been unable to pay the income from such residue to said donee-charities during the taxable year involved, while the estate was in the process of being administered. The Second Circuit held, however, that deductions for the gifts of such income were deductible in said taxable year, without any payment or any credit having been entered on the accounts of the executors -- because "the income, when received by the executors, was by the will permanently set aside for the [specifically identified] residuary legatees." In the instant case, on the other hand, the trust agreement itself did not designate any particular donees or make any particular gifts. Rather, it merely expressed the settlor's "desire" that charitable gifts should be made from time to time; and it then created an "Appointing Committee" to make such gifts annually. This Committee, however, took no action to carry out the settlor's mandate within the taxable year, except as to the $ 66,300 of charitable gifts for which the respondent has allowed deductions.

3. The Court has suggested in its opinion herein, that the petitioner was prevented from making additional gifts during the taxable year, 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*99 because of tax claims made against it by the Government. This suggestion, however, is without merit, and immaterial. This Court recognized in Rockland Oil Co., 22 T.C. 1307">22 T.C. 1307, that where a gift had been made to an identifiable donee, deduction therefor would not be defeated by the fact that all or some portion thereof might have to be applied in satisfaction of creditors' claims, rather than being paid to the designated donee.

Moreover, the mere fact that a donor (whether such donor be an individual, an estate or trust, or a corporation) is unable for any reason to make an intended gift during a particular year, does not give such donor any right under the controlling statutes to a deduction for the intended but unmade gift. Many good intentions are frustrated. But in the case of income taxes, donors must wait until any intended charitable gift is actually made in the prescribed manner before it can give rise to a deduction therefor.

4. Finally, in the instant case there is no certainty that any portion of the $ 5 million for which the Court has allowed deduction, will ever find its way as a gift to any charitable organization.

In John Danz, 18 T.C. 454">18 T.C. 454, 18 T.C. 454">463-464, affd. 231 F.2d 6731960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*100 (C.A. 9), certiorari denied 352 U.S. 828">352 U.S. 828, this Court said:

35 T.C. 490">*533 An annual deduction is not allowed by section 162(a) merely because the property of the trust must eventually go to charities. * * * The record does not show that any other amounts [except the amounts of specific contributions actually made during the taxable year] were ever paid or permanently set aside for the purposes and in the manner specified in section 23(o) but it shows that large portions of the gross income for the taxable years were used for other purposes such as to repay loans, to pay interest on loans, and to make new investments. The income of a particular year used for such purposes might never go to any charity. Thus, the trust has not shown that it is entitled to deduct all of its otherwise taxable net income under section 162(a), despite the fact that the ultimate distribution of its properties must be for purposes and in the manner specified in section 23(o). Not only does the petitioner fail to qualify under the plain wording of section 162(a) but it also seems unlikely that Congress intended to grant a deduction from current income where the income could be put to uses of the trust in its effort to create 1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 2">*101 more income or profits for charities and might never reach any charity as income or principal, for example, it might be lost in the business venture.

I would have decided issue 2 for the respondent.